Agricultural policies continue to rationalize chemical fertilizer subsidy provisions for enhancing crop productivity and food security despite limited evidence of their positive outcomes. This study examines the factors that influence farmers’ willingness to pay more for chemical fertilizers than the government-subsidized price. It also investigates how farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for chemical fertilizers shapes agroecological transitions using the path dependence and lock-in concepts. The study used a convergent mixed-methods research design and surveyed a total of 800 farming households in Nepal. The descriptive analysis was carried out first, followed by the Chi-square tests and logistic regression models. Gender, education level, age, caste/ethnicity, landholding size, and migration status did not have a significant effect on farmers’ WTP for chemical fertilizers. However, some behavioral elements’ effects were revealed. Farmers using chemical fertilizers for over ten years were four times more likely to have WTP compared to those using them for less than five years (OR:3.92; p<0.01; CI:1.45-10.59). Likewise, farmers with perceived economic advantage of chemical fertilizer were three times more likely to have WTP than those who did not (OR: 3.26; p<0.01; CI: 1.86-5.73). These findings highlight that farmers’ WTP for chemical fertilizers reflects behavioral lock-ins to conventional agriculture. These lock-ins reinforce the chemical path dependence and create barriers to adopting agroecological practices, thereby impeding progress toward sustainable food systems. The study argues that agroecology may not be adopted simply because of its long-term benefits. Multidimensional factors, including the fear of yield loss without chemical inputs influence farmers’ decision making for shifting their current food production practices. SAARC J. Agric., 24(1): 69-86 (2026)
Micronutrient malnutrition commonly referred to as “hidden hunger” which continues to affect more than two billion people worldwide, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Traditional interventions such as supplementation and industrial food fortification have had limited reach and sustainability. Biofortification, the process of increasing the nutrient content of crops through agronomy, conventional breeding, or modern biotechnology, offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution. While staple crops have been the primary focus, fruit biofortification is emerging as a powerful strategy due to fruits’ inherent richness in vitamins, antioxidants, and phytochemicals, and their widespread raw consumption. This review synthesizes the latest advances in biofortification including agronomic practices, marker-assisted selection, genomic tools, and genome editing (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) of different fruit crops. Successful case studies involving provitamin A-enriched bananas in Uganda, vitamin C-rich apples in China, carotenoid-rich citrus fruits in Brazil and Spain, anthocyanin-enhanced berries in the USA and Chile, and iron-fortified mangoes in India demonstrate the potential of biofortified fruits to improve human nutrition and food security. Challenges related to regulation, public acceptance, and technical capacity are critically analyzed. The paper concludes that fruit biofortification, if mainstreamed into agriculture and nutrition policies, could play a transformative role in global food and nutrition security. With evolving biotechnology and supportive policies, fruit biofortification is poised to bridge the gap between agricultural innovation and public health nutrition. SAARC J. Agric., 24(1): 287-300 (2026)
Onion (Allium cepa L.), also known as the bulb onion or common onion is an important spicy vegetable that are used as food and medicinal purpose. It is infested by several types of insect pests that reduce the yield of onion. With a view to develop eco-friendly management approaches against onion thrips, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, during the Rabi season in 2023-24. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ten treatments, each replicated three times. The treatments were T1= onion intercropped with carrot, T2= onion intercropped with coriander, T3= onion intercropped with tomato, T4= onion + blue sticky trap, T5= onion + white sticky trap, T6= neem oil spray at 7-day interval, T7= Spirotetramat spry at 7-day interval, T8= Abamectin spray at 7-day interval, T9= Spinosad at 7-day intervals, and T10= control. All treatments significantly reduced the thrips population and leaf infestation caused by thrips compared to the untreated control. The lowest thrips population (1.30 thrips/plant at 51 DAT, 2.20 thrips/plant at 100 DAT and cumulative mean population (2.20), percent reduction of thrips population over control (76.79%) and minimum leaf infestation (19.13% at 100 DAT, cumulative mean infestation (13.28%), and percent reduction of leaf infestation over control 64.36%) were observed in the plot treated with Spinosad and returned the highest bulb height (5.79 cm), bulb width (7.71 cm), bulb weight (45.00 g), and yield (18.33 t/ha). Besides, the results from correlation coefficient indicated that some parameters (thrips population and percent leaf infestation) are shown significantly negative correlation with yield and some parameters (thrips population) are significantly explored positive with percent leaf infestation. Therefore, the findings of present study suggest that applying Spinosad at seven-day interval from the initial thrips infestation is an effective strategy for managing thrips in onions. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 159-171 (2025)
This study was undertaken to investigate the stochastic impact of future climate conditions on the rice market and to identify the policy measures for poverty reduction in Bangladesh. Using of supply and demand structure of Bangladesh and secondary data collected from various published and online sources. The study period is divided into two periods where the first period (1977-2010) is taken for the parameter’s estimation of reference model and the second period (2011-2030) for comprehensive investigation of stochastic impact. To capture the probabilistic nature of climate variability, a random variable method and the inverse function of the cumulative standard normal distribution were applied. After big set of calibration, a percentile group by 90th and another group by 10th percentiles were set as upper and lower boundary to compare with the calibrated model output. Under stochastic climate impacts, rice yield variations ranged from 0.41 ton/ha to 1.78 ton/ha across the three major rice-growing seasons, clearly indicating the potential effects of climate shocks on future rice production. It undeniably clarifies the stochastic impact of climate shock on rice production in the future. Stochastic shock of climate increases the variation of rice price up to 33% in 2020, which may increase the vulnerable people by 25% through food expenditure increase. Such price instability will elevate food policy concerns through upward pressure on rice prices. Therefore, policymakers and economic policy interventions will play a crucial role in mitigating the stochastic impacts of climate shocks on the rice market. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 119-143 (2025)
Macronutrients concentration is an important benchmark to evaluate wheat variety for grain yield and quality parameters. The low nutrients density in grain is bound to affect nutrition quality and causing malnutrition problem and hindrance meeting UN sustainable development goals (UN-SDGs). Grain macronutrients concentration was determined in ninety-seven (97) wheat genotypes. Results showed that all wheat landraces were deficient in major elements. The low nutrients status can be attributed to inadequate supply of these nutrients-based fertilizers in wheat production system and soil characteristics. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 285-293 (2025)
This study aims to investigate the effects of various organic soil amendments on the growth, germination, and survival of summer onion seedlings, conducted during the 2019-2020 cropping seasons at the Spices Research Centre (SRC), Shibganj, Bogura, Bangladesh. The research was performed on sandy loam soil under the subtropical climatic conditions prevalent in the region. Having experiment tested five different soil treatments. Results indicated that the organic amendments significantly influenced seedling growth, with the treatment incorporating a combination of sandy loam, FYM, and cocopeat yielding the best overall performance. The highest germination rate of 91.03% was observed in this treatment, while it also exhibited the tallest seedlings (17.20 cm), the highest number of leaves (5.30 cm), longest roots (6.17 cm) and the greatest root number (7.57). Furthermore, this treatment recorded the highest seedling vigor index (1453.00) and survival rate (88.67%), signifying its effectiveness in promoting robust seedling development. These enhancements positively influenced seedling emergence and establishment, leading to improved seedling vigor and survival. Consequently, the study concluded that organic soil amendments, specifically the combination of FYM with cocopeat and vermicompost, are highly beneficial in improving onion seedling growth and health. This approach can be recommended for the cultivation of summer onions, as it not only supports vigorous seedling establishment but also contributes to sustainable agricultural practices through the use of natural soil enhancements. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 63-74 (2025)
Sheep farming continues to thrive across most of the nation despite the enormous challenges. However, in the past decade, the practice of sheep farming has completely disappeared in two highland blocks of Gasa district in Bhutan. Therefore, to identify the causes of sheep farming cessation and to analyse future acceptability to revive the sheep farming, a cross-sectional, community-based study was conducted in the Laya and Lunana blocks of northern Bhutan from August 2019 to February 2020. The study employed set of semi-structured questionnaires including household surveys, free-listing challenges faced in sheep farming to capture quantitative information. A total of 132 households (67 hh from Laya and 65hh from Lunana blocks were obtained using Cochran’s formula and respondents were face to face interviewed. The survey revealed that the majority of household in Lunana (91%) relied more on cordyceps compared to those in Laya (70%). However, Laya found to have more diversified income sources. Furthermore, the study identified low economic return (Lunana) and the presence of poisonous plants (Laya) as two major issues that has attributed to cessation of sheep farming. Overall, the majority (Laya=75%; Lunana=95%) of the respondents were not willing to revive sheep farming. Therefore, this study suggests that the sheep farming and its revival in study areas is not viable. Furthermore, it is recommended to conduct research to identify the intervention to transform sheep farming into economic viable enterprise for its revivable and sustainability. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 273-283 (2025)
Forests are a vital source for diverse vegetables, particularly wild and non-cultivated varieties. The study assessed species richness, status, use values and availability across Nepal using focus group discussions in 30 districts (7 provinces) and key informant surveys in 11 districts. Species distribution was grouped at 500-meter altitude intervals. A total of 334 species of wild and non-cultivated vegetables, belonging to 99 families, were recorded. Bagamati reported the highest species number (174), followed by Lumbini (167), with maximum richness at 501–1000 m altitude (216 species). The availability of vegetables was high in summer and was the highest in the month of June. Among the total species, 276 were consumed fresh and 116 species were leafy vegetables. Widely and commonly used, as well as economically important vegetable species are Kaali niuro (Tectaria coadunata), Paani niuro (Diplazium esculentum), Guchchi chyaau (Morchella esculenta), Bhudki chyaau (Scleroderma citrinum), Taamaa (Dendrocalamus strictus), Khole saag (Nasturtium officinale), Thotne (Aconogonum molle), Koiraalo (Bauhinia variegata), Sisnu (Urtica dioica), Kaande lunde (Amaranthus spinosus), Bethe (Chenopodium album), etc. On the other hand, Tusaa (Arundinaria maling), Main kaandaa (Catunaregam spinosa), Chhatre niuro (Cyathea spinulosa), Ruwaa saag (Megacarpaea polyandra), Baahkaane (Clerodendrum cochinchinense), Sipligaan (Crateva religiosa), Chiniyaa (Macropanax dispermus), etc. are highly localized and rare vegetable species. These species support indigenous and rural livelihoods and therefore require in-situ conservation and domestication for food, nutrition and health security. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 173-190 (2025)
Lodging is a major constraint to rice farming in the coastal ecosystem of Bangladesh, particularly among traditional tall genotypes that are otherwise well-adapted to local stress conditions. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of silicon (Si) supplementation on lodging resistance, growth, and yield performance of ten traditional rice genotypes under pot culture conditions. Two levels of silicon (0 and 100 mg Si kg⁻¹ soil) were tested in a factorial randomized design. Results revealed that Si application significantly reduced lodging percentage (from 21.4% to 15.4%) and enhanced grain yield (from 12.1 g to 13.7 g pot⁻¹) and straw yield (from 30.8 g to 34.0 g pot⁻¹). Significant genotypic variation was observed for all measured parameters. Sakkorkhana and Kalojira showed the highest increases in grains panicle-1 (142.6% and 51.2%, respectively) under Si treatment. Moulata and Sadamota achieved the highest biomass and yield, while Dudhkalom exhibited strong lodging resistance. Silicon uptake and content in both grain and straw increased significantly with Si application and correlated positively with yield components. These findings suggest that silicon application enhances lodging resistance and yield in traditional rice genotypes, with varied responses among genotypes. Integration of silicon fertilization with genotype selection could be an effective strategy for improving rice production in coastal Bangladesh. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 93-109 (2025)
Automated irrigation systems utilize artificial intelligence (AI) to improve water usage efficiency and increase crop yields. In contrast to traditional methods that rely on fixed schedules or sensor-triggered thresholds, these systems can adjust to real-time environmental changes. This research investigates the application of Transformer Networks in automated irrigation, using Vision Transformers (ViTs) to assess soil moisture and Temporal Transformers to predict weather. By integrating AI-driven forecasts with IoT-enabled irrigation systems, this approach fosters efficient water management and reduces waste. Experimental results show significant improvements in irrigation efficiency, precision of yield predictions, and overall water conservation. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 35-42 (2025)
The present study was conducted to assess arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal root colonization, spore population, and species diversity associated with Sorghum bicolor cultivated in different talukas of Solapur district, Maharashtra. Root and rhizosphere soil samples were collected from ten locations and analyzed using standard mycorrhizal assessment techniques. All sampled plants exhibited AM fungal colonization, indicating the widespread occurrence of AM fungi in sorghum rhizosphere soils. Root colonization ranged from 45% to 72%, while spore population varied from 15 to 140 spores per 100 g of soil, showing significant location-wise variation. Hyphal and hyphal with vesicular types of colonization were observed, with vesicular colonization predominating in most locations. A total of several AM fungal species belonging to the genera Glomus, Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora, Scutellospora and Sclerocystis were recorded, with Glomus species being dominant across all sites. The study highlights the influence of soil and agro-climatic conditions on AM fungal distribution and emphasizes the importance of native AM fungi in maintaining soil biological health and supporting sustainable sorghum production under semi-arid conditions. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 111-118 (2025)
Developing agricultural manpower, for the scientists in 13 research institutes within the National Agricultural Research and Extension System (NARES) of Bangladesh together with associated agencies under the supporting ministries is essential for sustainable technology generation and adoption. They often operate with limited skills and expertise. In order to address the issue, the Government of Bangladesh undertook a signature PhD program under the National Agricultural Technology Program Phase II (NATP-2) awarding 140 fellowships, 80 in-country and 60 overseas. The NATP-2 PhD program started in 2018 and passed through the COVID-19 pandemic facing severe academic disruptions. A survey was conducted via email among the awardees during January-March 2021 to assess the impact of the pandemic on academic courses research, as well as the measures undertaken to adapt to the unprecedented stress. The results indicate that awardees at both in-country studied and international overseas universities faced disruptions in their mandatory academic courses and research. Most of the fellows required extension of the PhD program duration up to 6 months. In addition to change in schedule, extra funding also required which was allocated case-by-case. Through those coping mechanisms, on one hand, the NATP-2 PhD program successfully completed, on the other, agencies of the awardees lost access to their services. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 191-202 (2025)
Despite their nutritional importance, jackfruit seeds are rarely used in food preparations due to their recalcitrant nature and limited availability after the seasonal glut. The study aimed to create nutritious bread enriched with the jackfruit seed flour in place of wheat flour. The nutritional, physical and sensorial properties of bread using various proportions (0, 5, 10 and 15%) of jackfruit seed flour were examined. The results of proximate analysis revealed that adding 15% jackfruit seed flour to breads significantly (P<0.05) increased the content of protein, moisture, ash and dietary fiber (12.90±0.05% to 13.83±0.12%, 26.90±0.12% to 28.63±0.16%, 0.68±0.20% to 1.07±0.8% and 1.77±0.10% to 2.07±0.15%, respectively), while decreasing fat (3.60±0.06% to 1.97±0.07%) content. It was observed that formulated breads were more nutritious than the control sample. In comparison to the control and other samples, bread made with a 10% jackfruit seed flour substitute was found more palatable, based on the physical appearance and sensory attributes. As a result, jackfruit seed may be considered as an unexplored source of dietary supplements and a possible source of natural, active chemicals for use in food applications. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 203-215 (2025)
For modern breeding program, the role of genetic variation is most important in the desirable genotype selection. This study was conducted to assess the adaptability and selection potential of newly released rice varieties in terms of their yield and analyze the relationships among yield and yield component traits by partitioning correlation coefficients and principal component analysis (PCA). Four long-duration boro rice varieties were assessed in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Yield-boosting factors included panicle number (PN), panicle length (PL), filled grains (FG), and 1000-grain weight (TGW), while spikelet sterility (%) hindered yield. Positive correlations with grain yield were observed for biological yield (BY), harvest index (HI), straw yield (SY), PN, plant height (PH), and PL. Traits like PN, PL, FG, TGW, HI, total tiller numbers (TN), BY, SY, PH, days to 50% maturity (DF), and days to 80% maturity (DM) positively impacted yield. Conversely, spikelet sterility and unfilled grains had negative correlations. PCA demonstrated that the initial three PCs explained 100% of the variance. PC1 highlighted the significance of DF, DM, PH, TN, PN, FG, TGW, SY, BY, and HI. PC2 emphasized the importance of unfilled grains, while PC3 underscored spikelet sterility. These findings imply that grain yield is predominantly influenced by FG, PH, DM, DF, PN, TN, PL, SY, BY, and HI. These insights can guide future breeding for enhanced yield potential as well. BRRI dhan89 and BRRI dhan92 might be recommended as superior yield producing rice varieties for northern Bangladesh considering productivity. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 43-61 (2025)
In the international agricultural market, India is the world's leading producer of bananas. In terms of area and productivity, bananas are the third-largest fruit crop in India. It makes up 13% of the entire area and 33% of the fruit production. The majority of the banana production of the world is in India and consumed by Indian people. The consumption banana in mainly as fresh fruit and only 5% of the crop is consumed in processed form, offering plenty of room for processing in the future. Maharashtra is the second largest producer of banana fruits. It ranks first in productivity and second in terms of area under banana fruits. It accounts for 37% of total banana fruit production. Jalgaon is the highest banana producing district in the Maharashtra with around 70% of the state production. Banana is a rich source of vitamins B and carbohydrate. Additionally, it is a good source supplier of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. The fruit is simple to digest with cholesterol and fat-free. Banana fruit crop is fully utilized in the form of fruits, stems and leaves. From Banana fruit crop providing lots of opportunities to cottage industries and private entrepreneurs to make various items from fruits, stems and leaves with small resources machinery and investment. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 9-16 (2025)
Low carbon farming (LCF) through crop cattle interaction has great impact on climate change. The study presents the findings of environmental viability of LCF sets through crop cattle integration under climate change shocks. Data were collected from 300 low carbon sample farms under three coastal districts of Bangladesh namely Khulna, Satkhira and Bagerhat. The carbon sequestration data were recorded under three alternate options of the treatments from Boro and Aman rice field. There were nine and five adaptation options found in the Boro and Aman rice seasons, respectively. About 27% respondent farmers adopted soil and rice crop management technique with climate stress-tolerant varieties involving ideal fertilizer management and irrigate in Boro rice season. On the other hand, about 54% responded farmers chose the adaptation option of soil and rice management involving balanced fertilizer use and irrigation. The estimated highest initiative feasibility of low carbon farm found in Dumuria upazila of Khulna district, where Boro and Aman rice yield observed 6240 kg and 4510 kg/ha along with a technical feasibility indicator of 1.25% and 1.19% of OC (organic carbon) sequestration in soil, respectively. It recommends that 50% of NPKSZn with bio-solids may be effective for low carbon farming. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 253-271 (2025)
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important staple crops worldwide and understanding the genetic diversity is critical for breeding improved varieties with desirable traits. In Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) has released numerous potato varieties; however, molecular-level insights into their genetic diversity remain scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of 36 BARI-released potato varieties using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to identify genetically divergent genotypes for breeding and improvement programs. The study conducted from October 2020 to November 2022 at the Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE) and the Advanced Plant Breeding Laboratory, Gazipur Agricultural University (GAU), nine SSR primers (STM 1049, STM 2022, STM 2013, STM 1104, STM 1106, STM 0037, STM 0030, STM 0019, and STM 1031) were employed. A total of 10.56 alleles per locus were detected, with STM 0030 producing the highest number of alleles (13) and STM 1104 the least (6). The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.44 (STM 1104) to 0.90 (STM 2013 and STM 0030), indicating the high discriminatory power of these markers. Genetic distance analysis revealed significant diversity, with the highest inter-genotypic distance observed between BA-40 and BA-46 (0.8571) and the lowest between BA-91 and BA-41 (0.33). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of SSR markers, particularly STM 2013 and STM 0030, in differentiating potato genotypes. The findings provide critical insights for designing breeding strategies and highlight the potential for leveraging genetic diversity to develop resilient and high-yielding potato varieties. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 145-158 (2025)
Jute is the cornerstone of Bangladesh's fiber sector and makes a substantial contribution to the economy. This study sought to evaluate the profitability and value-added activities of various stakeholders in jute production and marketing, along with the challenges. The present study purposively selected the Madaripur and Faridpur districts. This investigation included 148 randomly selected samples, 120 of which were collected from farmers in two districts, with 60 samples from each district. The remaining 28 samples consisted of 11 faria, 14 mahajon and three processors. The study revealed that jute production yielded an average of 2,103 kg/ha, generating a gross return of Tk. 173,146, with a total cost of Tk. 105,624, resulting in a net return of Tk. 67,522 and the benefit‒cost ratio (BCR) was 1.64, significantly enhancing farm profitability. Econometric analyses, including a logit model, were employed to identify the key determinants of jute cultivation. The results revealed that age, family size, training, credit, and more profitable than competitive crops significantly influenced the willingness/adoption of jute cultivation (p<0.05), whereas education and annual income had negative effects. The study revealed that farmers gained the highest value addition at Tk. 20.37/kg (37.14% return on cost) compared with faria (Tk. 2.10/kg; 1.48%), and mahajon (Tk. 2.78/kg; 1.55%). The key challenges in jute production are high seed prices (73%), labor shortages (76%), and high wages (78%), whereas traders and processors face severe financial and supply uncertainties (73-100%), which limit productivity and profitability. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 217-238 (2025)
Seed sovereignty has emerged as a critical issue as the expansion of the global intellectual property rights regime is increasingly challenging traditional agricultural practices, farmers' rights, and biodiversity. This study critically explores the interplay between intellectual property rights and seed sovereignty in the region of South Asia, while focusing upon legal, institutional, and policy frameworks in the countries, while giving a special reference to the Indian legal system in the context. The research highlights how agreements like TRIPS and UPOV intersect with the domestic efforts to protect the rights of farmers and the traditional knowledge. A reference is taken from the law publications, case studies and institutional reports to assess the effectiveness of the regional mechanism and the response of civil society in ensuring that equitable access to seeds is upheld. The community programs and initiatives as Seeds Without Borders, are also examined to understand their potential to resist corporate control on the seeds and to promote regional seed exchange. The research also critically analyses the role of the intellectual property laws in supporting and undermining the idea of seed sovereignty. Overall, the study calls for uniform regional harmonization, farmer-centric approach that aligns with the biodiversity of the region, with a legal mandate to empower farmers to conserve biodiversity and develop agriculture in South Asia. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 239-251 (2025)
Rice is cultivated worldwide, and using nanoproducts opens a new era in the agricultural system. To evaluate the yield and yield parameters of Boro rice, an experiment was conducted at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka from December 2019 to May 2020 to study the effect of Stalwart Nano Product (SNP2) and Carbendazim on the yield of Boro rice. The experiment considered two rice varieties (BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan63) and SNP2 with or without Carbendazim as treatment factors. The study was conducted to minimize the yield gap with the treatment used. Effective tiller number hill-1, filled grain panicle-1, 1000-seed weight (g), grain yield (t ha-1), and straw yield (t ha-1) were selected as parameters. Results revealed that BRRI dhan63 showed better performance than BRRI dhan28 regarding grain yield (6.11 t ha-1) and straw yield. At the individual effect of the application of chemical spray (SNP2 and carbendazim combination), the highest number of effective tiller hill-1, number of filled grain panicle-1 and grain yield (5.74 t ha-1) was recorded from T5 (Carbendazim @ 2g L-1 + SNP2 @ 1.0 ml L-1) treatment. However, in the case of the combined effect, the higher grain yield (6.35 t ha-1) was recorded in BRRI dhan63 treated with T5 treatment. The result revealed that using the nanoproduct and Carbendazim boosted yield compared to the control treatment (T0) in both studied varieties. SAARC J. Agric., 23(2): 1-8 (2025)
