Broiler chicken is one of the poultry products that are very susceptible to damage due to exposure to microbes, temperature, and light. In these conditions, indicators are needed to play a role in informing related changes in the product quality. The butterfly pea can be used as an indicator because it contains anthocyanin which can change color due to the influence of pH. The objective of this study was to obtain the best indicator film formulation and to determine the film response in detecting the level of damage of the chicken meat through parameters of color change, thickness, pH, TPC, and TVBN. The methods in this research were the extraction of butterfly pea, making indicator films, and applying the film to chicken meat, and physical and chemical analysis of the product. Anthocyanin was applied to the indicator film with levels of PVA and chitosan 20:80 with the addition of 5 mL of dye. The change in color of the indicator could be seen at the 24-hour mark, which was a yellowish-green color. The pH value of broiler chicken meat had entered the post-rigor stage at 24 hours with a pH value of 6.595±0.049. The TVBN regression value showed that broiler chicken meat was not safe for consumption after being stored for 4 hours and 23 minutes of 40 mgN/100 g. The TPC test that has been performed in chicken meat showed that the chicken meat was not safe for consumption in storage between 0 to 8 hours at 5.598±0.068 log CFU/g to 8.322± 0.053 log CFU/g. Keywords: anthocyanin, discoloration, pH indicator, TVBN
Kefir is beverage fermented product, it is usually made from milk. However, there is an arising concern about lactose intolerant. Therefore, taking benefit of herbal tea solution as raw material of kefir will give multiple benefits. The used tea solution was made from keji beling leaves (Strobilanthes crispus L.) which has many benefits. Kefir beverage is probiotic beverage which is beneficial for digestion health and can keep immune system, as well as keji beling tea which is rich in antioxidants. The used design in this research was Complete Randomized Design (Rancangan Acak Lengkap) with 4 levels of treatment namely: concentration of keji beling 0%, 10% and 15% with fermentation duration of 12 hours and 24 hours. Based on the research result pointed out the obvious effect between treatment toward pH, total polyphenols, total acetic acid, and total glucose with p score = 0,00. The result of lactic acid bacteria (BAL) total is 1,914 x107 CFU/mL and yeast total is 1,532 x 107 CFU/mL on concentration of 15% kefir of keji beling tea with fermentation duration of 24 hours. Result for organoleptic test shows the obvious effect (p=0,00) between the treatment toward parameters of taste, aroma, color and power. Panelist takes pleasure on the treatment P1 with concentration of horsewhip tea 150% in fermentation duration of 24 hours. Key words : Kefir, Keji beling tea (Strobilanthes crispus L), Fermented Beverage.
Environmental conditions caused by air pollution are so large that it impacts on changes in the ecosystem that affects all aspects of human life. Climate change is caused by increasing greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere because the Earth's atmosphere receives more carbon than it releases. This study aims to determine the potential of biomass and carbon uptake in mangrove stems in Pohorua village, Muna Regency. The research is quantitative descriptive, sampling using the Point Center Quarted Method (PCQM) technique measured around the height of the chest height mangrove tree (DBH). Data analysis was performed using an allometric equation in which each mangrove plant has a specific gravity. Carbon uptake found in mangroves stored in the roots, stems and leaves of mangrove plants, the results of the study showed that mangroves can absorb carbon quickly.
Lentil and chickpea are important winter legumes of Nepal. The experiments were carried out to evaluate the agronomic performance of lentil and chickpea genotypes at research field of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bhagetada, Doti, Nepal during winter seasons of 2012 and 2013. The 16 lentil genotypes were evaluated in both years whereas 20 and 14 genotypes of chickpea were evaluated in 2012 and 2013 respectively. The genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that both lentil and chickpea genotypes indicated differences for their morphological traits namely plant height, flowering, maturity, pods/plant and grain yield. The combined analysis of trials over years showed that lentil genotype namely Black Masuro produced the highest grain yield (790 kg/ha) followed by LG 12 (746 kg/ha) and ILL 3111 (747 kg/ha), respectively. Similarly, chickpea genotypes namely ICCX 840508-31 produced the highest grain yield (953 kg/ha) followed by ICCX 840508-40 (911 kg/ha) and BG 372 (850 kg/ha), respectively. It is suggested that the superior genotypes derived from these experiments could be further evaluated in farmers’ fields before making recommendation for general cultivation
The performance evaluation of maize genotypes at a specific growing region is a key to crop improvement. The objectives of this study were to evaluate grain yield of maize genotypes at Bijayanagar (Mahatgaun VDC) and Tallo Lorpa (Dillichaur VDC), Jumla District of Nepal during spring seasons of 2012 and 2013. The maize genotypes were significant (P< 0.05) for grain yield, days to tasseling and silking and disease scoring where as anthesis-silking interval, plant height and ear height were non significant. The pooled analysis of the results showed that the highest grain yield was produced by Ganesh-1 (4830 kg/ha) followed by KKT-POP (4408 kg/ha), KKT-14 (3952 kg/ha) and MGU-08 (3913 kg/ha, respectively. From this study, Ganesh-1, KKT-POP, KKT-14 and MGU-08 could be preferable choice for cultivation in Jumla district of Nepal.
Rice Oryza sativa L is a staple food crop, and its seeds are the most important component part of the agronomic trait of the cereal crop, rich in nutrient and of economic value to human and even livestock. But, it is often threatened by various abiotic and biotic conditions that reduce the yield, because of high incidences of infectious disease agents and non-pathogenic conditions respectively. Pyramiding of the requisite resistance and tolerance genes into single elite high yielding variety of rice, confers wider spectrum of stress management, resulting to development of single multiline variety of rice. Marker-assisted selection utilizes DNA marker-linked primers for blast resistant gene (RM8225;Piz, RM6836;Piz, Pi2,Pi9), bacteria leaf blight (RM224; Xa-4, RM122;xa-5, RG136; xa-13, RM21;Xa-21) and drought tolerance (RM236;qDTY2.2, RM520;qDTY3.1, RM511;qDTY12.1) in pedigree, backcross and recurrent selection breeding methods. The objectives are to create awareness on the environmental safety of host-resistance, significance of single multiline resistance variety, effect of the interaction of stress conditions and associated simple sequence repeat (SSR) linked markers.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a cereal and staple food crop of over half of the world’s population. Blast, bacteria leaf blight and drought stresses affect yield of rice drastically ranging from 1-100% loss depending on the severity of disease and water deficit condition. Resistance and tolerance high yielding varieties of blast (Putra1) and drought (MR219 IR99784-156-137-1-3) respectively and also IRBB60 (bacteria leaf blight) were used. The research considered the genetic inheritance of the new improved lines and their interactions. Pedigree breeding method was used to develop two single, double and three-way (and reciprocal) crosses through marker-assisted selection. Southern blot analysis was used to determine success of introgression of resistance/tolerance genes/QTLs and selection, also validated by phenotyped results. Agro-morphological and yield parameters of the various populations were analysed. The results indicated levels of significant differences amongst and between treatments for non-drought stress (NS) and reproductive drought stress (RS) and their interactions. There were significant variation among parents and improved lines on some traits in NS treatment, but RS significantly affected parameters of DF, FFG, YM and most especially the susceptible parent, while the improved lines were tolerant. Significant interactions was recorded (P≤0.05) between treatment and variety (Trt*Var.) on PL, T, FFG and GLW. Cluster analysis and PCA of relationship among the 9 traits in the two treatments revealed that each of single, double and three-way (and reciprocal) crosses had good lines either under NS and RS.
Seagrass contains bioactive compounds or secondary metabolites which can be used as potential drugs. This research aims at analyzing the levels of flavonoids of the leaves of seagrass Enhalus acoroides in three different coastal waters. The sampling of seagrass leaves was carried out in three locations in the coastal waters of Ambon Island, namely the coastal waters of Galala, Rutong, and Waai. The levels of flavonoid were identified using microscopic-microchemical methods. The test results of the flavonoid levels were analyzed descriptively. The results of this research showed that samples of seagrass leaves from the coastal waters of Galala, Rutong, and Waai, after added with NaOH, AlCl 3 , and NH 3 reagents showed a color change. It means that the samples from the three coastal waters were positive to contain flavonoids. Therefore, the analysis was continued to determine the average levels of flavonoids of E. acoroides . The average levels of flavonoid in the three coastal waters of Galala, Rutong, and Waai were 0.0192%, 0.1475%, and 3.5697% respectively. The environmental conditions and substrate of seagrass E. acoroides in the coastal waters of Rutong and Waai caused higher levels of flavonoids than the levels of flavonoids in the coastal waters of Galala.
The existence of macrozoobenthos in an ecosystem is closely related to the conditions of the surrounding environment. This research aimed to examine the physical chemical condition of aquatic environment and macrozoobenthos community structure in the coastal waters of Marsergu Island. This research was conducted in July and December 2016 in 3 stations. The data were collected by using sampling technique to measure the environmental factors (temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen of seawater) and enumeration of gastropod species with in-situ. The results of this research showed that macrozoobenthos in the coastal waters of Marsegu Island consisted of 2 Phylum, namely Molusca and Echinoderms, that is, gastropod with 18 species, bivalvia with 5 species, and echinoderms with 17 species. Echinoderms was the dominant macrozoobentos with a percentage of 45%, followed by gastropods 42%, and bivalvia 13%. This suggests that echinoderms and gastropods are the main components that make up the macrozoobenthos community structure in the coastal waters of Marsegu Island. The results of the calculation of the diversity index of macrozoobenthos in the three research stations showed the highest score was station 1 as much as 3.56, station 2 as much as 3.52 and the lowest was station 3 as much as 2.07.
