: The objective of this study was to comparison of 3 anesthetic agents in East Asian Bullfrog ( Hoplobatrachus rugulosus). The experiment was examined using a non-parametric statistic. All healthy male East Asian Bullfrogs with 4 months old was used in this study (n =30). The East Asian Bullfrogs were divided into 3 groups (10 frogs per group) with the different treatments; tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), benzocaine and clove oil by using efficacious dose; 1,000 ppm, 300 ppm and 350 ppm respectively. Times were count when dip the East Asian Bullfrog in anesthetic agent until the frogs were full recovery to determine induction, duration and recovery time. The results showed that there were significant differences on frog’s anesthesia in each anesthetic agent (P<0.05). Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) has short period about induction and duration time approximately 8.00±3.50 and 50.00±13.33 minutes respectively. While recovery time, clove oil has short period about 5.50±1.58 minutes. The recovery time in clove oil group was significant difference from benzocaine group (P<0.05) but not significant difference from MS-222 group (P>0.05).
Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoa which causes Trypanosomiasis or surra. The protozoa result in livestock economic loss, especially, cows and buffaloes. Buffaloes are the importance reservoirs. The objective of this study was aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with Trypanosoma evansi (T.evansi) infection in buffalos of Eastern Thailand. The samples were collected from buffalo blood during July - December 2016. Samples was selected by simple random technique. There were 153 samples, 51 samples from Sa Kaeo province, 48 samples from Chachoengsao provinces and 54 samples from Chonburi province. The overall prevalence of T. evansi infection was 5.25 %. The highest prevalence was found in Chachoengsao province (16.67%) while the disease was not found in Sa Kaeo and Chonburi province. Experimental results found that the area was significantly related to T. evansi infection (p<0.05). However, the other factors; number of buffaloes, age and gender, were not related to the T. evansi infection. Analysis of factors, which affected to be Trypanosomiasis in buffaloes of Eastern Thailand. Consist of two factors, the first factor is vaccination. The study results indicated that vaccination six months before sampling increased possibility of T. evansi infection more than unvaccinated. The second factor is insect vector. The farms with insect vector had more chance in T. evansi infection than those without insect vector. In Chachoengsao province, the additional factor to increase T. evansi infection was raising buffaloes with other animals.
The objective of this research was to study the association between the biodiversity of blood sucking flies and prevalence Anaplasma marginale infections in dairy cattle in Ratchaburi Province. A total of 1,419 samples of blood sucking flies was collected from dairy farms of Ratchaburi Province, including 375 samples from Photharam District, 652 samples from Ban Pong District, and 392 samples from Jom Bueng District. The flies were classified by taxonomy and A. marginale was detected, using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The blood sucking flies were characterized into 2 families and 3 genus including Muscidae family: genus Stomoxys (Stomoxys calcitrans, S. indicus, and S. sitiens) and genus Haematobia, and Tabanidae family: genus Tabanus (Tabanus rubidus and T. striatus). Blood sucking flies were including associated with the amount of rain and they are mostly found during June to August. According to A. marginale detection, the percentage of A. marginale infection in blood sucking flies 4.75% (68/1,419). Factors influenced the infection of A. marginale in blood sucking flies were diversity of blood sucking flies, season, and the amount of rain (P<0.05). Therefore, for the control, the breeding habitat of these flies should be modified which is around the dairy farms, before the rain season while the surveillance should be arranged to prevent the epidemic caused by blood sucking flies in the area.
Feeding nucleotides in young animals is believed to have benefit effects such as improving growth rate, enhancing gut health and immune system. Thus, the aim of this present study was to evaluate the effect of nucleotides supplementation in diets at difference periods on growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 180 Ross 308 (mixed sex), one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly distributed in completely randomized experimental design (CRD) into 3 treatments with 4 replicates of 15 birds in each. The experimental treatments consisted of: birds fed control diet, birds fed 1.5% nucleotides for the first 7 days of age and birds fed 1.5% nucleotides for the first 14 days of age. The dietary period was divided in two phases: starter diet (1 to 21 days) and grower diet (21 to 42 days). The result showed that, at 42 days of ages, there were no significantly difference (P>0.05) in body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and HA-HI titer of broiler serum antibodies specific to ND virus between treatments. However, broilers fed with nucleotides had a significant higher (P<0.05) villus height than those fed with control diet. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that feeding broiler chickens with 1.5%nucleotides in the diet tended to improve growth performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens.
Carp edema virus (CEV) is a poxvirus, which is classified in family Chordopoxvirinae. CEV causes a serious health impact on juvenile carp. In some several countries of Asia, Japan for instant, CEV was commonly detected in several fish farms. This is consistent with the epidemiological data in Europe such as in England, Netherland, Austria and Germany respectively. Affected fish show lethargic movement, enopthalamia, swollen and necrotic gill, which induced anoxia and subsequently cause death, which more than 80 % mortality rate was found. Detection of CEV in sickness fish with PCR and nested PCR showed low sensitivity of detection. Therefore, real-time PCR was developed for detection of CEV. This method has more sensitivity response and could detect viral load in sample.
The study on virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was challenged by experimental study against mud crab (Scylla sp.). The healthy mud crabs were injected with V. parahaemolyticus at 101-1010 CFU (Colony Forming Unit) per milliliter (ml). After injected for 1 day, the cumulative mortality of crabs was 100% at 108-1010 CFU per ml of bacteria. After injected for 2 days, the cumulative mortality was 100% at 107 CFU per ml of V. parahaemolyticus. During 30 days, the cumulative mortality was 22.22% at 106 CFU per ml of bacteria. Furthermore, during 30 days, the cumulative mortality was 0.00% at 105-101 CFU per ml of V. parahaemolyticus. This study suggesting that the virulence of V. parahaemolyticus causes for rapid mass mortality of mud crab.
The aim of present study was to evaluate the immunological response of 3 difference Infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccines in broiler chickens, even with high maternal derived antibody level. One thousand and two hundreds1-day-old broilers were divided into 4 groups. The chickens in the first group were unvaccinated with any IBD vaccine. The chickens in the second were vaccinated by the use of live attenuated vaccine Winterfield 2512 strain in drinking water at 2-week-old. The chickens in the third and fourth groups were vaccinated with live immune complex and recombinant vaccines by subcutaneous injection at 1-day-old, respectively. Chicken blood samples were collected at 1-day-old chick, once a week after vaccination and weekly until slaughtering. Subsequently, IBD antibody titer levels were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The chickens were vaccinated with both live immune complex-, as well as recombinant-vaccinated showed statistically significant high immune response compared with those in the unvaccinated group. However, all 5-week-old vaccinated chickens showed no difference of IBD antibody titer level. In addition, Bursa of Fabricius to body weight (B:BW) ratio at 5-week-old, were showed to be 1.30±0.49, 1.35±0.72 1.32±0.54 and 1.64±0.44 for the first to fourth group respectively, meaning that this parameter did not interfere with the Bursa of Fabricius developing after IBD vaccination. The present study indicated that all tested types of IBD vaccine generated significant responsiveness in term of humoral immunity and did not impair the Bursa of Fabricius development, even in the presence of high level of maternal derived antibody in broilers.
