The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research progress on land economy in 2015 and give prospects for 2016. Method of literature review was employed. The results indicate that: for land market, domestic scholars usually focus on land price, operating efficiency of the market and its externalities, game relationship between participants as well as government actions in land supply, while foreign scholars usually focus on efficiency of farmland scale operation in developing countries, factors affecting land price as well as innovations on methods for measuring land price, and actors’behaviors during land institutions evolution in developing countries. The operating efficiency of land market andactors’ behavior analysis are the common research topics for domestic and foreign scholars. For land institutions, domestic scholars usually focus on land property structure, land transaction and its externalities, land acquisition, land finance, land tax reform, and land institution reform, while foreign scholars usually focus on land property boundary, stability and social welfare, land acquisition as well as long-term land institutions evolution in developing countries. As for domestic scholars, the research about land institution evolution path and its mechanism needs to be enhanced.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the research progress of land management in China and abroad in 2015, as well as to prospect for the future trend of the research. The method employed in this paper is literature review. Results show that the focuses of land management research in foreign countries in 2015 include land use conflict and coping mechanism, land ownership effect, the path to solve the land disputes, while the research focuses in China include land system reform, land market management and control, real estate registration, natural resources asset management, land policy and law, and land uses control as well as cultivated land protection, etc. Conclusions are that: In 2015, the research about land management system and its mechanism is further strengthened, and the hot issues on reform practice are prominent, but valuable basic theory research is obviously weak. The research orientation in 2016 and in the near future should pay more attention to the following aspects: land management system innovation rural land system reform, real estate unified registration system, natural resources asset accounting and management, land law theoretical basis and practice.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the interaction between the local government’s land income and urban construction land expansion. Some econometric methods, such as the co-integration, Granger causality tests, impulse response function and variance decomposition, are used to analyze relevant data of mainland China during the period 1990-2005. Results show that there exists a long-term stable equilibrium in urban construction land expansion, farmland occupation tax and local land revenue. The local government land rent and tax accelerate the expansion of urban construction land and the main driver force is land revenue. The proportion improvement of local government land tax revenue distribution played a role in promoting the urban construction land expansion. Granger causality test shows that there is a significant and positive bilateral relationship between urban construction land changes and farmland occupation tax. It is concluded that local land finance based on short-term land expropriation mainly contributed to the urban landdevelopment, which doomed to be unsustainable, and the farmland occupancy tax system seemed to generate a reverse policy response. Local government should reform irrational financial regime and facilitate land redevelopment to improve the model of urban land operation.
The purpose of this paper is to establish the evaluation indices and to evaluate the effects on rural residential land consolidation scientifically and rationally. GIS spatial analysis and Landscape pattern analysis were employed in the paper. Waigang town of Jiading district was selected for practical research. The results go as follows. 1) It is obvious that external traffic conditions of rural residential land are improved due to impelling the rural residential land to center on either side of highways and towns. This contributes a lot to driving and radiating effect on urban development. 2) The scattered residential layout and the discontinuous farmland problems have been solved. The rural residential land is more agglomerated and the potential of the cultivated land scale management has been improved. 3) The degree of agglomeration and connectivity of all kinds of landscape is increased while lowering the landscape pattern’s diversity. 4) Peasants living quality is improved and increases the cultivate radius. It concludes that the consolidation changes the location condition and degree of agglomeration for the rural residential land, also affects the rural landscape pattern and the farmer's production and living styles. Thus, we should make use of rural residential land consolidation’s advantages and avoid its disadvantages according to the effects evaluate results in practice.
The purpose of this study is to build eco-compensation mechanism based on ecological service providers directly involved in the watershed, to provide data to support and theoretical basis for decision-makers. Methods of payment card(PC)valuation method(CVM), household questionnaire to North Water Transfer Project in Southern Water region based on survey microdata to investigate the basic environmental awareness and ecological compensation water area farmers Willingness to accept(WTA). And take the right interception(Right censored)model farmers Willingness factors and marginal effect. The results indicate thatin the 416 valid samples, 406 respondents were willing to participate in ecological compensation-North Basin, Willingness mainly between 700-1000 yuan per year, together accounting for 49.04%, WTA median of 900 yuan/year. Heterogeneity of rural households aspects of economic and social characteristics, migration tendencies and background is an important factor in the decision Willingness effects, which plans to move out of rural farmers willingness to accept compensation than farmers do not want to move out of high 51.73 percent, farmland households Willingness to 43.14 percent lower than non-farmland households. Conclusions: water resource area farmers have a better awareness of the ecological environment and a higher repayment will, therefore, recommended to further improve the Grain for Green Project and improve the system based on the migration of farmers from the South to North Water Transfer Project Area jointly protect the ecological environment and to build self-management perspective watershed ecological compensation mechanism.
The purpose of this study is that taking Dongwuzhumuqin Region as will be the study area, we analyze the influence factors affecting grassland circulation price and study the variation of grassland circulation price as well as determine a reasonable and effective circulation price system aiming to provide the basis for proper grassland circulation. The research methods are questionnaire survey for investigation the circulation of grassland and yield reduction method for measuring the grasslands price. The results of the study are that the grassland lease price is between 45 and 150 yuan/hm2 in recent years in the Dongwuzhumuqin Region, and the variation of grassland lease prices greatly. Net income of nomads is between 10000 and 330000 yuan, the nomads’ income gap is apparent. Main factors affecting pasture land prices are grass type, plant communities, vegetation height and coverage, precipitation, and so on. The conclusion is that according to the average net income about husbandry calculation of grassland circulation price, it is 2020.38 yuan/hm2 in western area and 2624.28 yuan/hm2 in middle area and 3071.41 yuan/hm2 in eastern area.
The purpose of this paper is to study the impacts of the rural-urban land conversion on the welfare of different aged farmers so as to provide a reference for formulating differentiated land compensation policies. Taking Jiangxia, Dongxihu, Xinzhou and Hongshan districts in Wuhan city as studying areas, this paper divides the land-lost farmers into three age groups: less than 45, 45-65 and more than 65. It selects the functional-activity index of land-lost farmers on the basis of Sen's capability approach. Finally, by using the fuzzy mathematics method it measures and compares the welfare effects of the three age groups respectively. The analysis shows that 1) the overall welfare level of land-lost farmers of all age group declined but with a varying degrees. That is, the welfares of the farmers who are 45-65 years old, younger than 45 years old and older than 65 years old decreased by 18.69%, 16.62% and 12.74%, respectively; 2) The effect directions and degrees of functional activity indexes of different groups varied. Living environment, health, and social participation of all age groups decreased while social security and housing conditions increased. Development opportunity, communication and leisure have different changing directions in different age stages. These results call for differentiated and tailor-made compensation policies for different aged land-lost farmers, which can improve their welfare levels and reduce the gaps among them.
The purpose of this paper is to explore a method for the rational distribution of incremental income of farmland conversion, and design the mechanism for the distribution in the context of farmland conversion risk. The method is alliance interests distribution mechanism and fuzzy evaluation. The results show that 1) during the conversion process, the different degree of risks confronted with different stakeholders are as following sequence, i.e., the farmers, the central government, the local government, and the village collective; 2) the current share of the incremental income of farmland conversion among stakeholders are as follows, i.e., the central government accounting for 26%, the local government accounting for 22%, the rural collective economic organization accounting for 17%, and the farmers accounting for 35%; 3) Using the alliance interests distribution mechanism to measure the incremental income allocation proportion is feasible. It is concluded that the land expropriation compensation standard in the context of narrowing the scope of governmental land requisition and taking farmers’ own willingness into account can not only reflect fair compensation principle, but also meet the direction of the land marketization reform.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate rural land consolidation project performance under the condition of incomplete and uncertain information from the perspective of farmers' satisfaction. Evidence synthesis method and case study method are employed. The results indicate that the comprehensive performance of projects in Sui County was the highest. The comprehensive performance of projects in Qianjiang City and Xiaonan District is relatively lower. To improve rural land consolidation performance, the land department should pay close attention to the following issues, including firstly, establishing the dominant position of the farmers in rural land consolidation, respecting farmers' autonomy, and improving farmers' effective participation; secondly, more attention should be paid to the combining rural land consolidation more closely with agricultural industry projects so as to serve the agricultural production better; and finally, the assessment and management of rural land consolidation projects performance should be strictly conducted from the perspective of farmers, who are the final user and beneficiaries of rural land consolidation projects.
The purpose of this study is to analyze some problems of the arbitration system on rural land contract disputes and to bring forward proposals for perfecting it in China. Methods employed include logical analysis and normative analysis. The results of this study show that the arbitration system on rural land contract disputes has degenerates into the administrative arbitration system, and the arbitration procedure has been designed as the same as the litigation procedure. Furthermore, the arbitration system on rural land contract disputes runs without the arbitration agreement, the principle of party autonomy, and the final ruling system. Meanwhile, the function of the arbitration system on rural land contract disputes that is used to shunt the cases has failed. The paper concludes that the nature of the arbitration system on rural land contract disputes should be confirmed at firstly, and then reforms this arbitration system to docking with the civil litigation.
研究目的:农村居民点重构是改善农村生活条件、保障城市建设用地需求和实现耕地总量动态平衡的综合措施,但部分实践忽视了农户的利益导向,造成农民利益受损,违背了政策初衷.本文基于农户利益导向视角,以江西省赣县南塘镇大都村为案例,深度解析其在重构过程中的实施过程、运作模式、治理方式、重构效果,并提炼出农户利益导向的农村居民点重构模式的理论特征.研究方法:行为事件访谈法、案例分析法和实地调查法.研究结果:分期分批的实施方式与农民建房需求周期相吻合;自下而上的理事会运行方式体现了农民的自主地位,实现了农村的自主管理;农户利益导向的农村居民点重构既包括对其生活、生产、生态等方面的改善,又体现在整个过程的知情权、参与权和决策权,农户利益充分体现在重构目标、运行程序、实施方式、治理结构和实施效果中.研究结论:研究成果可为农村居民点重构及村镇建设提供理论指导和案例借鉴.
The purpose of this study is to grasp the evolution trend of policies on economical and intensive use of land (EIUL)in China. The methods used in this study include the content analysis method, summarization and induction. The results show that: 1)a large number of relevant policies have been promulgated, by total 4 items from 1978 to 1998, and evolution of annual average 4 items from 1999 to 2014. The proportion of policy numbers at the Party Central Committee, the National People's Congress, the State Council and relevant ministries are 9.84%, 3.28%, 31.15%, and 55.73%, respectively. 2)The existing policies' forms are Notices, Opinions, and Management regulations and so on, therefore, the level of effectiveness of those policies is low, and the disciplining function is not strong. 3)Policy content experienced evolution process by embryonic and exploring stage, established basically, perfection constantly to mature, involving the guide scale, optimize structure, control standard, market allocation, supervision and examination, and legal responsibility. The study found that the existing policy system of EIUL has been basically perfected, is still needed to improve to supervise after the project approval, making full use of market disposition.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether the land science can be classified as an independent discipline, and propose a general framework for developing the land science discipline. The method uses a normative analysis to show the independence of the land science regarding the irreplaceable core disciplinary theory and core range of study according to the National Standard of Disciplinary Classification and Coding of Peopleu0027s Republic of China(GB/T13745-2009).The results show that the irreplaceable core theory of land science discipline(i.e., the land cadaster and property right theory), linking with land rent and land sustainable use theories, together forms the core theoretical pillar of the land science systematically and inseparable. The land science discipline also has irreplaceable core range of study, i.e., the special character of three dimensions and three layers and three rings of land uses. The paper concludes that 1) the nature of land science can be reflected from the proposed three dimensions and three layers and three rings of ranges of study, which also helps to explain several important difficulties of land science discipline. 2) The interdisciplinary nature of land science and relevant disciplines is driven by the increased land productivity due to human beings activities. Furthermore, the interdisciplinary ranges of study will dynamically expand along with the expansion of scope of the human beings activities on land productivity. 3) A systematic land science discipline development framework has been proposed based on the discussed pillar of irreplaceable theories and ranges of study and the analysis on the occurrence, evolution, and development trend of the land research.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss framework and quantitative methods for assessing ecological compensation for arable land preservation between regions. By using the ecological overload index as the measure the study built a quantitative model of ecological value compensation between municipalities in terms with ecological service value of arable land and regional socio-economic development level. Taking Jiangsu Province as an example, the study estimated the amount of ecological value compensation of arable land for each region. The results show that 1) in 2011, the ecological service value of arable land of Jiangsu Province was higher in the north and lower in the south of Jiangsu Province, and there was an ecological deficit in the south and an ecological surplus in the north, which indicates a phenomenon of space ectopic between ecological supply and consumption of arable land. 2) In 2011, Jiangsu Province provided ecological service value of arable land to outside regions at the amount of 1.699 billion Yuan. 3) Therefore, the southern part of Jiangsu Province and especially the Nantong City in themiddle part of Jiangsu Province shall be paid 10.483 and 0.288 billion Yuan as land compensation fee, respectively. The other middle part of Jiangsu Province(except Nantong city)and the northern part shall be paid 2.468 and 1.005 billion Yuan as compensation fee, respectively. The paper concludes that the results of the study are consistent with the actual situation in each municipality. It suggests the proposed method of this papercan be used for other similar regions to measure the ecological compensation.
The purpose of this paper is to summarize the research progress on land market and land institutions in 2014 and give prospect for 2015. Method of documentation was employed. The results indicate that scholars have proposed that the reasonable institutional arrangements can improve operating efficiency of the land market. Domestic scholars have mainly analyzed the price fluctuation and the participation's behavior of land market, and the relationship between land market and macroeconomic environment. China's rural land market issues have become important topics in the field of new institutional economics, especially the Property Theory. Foreign and domestic scholars concern about land ownership, land expropriation and government action, but the research angles are different. The conclusions show that the focuses of land market study in the future might be the governance structure of China's rural land supply, the participation's behavior in the process of rural land circulation from the perspective of behavioral economics, and the financial problems through the game theory, such as the principal-agent model. The focuses of land institution study might be the system design and policy evaluation of unified system for urban and rural construction land market, the reform of the land acquisition system, land legislation and enforcement, land right certification and other aspects.
The purpose of the paper is to analyze the separation of the three types of rights within the ownership of farmland, i.e., the contract rights, the management rights, and the general ownership. Methods employed include documentation and comparison. The paper finds that it does not conform to legal principle to divide the land contract and management rights into the separated contract rights and the management rights. The ownership is a legal concept, but the contract rights and the management rights is not, and therefore the separation of the three farmland rights have an obvious logical contradiction. Owing to the great differences between the property right in economics and the rights in law, we need to confirm the right structures of farmland in the binary system of property rights and creditor's rights.
The purpose of this paper is to design the specific legal system of lease contract of land management right. The study has methodologically adopted document analysis, questionnaires survey and empirical research to analyze situation of China's lease contract of land management right and put forward the policy recommendations. The results are as follow: 1)Lease is one of the main way for land management right to flow to family farm, which is regulated by the legal system of lease contract in "Contract Law", but it's more and more difficult to meet requirements of orderly transferring land management right. 2)The mode of legislation of lease contract of land management right is to further improve the relevant legal system of "Rural Land Contract Law". 3)The rights of lessor and lessee should be the main contents of specific provisions in lease contract of land management right. Specifically, lessor has the statutory priority and legal right of cancellation. Lessee has claim of reduce rent, rights of improving land or adding other facilities and priority of renewal. The conclusion is that the improvement of the lease contract of land management right should be based on the cultivation and development of the new agricultural management entity in China, and conform to the orderly transferring land management right.
The purpose of this paper is to provide technical support for considering both quantity and quality of cultivated land in the process of farmland comprehensive consolidation.Based on ArcGIS platform, using spatial analysis method, this paper attempts to build collating sequence for land consolidation projects, taking the quality and the quality of cultivated land into consideration. Via an empirical study for Dayi County in the year of 2010, this paper studied the cultivated land collating sequence with selectively concentration correction. The results show that the cultivated land would be occupied at 1179.80 hm2in 2010-2020 due to economic development, among which, grade 7, 8, 9 and 10 cultivated land area would be 827.81 hm2, 134.96 hm2, 102.48 hm2and 114.55 hm2, respectively. The cultivated land engaged in land consolidation of Dayi county, with a total area of 28630.57 hm2, the newly increased cultivated land are 1191.37 hm2, of which grade 7, 8, 9 and 10 cultivated land area are 231.22 hm2, 231.22 hm2, 146.67 hm2and 361.88 hm2. As to the collating sequence of the research area, the prior area of cultivated land is 15277.58 hm2while the newly increased cultivated land is 583.38 hm2. The medium-term area of cultivated land is 10574.31 hm2while the newly increased cultivated land is 382.64 hm2. And the long-term area of cultivated land is 2837.32 hm2while the newly increased cultivated land is 225.45 hm2. Through the analysis of farmland collating sequence in Dayicounty, land consolidation can be effectively improved to balance the occupation and subsidy both in quantity and quality. Also, there’s a certain theoretical and practical significance in land consolidation project design and location in the research area.
