Background: The School Health Program (UKS) is assessed to enhance its effectiveness in improving students’ health levels. SistaUKS, a health information system comprising software and data, facilitates the automation of the UKS stratification assessment process. Evaluating this system is crucial for understanding user satisfaction, which enhances services and the system interface to increase user-friendliness. This study aimed to analyze teacher satisfaction regarding the utilization of the SistaUKS stratification system.Methods: This is a descriptive quantitative study with a survey method. The sampling technique used was convenience sampling, which identified 33 junior high school teachers overseeing UKS in Boyolali Regency, who participated as respondents. Data were collected using a System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire, including 10 items. The analysis involved converting the points to a standard scale, summing these points, normalizing the scores, and calculating the final score.Results: The findings indicate an average satisfaction level of 68.41, placing user satisfaction within the marginally high acceptability range and earning an adjective rating of good. While the SistaUKS system is noted for its ease of use, the analysis suggests that improvements are necessary for certain features to further enhance usability, for example, adding a Data Autosave Function. It could ensure that the system automatically saves data when users input it.Conclusion: SistaUKS earns an adjective rating of good. This study underscores the importance of continual assessment and refinement of health information systems like SistaUKS to sustain high levels of user satisfaction and system efficiency.
Background: Relapse during substance misuse treatment is common and poses a significant public health challenge. A variety of personal, social, and psychological factors influence it. This study explored the relationship between patients’ social capital, individual traits, and the risk of relapse.Methods: In this case-control study, 218 relapsed patients (case group, n=109) were compared with 109 abstentious patients (control group, n=109) in the four voluntary outpatient addiction treatment centers and one maintenance addiction treatment center using random cluster sampling in Dezful City, Iran, 2020. The data were obtained from structured interviews to determine personal traits, including age, marital status, familysize, education level, job status, type of substance, smoking, and addiction history in the family. A standard social capital questionnaire was used to assess the participants’ personality. Chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression were used for data analysis.Results: All patients were male, aged between 16 and 68 years, with a mean age of 36.84±6.76 years. The three dimensions of social capital —individual trust (OR=0.33, CI=0.11-0.51), cohesion/social support (OR=0.27, CI=0.07-0.48), and social trust/ associative relations (OR=0.65, CI=0.32-0.92) —are significantly associated with substance misuse relapse. In addition, age (OR=0.85, CI=0.65-0.91), educational level of illiterate/ academic (OR=2.87, CI=1.05-4.18), job status, unemployed/employed (OR=1.39, CI=1.11-1.80), and type of drugs (OR=2.71, CI=1.70- 3.73) had a direct association with substance misuse relapse.Conclusion: The association between social elements and the recurrence of substance misuse in patients receiving Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) is of importance. This study showed that reduced levels of social capital were associated with a higher chance of relapse. To address this issue, it is suggested to introduce inclusive social assistance initiatives that focus on nurturing the community and promoting inclusion among MMT patients.
Background: Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) in overweight/obese pregnant women has multiple adverse outcomes on maternal and neonatal health. A better understanding of pregnant women’s perceptions and experiences regarding barriers and facilitators of weight management during pregnancy is necessary to develop interventions to prevent excessive GWG among this group.Methods: This qualitative study was conducted with 16 pregnant women having a body mass index (BMI) over 25. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis.Results: The findings of this study were categorized into two main themes: barriers and facilitators of weight management during pregnancy. Barriers included six subcategories: overeating due to previous habits and context, eating changes related to pregnancy, beliefs about weight management, physical activity limitations, difficulty adhering to a diet, and the use of defense mechanisms. Facilitators were grouped into three subcategories: social support from spouse, family, and friends; focus on weight control motivation; and education and counseling.Conclusion: This qualitative study analyzed the challenges and facilitators of weight management in overweight and obese pregnant women. The results indicate multiple barriers and success factors affecting weight management. These findings emphasize that effective interventions should focus on identifying and overcoming existing barriers while strengthening facilitating factors, providing appropriate social and educational support considering cultural and individual beliefs to ensure better maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
Background: Mosquitoes transmit many diseases to humans, including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Controlling mosquitoes with endosymbiont bacterium Wolbachia is a new approach in this field. This study aimed to determine the Wolbachia infection of two mosquito species, Aedes caspius and Culex pipiens, in the city of Shiraz, southern Iran.Methods: Samples of Ae. caspius and Cx. pipiens were collected from four localities in Shiraz City, Fars Province. The samples were identified using the morphological identification keys. Collected samples were screened for Wolbachia infection using a PCR assay targeting the Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene.Results: Eight species from four genera were collected in this study; the most caught species was Cx. Pipiens, and the lowest abundant species was An. hyrcanus. From 110 adult Cx. pipiens screened using the wsp primer, 75 (68%) samples were infected with Wolbachia. The Wolbachia sequences in Cx. pipiens were like Wolbachia strains belonging to supergroups B. There was no Wolbachia infection in 204 Ae. caspius investigated samples.Conclusion: Our study revealed the presence of the supergroup B Wolbachia strain in Cx. pipiens samples. The present study did not detect any Wolbachia infection in Ae. caspius; however, it remains plausible to introduce Wolbachia populations into Wolbachia-free populations of this species. Such an introduction holds promise as a viable tool for vector control and mitigating the transmission of arboviral diseases such as West Nile virus and Chikungunya through cytoplasmic incompatibility.
Background: The thyroid gland cancer is the most common endocrine cancer worldwide. Although many occupationaland environmental exposures affect thyroid hormone levels, information about their association with thyroid cancer is limited. Therefore, this global ecological study was conducted from 1990 to 2019 to examine the associations between occupational exposures and thyroid cancer epidemiological markers.Methods: Data for this global ecological study were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) website from 1990 to 2019. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to correlate occupational exposures, thyroid cancer incidence, and death rates. The final approach was to use the generalized additive model (GAM) for modeling. The data were analyzed using R software version 4.2.2. The significance level of 0.05 was considered.Results: The average incidence and mortality for thyroid cancer were 2.48 and 0.64 per 100,000 populations, respectively. This generalized additive multiple model of cancer incidence showed that 1 unit of arsenic exposure increased the risk of thyroid cancer incidence and mortality by 6.8 and 1.97, respectively. The risk of developing thyroid cancer increases by 1.18 for each unit of benzene exposure. The modeling was adjusted for the variables of gender, sociodemographic features, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).Conclusion: The results of this study confirm the world’s first modeled hypothesis that there may be a relationship between occupational exposures (benzene, arsenic, and PAHs), and epidemiological indices of thyroid cancer. However, to reach causal conclusions, it is necessary to conduct epidemiological studies at the individual level by controlling confounding variables.
Background: One of the oldest social and health challenges to health is the global sex trading, which mainly involves young individuals. The issue has been dramatically worsening worldwide due to socio-economic and cultural changes. This study was conducted to determine the factors associated with prostitution among young Iranian sex workers.Methods: This is a case-control study on 400 women including 200 prostitute women as the case group and 200 women randomly selected from the population as the control group. Women in the control group were frequency matched with the age and family physician of the women in the case group.Results: Unlike forced marriage, the case group had lower odds of pre-marriage relationship with the spouse along with parent’s consent when compared to forced marriage (OR remarriage relationship with family consent vs. forced marriage=0.05, 95% CI: 0.011, 0.25, P<0.001). Prostitution in individuals who reported friendship with a friend with high risk behaviors during late childhood or adolescence was higher than those without such friendship (OR friend with risky behavior vs. without risky behavior friend=13.45, 95% CI: 4.07, 53.4, P<0.001). Also, cases had a lower odd of being under a tied parental control during childhood and adolescence (OR tied vs. no parental control control=0.16, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.6, P=0.008). Finally, having single parent family was more common among the case group (OR single parent vs. nuclear family=6.33, 95% CI: 2.02, 21.78, P=0.002).Conclusion: The current study revealed the importance of parent’s involvement in the children’s and adolescent’s social and behavioral development and successful marriage in tendency toward prostitution. The other important factors that seem to considerably affect the tendency of the participants toward prostitution were having a girlfriend with risky behavior (having sexual relationship at younger age or stealing) and easy and uncontrolled access to private media during adolescence. Also, parents of prostitute women had a lower socio-economic status who had no or weak parental supervision during the participant’s adolescence. Again, these factors are directly or indirectly affected by parental family functioning, highlighting the importance of parents’ involvement in the development of their children. Most important factors reported in this study are modifiable, and designing effective parental training programs regarding supervising and supporting children is highly recommended.
Background: Considering the high levels of heavy metals in Iranian rice, it is required to take measures to reduce them. One of these measures is to soak or rinse the rice before cooking, which is done in two ways in Iranian cuisine: Kateh (traditional) and Pilaw.Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to find the best Iranian rice recipe for reducing Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) and compare the levels of these metals in Iranian and imported rice consumed in Iran. In this study the data were found from international and national databases from 2002 to 2022. 66 non-duplicate articles were found, eight review articles, and 47 unrelated articles were removed. The remaining 11 eligible articles were studied in terms of the types of heavy metals. Considering that Pb and Cd were investigated in most of the articles, these two metals were considered for this research. Begg’s test was used to check the risk of bias.Results: A t otal of 7 a rticles w ere fi nally s elected, a nd t he information was analyzed in Stata software. Based on Begg’s test, no sign of publication bias was found. According to the results, Pb levels decreased in cooking methods compared to Cd, and their average reached 0.00 mg/kg. Also, the results showed that soaking or rinsing raw rice before cooking reduced Cd and Pb levels in the Pilaw method more than in the Kateh method (except for two exceptions).Conclusion: Based on this study, it is preferable to avoid importing low-quality rice with high levels of heavy metals. Also, more attention should be paid to rice cultivation in Iran to reduce the concentrations of these metals and, to reduce heavy metals, the best method is to soak the rice for a few hours before cooking, discard the water and cook it using the Pilaw method.
Background: Food safety is a global concern due to the rise in foodborne diseases, with contamination of food contact surfaces being a significant factor. This study aimed to assess the hygienic conditions and bacteriological contamination levels on food contact surfaces in collective catering in Central Morocco.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted across six restaurants. A total of 186 swab samples were taken from 17 types of food contact surfaces, including cutting boards, serving tables, knives, sinks, plates, and other utensils. The samples were taken according to ISO 18593:2018 and analyzed using selected culture media for aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMC), Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas spp, as well as the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. The surfaces were classified based on compliance with hygiene standards.Results: Sixty-seven samples (36%) exhibited more than 2.70 log10CFU/cm², indicating non-compliance with hygiene standards. Raw meat cutting boards, sinks, and salad preparation containers were identified as the most contaminated food contact surfaces, with non-compliance rates of 83.3%, 58.3%, and 54.2%, respectively. In contrast, glasses, plates, and baking worktops were the least contaminated, with compliance rates of 77.8%, 72.8%, and 66.7%, respectively. The isolated bacteria were Coagulasenegative staphylococci (28.5%), Escherichia coli (18,8%), S. aureus (7.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.6%), E. faecalis (1.6%), Proteus mirabilis (1%), and Salmonella spp. (0.5%). No Listeria spp. contamination was detected. The mean levels of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, S. aureus, and Enterobacteriaceae ranged from 1.59 log10CFU/ cm² to 3.93 log10CFU/cm², 0 log10CFU/cm² to 1.49 log10CFU/cm², and between 1.55 and 4.34 log10CFU/cm², respectively.Conclusion: This initial assessment of collective restaurants in Fez provides baseline data on environmentally hazardous microbes and will help food safety managers better implement effective control measures top revent contamination and safeguard public health.
Background: Applying trainings and following them during sports training can help reduce the risk of wrist joint injuries and ensure the long-term health and well-being of gymnastics students. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of suggested physical exercises in reducing wrist joint injuries of second-year gymnastics students.Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with an experimental group and two pre-tests and post-tests was conducted since it is suitable with the nature of the research. Participants consisted of 36 students (age=20±1.5, weight=71.83±3.4, height=175.83±5.5). Special exercises were designed to develop the strength and range of motion to reduce wrist joint injuries. The program included 16 training sessions for a period of 8 weeks (two sessions every week). In general, the special exercises lasted for 2 months; immediately after that, the post-tests were conducted. To evaluate the effect of physical training, we used several instruments and devices. These included a dynamometer to measure the wrist strength, a goniometer to measure the range of the motion of the wrist joint, and a physician digital scale to measure the height and weight.Results: The results showed a significant improvement in the hand wrist strength in all post-measurements compared to pretests. The mean scores of upward flexion strength increased from 17.69 to 19.56, downward flexion strength from 9.33 to 10.91, rightward flexion strength from 13.97 to 15.80, and leftward flexion strength from 10.13 to 12.01. In addition, the range of motion tests showed a significant improvement in all dimensional measurements, as the mean scores of flexibilities of the wrist joint increased when flexed upward from 74.94 to 78.67, flexed downward from 82.83 to 85.89, flexed to the right from 39.39 to 43.44, and flexed to the left from 29.22 to 32.78.Conclusion: The exercises used have a positive effect on improving muscle strength and developing the range of motion of the wrist joint, which protects the joint against damage or recurrence. Therefore, the development of such physical exercises is suggested for other places and similar sports.
Background: One of the core symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is social communication deficits. Joint attention (JA) is broadly used as a main component in receptive and expressive language. Parent-mediated communication-focused treatment ( PACT) i s a JA t reatment for c hildren w ith A SD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of the PACT method on improving receptive and expressive language in ASDs symptoms.Methods: A comprehensive search of databases was performed to find relevant studies published from 1990 to September 26, 2023. The researchers included only English randomized controlled trials of PACT for children with ASD (≥18 years old). Studies were excluded if they reported only qualified information and results on the efficacy or inefficacy of the intervention and did not include a control group.Results: The results of the Hedges g study showed that PACT had a very large effect (Hedges g=0.846 95%CI: 0.075, 1.616, P=0.031) on synchronous parent act, a small effect (Hedges g=0.186 95%CI: -0.082, 0.455, P=0.174) on adaptive behavior, a medium effect (Hedges g=0.505 95%CI: 0.288, 0.722, P<0.001) on child’s initiations,,a small effect (Hedges g=0.091 95%CI:- 0.097, 0.279, P=0.343) on expressive language and finally a small effect (Hedges g=0.079 P=0.410) on receptive language.Conclusion: These findings may lead clinicians to use PACT along with other intervention methods, which show promising impacts on the improvement of language. This approach may help children with ASD to develop a more efficient interaction with their parents and simultaneously a better language development.
Background: Malaria is among the most important parasitic diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. It is an important healthproblem in many countries, especially tropical and subtropical countries. This study aimed to design an educational software for malaria and evaluate the satisfaction level of the software application among students of Vector Biology and Control of Disease in Kerman University of Medical Sciences.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted through the following two stages: 1. design and creation of educational software for Malaria and 2. Assessment of the level of satisfaction in the use of an electronic questionnaire among 75 students. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24.Results: In the present study, educational software for malaria was designed and created. The results of the study showed that 53 (70.7%) of the participants were females and 22 (29.3%) of them were males. According to the results, 100% of users considered the software installation, size, and working speed easy and appropriate. 93.3% of students stated that images in the software could convey the necessary content. Also, 100% of users found it easy to use the software and communicate with the software developers. According to the results, more than 80% of students in this study preferred using this educational software to reading texts.Conclusion: This educational software is recommended for use by the target community, experts in the healthcare sector, and students in medical universities, especially students of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases.
Background: This study aimed to determine the effect of motivational interviewing (MI) on self-control, self-efficacy, andrelapse rate in clients undergoing substance abuse treatment in Foman city, Iran.Methods: Using a multi-stage random sampling, 72 patients undergoing substance abuse treatment were equally divided into an experimental and control group and participated in this experimental study. Patients participated in eight 45-60- minute motivational interviewing sessions based on Miller’s recommendations. Data were collected before and 3 months after the MI using demographic questions, temptation questionnaire, Tangney’s self-control scale, general self-efficacy scale, and relapse prediction questionnaire (short form).Results: After controlling the effect of the pretest, the mean of temptation significantly decreased in the experimental group after the MI, and the mean of self-efficacy and self-control increased significantly in the experimental group after the MI (P<0.001). In addition, the mean intensity of desire and the probability of consumption improved significantly in the experimental group after MI, after controlling for the pre-test effect (P<0.001).Conclusion: MI is a promising approach to reduce the relapse rate in addicted patients receiving treatment. Therefore, it is suggested that the effectiveness of common drug therapy for successful substance abuse treatment can be increased by including MI in the treatment protocol.
Background: Rabies is one of the important diseases and is usually transmitted by the bite of infected animals. This study investigated the epidemiological situation of animal bites in northeastern Iran from 2017 to 2021.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Sampling was done by census, and all animal bite cases, including 3679 people, were enrolled in the study. Cases of animal bites registered at the rabies treatment centers by Esfarayen County in the North of Khorasan province, from 2017 to 2021, were analyzed. Thetool for collecting information was the portal of the Ministry of Health, and SPSS version 26.0 was used for data analysis.Results: The mean age of the subjects under study was 33.9±20.4 years; of them, 2636 (71.6) were men and 838 (22.8) were students. 1448 (97.6%) of those with upper body injuries referred to the health center for less than 48 hours. 2024 (94.3%) were bitten by a dog and most of the bites (N=1055, 28.7%) happened in spring. The incidence of animal bites was 25.54 per thousand people. The trend has increased since the beginning of the study from 476 per 100,000 in 2017 to 648 per 100,000 in 2021 (P<0.001).Conclusion: Considering the increase in animal bite cases in Esfarayen County and the loss of life and money caused by it, including the risk of rabies transmission and increasing costs of vaccination and serum therapy, the cooperation of related organizations and interventions is necessary to reduce animal bite cases.
Background: Changes in health conditions can be influenced by different social variables. These components can modify and improve people’s overall health. This study aimed to explore the role of social capital, social isolation, social support, and life satisfaction in relation to university students’ health-related quality of life.Methods: In the present cross-sectional investigation, 250 students of the Faculty of Health at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected using simple random sampling. The data collection tools were a demographic questionnaire, social capital, social isolation, social support, and life satisfaction, and 36-item short-form health survey questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS. Moreover, the Structural Equation Model was applied using Amos.Results: Results showed several significant predictors which were displayed as values of standardized beta. Individuals’ health-related quality of life was associated significantly with higher social capital, social support, and life satisfaction, and lower social isolation. As shown in the model, social capital was the strongest health-related quality of life predictor.Conclusion: Considering these findings, it is crucial for public health policies to prioritize fostering social relationships between people, particularly among individuals who are at a higher social isolation. By addressing these issues, efforts can be made to reduce health inequalities and promote overall well-being, especially among university students.
Background: One of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among infectious diseases is acute respiratory infections. Masks are often recommended as proper personal protective equipment for preventing the spread of respiratory infections. This study aims to provide valuable insights into historical and current trends in research on mask performance, with a particular focus on hotspots and trend studies.Methods: In this Systematic Review, relevant studies on face mask efficacy were retrieved from the Web of Science (data extracted on July 15, 2023). The selected articles were analyzed using VOSviewer, R (Bibliometrix package), and Tableau tovisualize geographic distributions, conduct bibliometric analyses, and map research trends across countries, institutions, keywords, and journals.Results: The number of articles published in 2020 and 2021 has increased significantly. Overall, 1193 papers were identified, published by authors from 88 countries. According to literature citations, the journal “PloS ONE” published the most research on the topic. Fabric mask filtration performance was evaluated in the two documents with the highest total link strength. With the outbreak of COVID-19 around the world, studies were more focused on fit tests and filtration of surgical, medical, and N95 masks, indicating that researchers are exploring the effectiveness of masks to ensure the effectiveness of face masks.Conclusion: This study suggests potential knowledge gaps regarding the effectiveness of face masks, so future research should focus on challenges such as uncertain efficacy and fitness.
Background: In open-plan office environments, irrelevant speech noise (ISN) is a common complaint among employees, leading to reduced performance. This study aimed to assess the impact of music on the working memory performance of individuals exposed to ISN in simulated open-plan offices. Additionally, we sought to examine any differential effects of music between male and female participants.Methods: In this experimental study, participants were selected through convenient sampling. Their working memory performance was evaluated using n-back (n=1, 2) tests conducted with software while they were exposed to irrelevant speech noise (ISN) alone and a combination of ISN and music. Sampling took place over one month during the spring season in the acoustic laboratory of the Faculty of Health in Shiraz, Iran.Results: Thirty students, including 15 females, with an ags range of 18 to 38 (Mean=25.27, Standard Deviation=6.03), participated in the study. The results showed a significant increase in the accuracy of participants’ responses to both simple and difficult tasks of the n-back (n=1, 2) test when music was played compared to the ISNonly condition. However, there was no significant difference between the conditions regarding reaction times in the working memory test.Conclusion: In the present study, the inclusion of music, specifically “For Elise,” emerged as a crucial factor in enhancing working memory amidst the presence of open-plan office noise. This finding underscores the potential of utilizing music as an effective strategy for improving cognitive performance in such environments. Given its cost-effectiveness and simplicity of implementation, incorporating background music like “For Elise” can be recommended as a favorable method for mitigating the negative impacts of noise in open-plan offices.
Background: This study evaluates the seasonal and annual variations of PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, and SO₂ concentrations in Tehran’s ambient air from 2019 to 2021 and assesses their associated health risks.Methods: Non-carcinogenic health risks were quantified using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methodology. Sobol sensitivity analysis was conducted in R (version 4.1.2), andArcGIS (version 10.8.1) was used to map the spatial distribution of pollutants.Results: The annual mean concentrations of PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, and SO₂ ranged from 28.24–32.34 μg/m³, 69.57–82.22 μg/m³, and 14.94–17.98 μg/m³, respectively, exceeding WHO air quality guidelines. PM₂.₅ and SO₂ levels were highest in the west and southwest, while PM₁₀ was most prevalent in the east and northeast. The hazard quotient (HQ) for PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ exceeded 1 in 8- and 12-hour exposure scenarios, indicating significant health risks. However, the HQ for SO₂ remained below 1 across all exposure durations, suggesting no immediate health threat. At 3-hour exposures, the HQ for PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ was below 1, underscoring the role of exposure duration in health risks. Sobol sensitivity analysis identified PM₂.₅ concentration as the most influential factor affecting health risk.Conclusion: The findings highlight the urgent need for regulatory interventions to mitigate PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ pollution in Tehran, particularly in high-exposure regions. Effective control measures should prioritize reducing emissions to protect public health.
Background: Mothers play a crucial role in managing pain in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Nonpharmacological methods are essential in pain management, but mothers’ knowledge in this area is often limited. This study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention on mothers’ knowledge regarding non pharmacological methods of pain management in children with T1DM in Merjan Medical City - Al Hillah in Iraq.Methods: A non-probability sample of 110 mothers was initially selected. However, 10 mothers were included in a pilot study, leaving 100 mothers for the main study. These 100 mothers were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (50 mothers) or the control group (50 mothers). The intervention group received a 6-session educational intervention, each lasting 50 minutes, focusing on T1DM management and non-pharmacological pain management strategies. A self-developed questionnaire assessed mothers’ knowledge at three distinct time points: before the intervention, immediately after, and three months post-intervention.Results: No significant differences were found between the groups before the intervention. However, the intervention group showed significant improvement in the knowledge of T1DM scores (P<0.001) and non-pharmacological pain management strategies scores (P<0.001) immediately and three months after the intervention, with a mean increase of 7.1 and 7.34 points, respectively. No significant change was observed in the control group.Conclusion: The study demonstrates the effectiveness of an educational intervention in improving the mothers’ knowledge of non-pharmacological pain management strategies for children with T1DM. The findings highlight the need for healthcare providers to prioritize education and support for mothers, empowering them to manage their children’s pain effectively. Future studies should build on the findings of this study by exploring the long-term effects of educational interventions on mothers’ knowledge and skills as well as the impact on health outcomes for children with T1DM.
