Aim:Aim of this study is to evaluate the interrelation of Waistline Measurements with the Arterial blood pressure and cardiometabolic risks among Type II diabetic patients and finding relation how obesity factors influence the risk of Cardiovascular Disorders. Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study at a Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar was conducted for 2 months on 80 diabetic patients {47 men, 33 women} aged between 18–75 years. Patients were stratified on the Waist to Height Ratio criteria {>0.6 vs. <0.6} and interrelations between the Waistline measurement–related parameters and blood pressure were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation. Results:Patients with WHtR {>0.6} had higher BMI, Waistline Measurement, Systolic, Diastolic, Mean blood pressure levels, and Hba1c levels. Hypertension prevalence was 51% in the WHtR {>0.6} group versus 32% in the WHtR {<0.6} group. BMI showed a strong association with WHtR {r = 0.692, p <0.001}, and both BMI {r = 0.419, p <0.001} and WHtR {r = 0.327, p = 0.006} showed moderate interrelation with systolic blood pressure. Conclusion:Both BMI and Waistline Measurement can be predominantly determined with the elevation of Arterial blood pressure in Type II diabetic patients, where BMI showed slightly higher determinative strength, while Waistline measurements offered an acceptable alternative for clinical and research purposes.
IntroductionThis case report highlights an exceptionally rare presentation of pyogenic granuloma (lobular capillary hemangioma) arising from the right laryngeal ventricle in a young adult with no history of trauma, voice abuse, surgery, or known risk factors. Pyogenic granulomas are common in cutaneous and mucosal locations but are unusual in the larynx, especially within the ventricle. This case adds to the limited literature on laryngeal vascular lesions in non-smoking, otherwise healthy young adults, reinforcing the importance of considering benign vascular etiologies in the differential diagnosis of sudden-onset dysphonia.Patient Presentation and Clinical FindingsA 28-year-old male presented with:⦁ Sudden-onset hoarseness of voice⦁ Odynophagia (painful swallowing)⦁ Mild dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)Duration: 1 monthRelevant negatives:⦁ No history of smoking, alcohol use, vocal strain, trauma, prior surgery, or allergiesExamination:⦁ Indirect laryngoscopy showed a sessile, slough-covered, broad-based mass arising from the right laryngeal ventricle⦁ Vocal cord mobility preserved⦁ No other mucosal abnormalities or signs of malignancyInitial Differential Diagnoses:⦁ Laryngeal hemangioma⦁ Papilloma⦁ Ventricular cyst⦁ Laryngocele with infection Diagnosis, Intervention, and OutcomeProcedure:⦁ Direct laryngoscopy under general anesthesia⦁ The mass was found not attached to the false vocal cord but originating from the ventricular mucosa⦁ Complete excision performedHistopathology:⦁ Lobular capillary hemangioma (pyogenic granuloma)⦁ No features of dysplasia or malignancyFinal Diagnosis:⦁ Pyogenic granuloma of the right laryngeal ventricleOutcome:⦁ Complete resolution of symptoms⦁ No recurrence at follow-upConclusion -This rare case highlights how a seemingly isolated symptom can point to a rare, hidden pathology. The isolated presentation and complete recovery after excision emphasize the effectiveness of early intervention. It's a vivid reminder that timely, precise surgical management can be both diagnostic and curative -turning uncertainty into clarity and restoring patient's quality of life.
IntroductionAlkaptonuria is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) deficiency, leading to the accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA). This condition manifests through dark urine, progressive ochronosis (tissue pigmentation), early-onset arthritis, and may include cardiovascular complications.This case highlights the importance of considering metabolic etiologies in early degenerative joint disease, particularly when accompanied by systemic signs like urine discoloration and scleral pigmentation. It adds to scientific literature by reaffirming that rare diseases can present even in under-resourced settings and require clinical vigilance for early diagnosis and intervention. Patient Concerns and Key Clinical FindingsA young adult male presented with:Urinary changes: Darkening of urine upon standing.Ochronosis:Bluish-black pigmentation of scleraPigmentation of ear cartilage and skin foldsOchronotic arthropathy:Progressive joint pain and stiffnessAffected areas: thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spine, large joints (knees, hips)X-rays revealed: intervertebral disc calcification, joint space narrowingCardiovascular involvement:Evidence of aortic valve calcification on echocardiography DiagnosisClinical Clues:Progressive early-onset arthropathyUrine discolorationVisible pigmentation (ochronosis)Laboratory Findings:Ferric chloride test: Black colorationBenedict’s test: Green to black precipitateGas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS): Elevated homogentisic acid (HGA)Genetic testing: Mutation in HGD gene confirmed diagnosis Interventions1. Symptomatic Management:NSAIDs for joint pain and stiffnessPhysiotherapy to preserve joint mobility2. Dietary and Medical Support:Low-protein diet to reduce phenylalanine and tyrosine intake (precursors of HGA)Vitamin C supplementation to slow oxidative polymerization of HGA3. Monitoring and Surveillance:Serial imaging to monitor spinal and joint degenerationRegular urinalysis for metabolic monitoring4. Genetic Counseling:Family screening and education about autosomal recessive inheritanceCarrier testing for first-degree relatives5. Orthopedic Referral:For early assessment and management of degenerative joint changes OutcomesAt 3-month follow-up:Joint symptoms moderately improved with NSAIDs and physiotherapyUrine discoloration persistedPatient reported better functional capacity in daily activitiesAdherence to lifestyle and diet modifications was satisfactory Conclusion and Key TakeawaysThink metabolic in unexplained early-onset arthritis—especially when accompanied by systemic clues.Urine discoloration is a simple but underrecognized diagnostic sign of alkaptonuria.Ochronosis, though delayed, is a diagnostic hallmark.Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary care can improve quality of life and delay joint deterioration.Rare diseases occur even in rural or peripheral health settings, emphasizing the need for awareness and basic metabolic workups in atypical arthropathy cases.
IntroductionEmpyema thoracis, though a recognized complication of pneumonia, is relatively rare in very young children, especially in its loculated form. Delayed diagnosis or inadequate initial management may result in prolonged morbidity, poor nutrition, and complications. This case highlights the clinical complexity, diagnostic journey, and multidisciplinary management of a pediatric empyema in a 4-year-old female, underscoring the need for early referral, imaging, and prompt intervention. It contributes to pediatric literature by reinforcing the value of high clinical suspicion and the role of CT in evaluating non-resolving pneumonia.Patient Concerns and Clinical FindingsA 4-year-old girl initially presented with:⦁ Fever for 2 weeks⦁ Cough, vomiting, and reduced appetite⦁ Temporary relief with oral antibiotics at a local hospital, but fever recurred⦁ Subsequently managed with IV antibiotics at another facility before referral for further evaluationExamination Findings:⦁ Moderately built and nourished⦁ No cyanosis, icterus, clubbing, lymphadenopathy, or edema⦁ Tachypnea and reduced breath sounds on the left side⦁ No facial dysmorphism or structural abnormalities noted⦁ No neurological or systemic deficits Investigations:⦁ Complete Blood Count:⦁ Anemia (Low Hb, PCV, MCV, MCHC)⦁ CT Chest:⦁ Loculated empyema on the left side⦁ Pleural Fluid Cytology:⦁ Predominantly lymphocytes, neutrophils, mesothelial cells⦁ No malignant cells⦁ Routine Biochemical Workup:⦁ Elevated inflammatory markers Final Diagnosis:⦁ Left-sided loculated empyema thoracis in a 4-year-old child⦁ Secondary to unresolved pneumonia Management:⦁ Continued IV antibiotics⦁ Supportive management including IV fluids, antipyretics, and nutritional supplementation⦁ Monitoring via imaging and lab parameters⦁ Surgical consultation for possible intercostal drainage or decortication if conservative treatment fails Outcome:⦁ Gradual clinical improvement⦁ Reduction in fever and respiratory distress⦁ Ongoing follow-up for nutritional recovery and lung function monitoring Conclusion & Key Takeaways:⦁ Empyema in children, though uncommon, should be suspected in cases of persistent fever and respiratory symptoms not responding to antibiotics⦁ CT chest is crucial for diagnosing loculated pleural collections⦁ Early intervention, proper antibiotic therapy, and nutritional support are key to improving outcomes⦁ Reinforces the need for thorough evaluation in children with unresolved pneumonia to prevent complications such as chronic empyema or lung damage
IntroductionSpastic paraparesis in young adults often raises suspicion for neurodegenerative, demyelinating, or structural spinal cord disorders. However, metabolic causes such as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency are frequently overlooked despite being potentially treatable.This case presents a 21-year-old male with progressive spastic paraparesis due to late-onset MTHFR deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia, emphasizing the importance of early metabolic screening in unexplained motor syndromes. It contributes to literature by reinforcing that early intervention can halt or reverse neurological deterioration in a rare but manageable condition.Patient Concerns and Key Clinical FindingsDemographics:21-year-old male from TripuranthakamWell-built, tall; noted to have gynecomastiaChief Complaints:Progressive stiffness in both lower limbs for 1 yearWeakness in both lower limbs for 5 monthsHistory of Present Illness:Onset in left leg, followed by rightDifficulty in:Walking without supportClimbing stairsRising from squatting positionWearing footwear due to dragging of feetPseudobulbar affect reported (sudden inappropriate laughter/crying)Recent swelling, pain, and discoloration in left legExamination Findings:Neurological:Conscious, oriented, MMSE: 30/30No cranial nerve or sensory deficitsSpastic gait with grade 3 spasticity bilaterallyBilateral extensor plantar responsesExaggerated deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)General:Left leg: Tender and warmGynecomastia noted Diagnosis, Interventions, and OutcomesFinal Diagnosis:Late-adolescent onset MTHFR deficiencySpastic paraparesis associated with hyperhomocysteinemiaDiagnostic Clues:Progressive bilateral spasticity without sensory lossPseudobulbar affectElevated serum homocysteine levelsConfirmed MTHFR mutation (via genetic testing, if done)Treatment Initiated:Betaine – to support alternative remethylation of homocysteinePyridoxine (Vitamin B6) – cofactor for homocysteine metabolismFolate and Vitamin B12 supplementation (if applicable)Supportive care – physiotherapy for spasticity management Outcome:At follow-up, the patient showed improvement in lower limb strength, reduction in spasticity, and improved gait stability with continued betaine and vitamin therapy.Conclusion and Key TakeawaysMTHFR deficiency, though rare, is a treatable cause of adult-onset spastic paraparesis.Early detection and management can prevent irreversible neurological damage.Routine homocysteine screening in cases of unexplained spasticity can aid in timely diagnosis.This case underscores the importance of metabolic workups in young patients with upper motor neuron signs, particularly in settings where degenerative and inflammatory causes have been excluded.
Malaria in pregnancy is a significant global health concern, particularly in tropical regions, malaria during pregnancy(MiP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It results in low birth weight (LBW), premature delivery, maternalanemia, and intrauterine growth retardation. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception, and preventive practicesregarding malaria in pregnancy among pregnant women attending selected antenatal clinics in Abeokuta, Ogun State.A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 189 participants, using a researcher-administered questionnaire.Data were analyzed with SPSS version 22.0, employing descriptive statistics to describe sociodemographic characteristics,knowledge, perception, preventive practices, and perceived barriers to implementing malaria prevention measures.The findings revealed that 85.7% of the participants had a high level of knowledge about malaria in pregnancy, and 78.3%believed that malaria could lead to maternal death. Financial constraints were identified by 76.7% of participants as asignificant barrier to implementing preventive measures. The study found no significant association between the levelof knowledge and factors such as age (p=0.391), education level (p=0.113), number of previous pregnancies (p=0.199),trimester (p=0.608), and antenatal clinic attendance (p=0.878). However, occupation (p=0.031) was significantly associatedwith the level of knowledge.Based on these findings, the study recommended providing insecticide-treated nets, mosquito repellents, and antimalarialmedications at reduced or no cost to address financial barriers and enhance malaria prevention among pregnant women.
IntroductionStress cardiomyopathy, also known as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or "broken heart syndrome," is an acute, transient, and often reversible left ventricular dysfunction triggered by emotional or physical stress. While classically seen in postmenopausal women after intense emotional distress, this case is notable for its onset following physical trauma (fall from height) without preceding emotional stress. It highlights the importance of considering stress cardiomyopathy in trauma patients presenting with chest symptoms, and adds to existing literature by reinforcing trauma as a valid trigger even in the absence of ECG changes.Patient Concerns and Clinical FindingsA middle-aged female presented following a fall from the second floor, sustaining a fracture of the left lower limb. She developed sudden onset chest pain and dyspnea on exertion during hospitalization.Key Clinical Findings:Dyspnea on exertionChest pain following traumaNormal ECG with mild ST-T changesElevated Troponin levels with disproportionately high NT-proBNPEchocardiography:Global hypokinesia of the left ventricleSeverely reduced ejection fraction (25%)Severe mitral regurgitationNormal right ventricular functionElevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure Diagnosis, Interventions, and OutcomeDiagnosis:Stress cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy) secondary to physical traumaInterventions:Supportive cardiac managementOrthopedic management of limb fractureMonitoring of cardiac biomarkers and functional recoveryOutcome:By discharge, the patient showed marked improvement in cardiac function:LVEF improved to 45%Mitral regurgitation decreased to mild severitySymptomatic improvement in dyspneaConclusion and Key TakeawaysThis case underlines that physical trauma alone can precipitate stress cardiomyopathy, even in the absence of typical ECG findings or emotional triggers. A high index of suspicion, especially in trauma patients who develop unexplained dyspnea or chest pain, is essential. The rapid recovery of cardiac function emphasizes the reversible nature of this condition with timely diagnosis and supportive care.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects an estimated 6–10% of women globally, with prevalence in India ranging from 9% to 36%. Contributing factors such as rising obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and shifting dietary patterns are projected to increase global PCOS prevalence to nearly 20% of reproductive-age women by 2030.This case presents a 24-year-old woman with PCOS complicated by metabolic syndrome, subfertility, and reactive depression—stemming from cultural and familial pressure to conceive. The case is notable for its convergence of endocrine, metabolic, reproductive, and psychosocial complications in a single young adult, underscoring the multisystem impact of PCOS. It adds to existing literature by advocating for integrated, culturally sensitive, and multidisciplinary care, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Patient Concerns and Clinical FindingsThe patient presented with:Irregular menstrual cyclesProgressive weight gainFacial acne and hirsutismInability to conceive after over a year of unprotected intercourseSignificant emotional distress related to familial expectations around fertilityOn examination:Central obesity (BMI: 29.4 kg/m²)Acanthosis nigricansHirsutismLaboratory and imaging findings:HyperinsulinemiaImpaired glucose toleranceElevated serum triglycerides and testosteroneBilateral polycystic ovaries on pelvic ultrasoundPHQ-9 score indicative of moderate depression Diagnosis, Interventions, and OutcomesDiagnosis:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)Metabolic syndromeReactive depressionManagement:Metformin for insulin resistanceCombined oral contraceptive pills for cycle regulationStructured lifestyle modifications including dietary and physical activity guidanceSupportive psychological counselingOutcome after 12 weeks:Improved menstrual regularityReduction in insulin resistanceModest weight lossImprovement in mood and reduction in depressive symptoms Conclusion and Key TakeawaysThis case illustrates the complex, multisystemic nature of PCOS and its far-reaching effects beyond reproductive health. It reinforces the need for early, holistic, and patient-centered interventions, especially in cultural contexts where fertility-related pressures exacerbate psychological distress. Addressing PCOS as a chronic, multidimensional condition—rather than a purely gynecological issue—is essential to improving long-term outcomes in women’s health.
IntroductionThis case highlights a rare, potentially treatable cause of adult-onset spastic paraparesis—methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency. Early diagnosis of this metabolic disorder is essential to prevent disease progression and irreversible neurological damage. This report adds to the limited literature on late-onset MTHFR deficiency, emphasizing the importance of metabolic evaluation in unexplained spastic paraparesis.Patient Concerns and Clinical FindingsChief Complaints:Progressive stiffness in both lower limbs for 1 yearWeakness in both lower limbs for 5 monthsHistory of Present Illness:Difficulty wearing footwear and foot draggingPseudobulbar affectDifficulty walking, climbing stairs, and rising from a squatting positionGeneral Examination:Tall, well-built malePresence of gynecomastiaNeurological Examination:No cranial nerve deficits or sensory lossSpastic gait with Grade 3 spasticityExaggerated deep tendon reflexesBilateral extensor plantar responsesDiagnosis, Interventions, and OutcomeDiagnosis:Adult-onset MTHFR deficiency presenting as spastic paraparesis with hyperhomocysteinemiaInterventions:Anhydrous betaine (targeting homocysteine metabolism)Baclofen (for symptomatic spasticity relief)Outcome:The patient was discharged with improved lower limb strength (power +4/5 bilaterally) and is under regular follow-up for monitoring and ongoing management.Conclusion and Key Take awaysInborn errors of metabolism, including MTHFR deficiency, can manifest in adulthood.MTHFR deficiency, though rare, is a treatable cause of progressive neurological decline.Routine measurement of plasma homocysteine levels in cases of unexplained spastic paraparesis can facilitate early diagnosis and intervention, potentially preventing irreversible neurological damage.
IntroductionHistoid leprosy is an uncommon variant of multibacillary leprosy, and de novo presentation without prior treatment history is extremely rare. This case is unique in that it mimicked keloids, a benign dermatologic condition, leading to potential diagnostic delays. By presenting with nodulo-plaque lesions resembling keloids, this case expands the known clinical spectrum of leprosy and highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for leprosy in endemic regions—even when the presentation is atypical. It contributes to the literature by documenting a rare morphological mimic of a neglected tropical disease.Patient Concerns and Clinical FindingsA 23-year-old male presented to the dermatology OPD with multiple asymptomatic, skin-colored raised lesions over a 6-month period. The lesions began as a single keloid-like plaque on the left upper arm and gradually spread.Clinical Examination:Multiple, well-defined, erythematous, hypoesthetic, smooth, firm plaques and nodules on the arms, legs, and posterior trunkUlcerated nodules over both elbowsBilateral ulnar and radial cutaneous nerves moderately thickened, smooth, and non-tenderInvestigations:Slit skin smear: Bacteriological index (BI) 4+, Morphological index (MI) 70%Histopathology: Free Grenz zone, diffuse lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, foamy macrophages in whorled granulomasFite-Faraco stain: Clumps of solid-staining acid-fast bacilli Diagnosis, Interventions, and OutcomeDiagnosis:De novo histoid leprosy presenting as keloid-like lesionsManagement:Multidrug therapy for multibacillary leprosy (MDT-MB)Oral multivitamin (once daily)Oral calcium + vitamin D3 supplementation (once daily)Topical fusidic acid 2% cream (applied twice daily over ulcerated lesions)MCR (microcellular rubber) footwearLimb care with emphasis on hands and feet protectionOutcome:Patient continues to be under follow-up with improvement in ulcerated lesions and no new lesions reported post-initiation of MDT.Conclusion and Key TakeawaysThis case underscores the importance of clinical vigilance in diagnosing leprosy, particularly when it presents with atypical morphological features. What appeared to be a simple keloid turned out to be a manifestation of a disabling, chronic infectious disease. In endemic regions, even benign-appearing lesions should prompt a full diagnostic work-up. Early recognition and initiation of treatment remain key to reducing transmission and preventing complications.
Hypertension is a major global health challenge, with increasing prevalence among young adults in developing countrieslike Nigeria. University students are particularly at risk due to lifestyle transitions involving poor diet, physical inactivity,stress, and limited awareness. The aim of the study was to assess hypertension knowledge, risk factors, and awarenessamong students at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State. This is a quantitative research study usinga cross-sectional design, selecting 425 undergraduate students from Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta through amulti-stage sampling technique. Data collection involved structured questionnaires, with analysis carried out using SPSSversion 23. Results revealed that a majority of participants (46.6%) were aged 21-23, with more than half being female(57.2%). Most students (97.4%) did not have hypertension. However, approximately half of the students (50.6%) exhibitedlow knowledge about hypertension, and 29.2% were at high risk of developing the condition. A significant portion (28.2%)relied on internet websites for information about hypertension, and an overwhelming majority (92.9%) believed there wasa need for increased public awareness and education regarding hypertension management and prevention within theuniversity. In conclusion, the study underscores a substantial knowledge gap, identifies significant risk factors, and stressesthe importance of proactive healthcare interventions to raise awareness and mitigate hypertension risks among FUNAABstudents
Minimally invasive techniques are transforming healthcare delivery worldwide, offering safer and more efficientdiagnostic and therapeutic options. Among these, image-guided biopsy has emerged as a pivotal tool for diseasemanagement, combining precision and reduced patient morbidity. This paper examines the integration of image-guidedbiopsy into Nigerian healthcare, emphasizing its potential to overcome the limitations of traditional biopsy methodsand enhance disease management outcomes.The current landscape of biopsy techniques in Nigeria reveals significant reliance on conventional methods, whichoften involve higher complication rates, longer recovery periods, and limited accuracy in targeting lesions. In contrast,image-guided modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),and fluoroscopy enable real-time visualization, allowing for precise lesion localization and sample retrieval, even inanatomically challenging areas.This review highlights the clinical advantages of image-guided biopsy, including enhanced diagnostic accuracy, reducedprocedure-related complications, and shorter recovery times, making it a valuable tool for managing oncology, infectiousdiseases, and chronic conditions. In oncology, it facilitates early diagnosis, tumor characterization, and therapeuticplanning. For infectious diseases, it supports pathogen identification in difficult-to-access regions, while in chronic diseases,it improves diagnostic reliability in liver, kidney, and bone marrow evaluations.Despite its advantages, the adoption of image-guided biopsy in Nigeria faces challenges related to accessibility, cost,and technical expertise. Addressing these barriers is crucial for widespread implementation and equitable healthcaredelivery. By exploring the principles, modalities, and clinical applications of image-guided biopsy, this paper underscoresits transformative potential to advance disease management and improve patient outcomes in Nigeria’s evolvinghealthcare landscape
The Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) is the course pursued by undergraduate students to becomeDoctors in India. This course is conducted as per the NMC guidelines. This study aimed to study the levels of State Anxietyamong the students of various government and private medical colleges. State Anxiety is the anxiety that is experiencedby an individual as a response to a particular situation and is temporary, whilst Trait Anxiety is suffered by an individualas an inherent character and it’s permanent. The first 20 questions of the State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire, surveyedanxiety levels among 132 medical students across the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telengana. The results were interpretedand analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The highest MSA (Mean State Anxiety) was observed in the students of DeemedUniversities, probably due to the excessive financial load up on them, in addition to the exhaustive syllabus; whereasLMS (Least Mean Score) was seen in the students of PPP (Public Private Partnership) Colleges. Moreover, State Anxietysurvey among medical students across the years of MBBS in the two provinces reveals that Final Professional Year Part2 candidates showed maximum MSA, while the least was recorded in Post-Interns. This can, possibly be due to the hugeload of syllabi in the final Prof year, that ought to be covered within a limited time. Post-interns on the other hand, havecompleted their graduation, thereby being comparatively more independent financially. The current study leaves scopefor future researchers in the same area but on a different population or sample size as this survey was confined within thestates of Andhra Pradesh and Telengana.
Background *In the race to unveil the secrets of the human mind, a pursuit dating back over two millennia, it had become evident in recent years that neither the structure nor the function of the brain is consistent throughout the adult mammalian life. This quality of the brain to yield and remap in order to better adapt to the demands of the environment and physical as well as mental activity has been subject to extensive scientific enquiry over the past few decades. Methods *Students from KIMS (Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences, Amalapuram) and acquaintances have willingly participated in the investigation of phantom pain among other trails. Mass surveys were conducted with a sample size ≥ 200, data from polls conducted by reliable sources have also been procured to aid in research. Results *Neurogenesis, primarily observed in subventricular zone, occurs as a result of exercise and implication of hormones. Experimental data from trials conducted on aged mice has been procured to attest the claims. To contextualize the preliminary findings thus far, cognition enhances mental health and also promotes neurogenesis. Active participation in intellectual and physical activity helps mitigate the aftermath of neurodegenerative disorders, contributing to both prevention and rehabilitation. Conclusion *This study aims to encourage further research into effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and advancements in neurorehabilitation
Background *According to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH),1,68,491 people were killed, and 4,43,366 injured in 4,61,312 road crashes in India in 2022.On average, India witnessed 1,263 road crashes and 461 deaths every day or 53 crashes and 19 deaths every hour. Methods *1. Airway Obstruction - Management2. CPR: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation3. Transportation & Emergency care4. Revascularization & Vascular Rehabilitation5. Surgical Intervention6. Avoiding Road accidents by following Traffic Guidelines Results *1. In an accident, the Golden hour is crucial because it represents the window of time where medical care has the greatest impact on the outcome of the injuries. Within this 60-minute period, emergency services can stabilize the injured person, stop any bleeding, treat serious injuries, and transport the casualty to a specialized hospital, where they will receive the care necessary to survive and recover.2. The Golden hour is vital not only in terms of saving lives but also for reducing the risk of complications and long-term consequences. Conclusion *It is essential that both drivers and pedestrians understand the significance of the golden hour and know how to respond in emergency situations. Responsibility does not rest solely with emergency services; every individual plays a crucial role in ensuring that the golden hour remains effective.
Background *poster presentation focuses on CONJOINT TWINS, delving into •Embryological development,•Types and classifications•Prenatal Diagnosis•some surgical seperation techniquesEmotional Support and well being of the twins Methods *Refference: Textbook of paediatrics and OBG And Articles from PMC(Pub med centre) ResultsThis poster helps in detailed understanding of conjoint twins, incidence of conjoint twins and development theories and contributing factors and antenatal diagnosis of conjoint twins and categorisation of conjoint twins, surgical seperation of conjoint twins and mainly the psychological and emotional support the conjoint twins require Conclusion *Knowing about the surgical seperation of conjoint twins is helpful in successfully separating them and if not the case the psychological and emotional support the conjoint twins needed is to be known
Background * Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide. Prompt recognition and treatment can significantly reduce the severity of outcomes. Ischemic and haemorrhagic types being most common. This study reviews the inpatient management of stroke, discusses WHO definitions, pathophysiology, risk factors, symptomatology, and outlines diagnostic and therapeutic approaches used in acute care settings in India. Methods * A retrospective cohort study was conducted with data collected from 154 stroke patients admitted in India between November 2021 and May 2022. The population comprised individuals aged between 20 to 90 years. Results * Age and Gender: Patients ranged from 20 to 90 years; 104 were male and 49 female. Type of Stroke: 126 had ischemic strokes, 25 had haemorrhagic strokes, and 2 had TIAs. Site of Ischemic Stroke: 51 had MCA infarcts, 13 had PCA infarcts, and others had ACA, thalamus, pons, etc. Risk Factors: 123 patients had modifiable risk factors. Common ones included hypertension (47), diabetes & hypertension (48), DM alone (14), recurrent CVA (20), smoking & alcohol (10). Investigations: CT, MRI, MRA, USG Abdomen, 2D Echo, Carotid Doppler. Treatment (Ischemic Stroke): LMWH, aspirin + clopidogrel, statins (atorvastatin), PPIs (pantoprazole), supportive therapy. Treatment (Haemorrhagic Stroke): Mannitol, symptomatic therapy, PPIs, BP control. Conclusion * This study affirms that while stroke management protocols vary across institutions and regions, core investigations and treatments remain universally aligned. Rapid diagnosis, identification of stroke type, and timely initiation of therapy are critical to improving outcomes. Education on modifiable risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and smoking is essential in stroke prevention.
Background *Around the globe the factors like female reproductive system disorders, cancer therapies, genetic associated syndromes often lead to around 35-37% of female infertility. The infertility due to absolute uterine and ovarian factors remains a challenging condition despite the availability of many treatment options. The ovarian autografts for restoring the hormonal function and fertility in cancer survivors, ovarian allografts from the donors, and uterine transplantation offer a huge potential in restoring fertility in women. Therefore, this study helps to know about the role of uterine and ovarian transplantation in restoring menstrual function and for treating infertility and about the issues in parentage Methods *A systematic review study and a descriptive meta-analysis were conducted on 16 studies. These studies included 130 cases of ovarian autografts, 4 cases of ovarian allograft, and 3 uterine transplantation cases. The Outcomes were assessed and a Statistical analysis was made, and the comparing groups were performed with p-values and when appropriate we calculated that around 95% confidence intervals were considered. Results *It is seen that the live birth rates and menstrual function restoration is 100% in uterine transplants and ovarian allografts. In ovarian autografts about 64% showed menstrual function restoration and the live birth rates were about 66%. Conclusion *This study concludes that the type of transplantation procedure mainly determines the genetic origin and reproductive success of the offspring. The uterine and ovarian transplantation procedures ensure a promising future in treating the infertility in women.
Background *Rapid advances in machine learning and deep learning have expanded the diagnostic capabilities of artificial intelligence (Al) across radiology, pathology, and primary care. Despite promising accuracy gains and workflow efficiencies, questions remain about generalizability, bias, and clinician acceptance. Methods *Rapid advances in machine learning and deep learning have expanded the diagnostic capabilities of artificial intelligence (Al) across radiology, pathology, and primary care. Despite promising accuracy gains and workflow efficiencies, questions remain about generalizability, bias, and clinician acceptance. Results *42 primary studies (11 pathology, 8 primary care, and 23 radiology) satisfied the inclusion criteria. The median number of cases in the test set was 6,800 (IQR 2,400-15,200). In radiology studies, Al's pooled AUC was 0.92 (95% CI 0.88-0.95), while clinicians' AUC was 0.89 (95% CI 0.85- 0.93). With no discernible loss of specificity, Al- assisted slide review increased the sensitivity of mitosis detection in pathology by 14%. On average, primary care decision support systems shortened diagnostic turnaround times by 22%. Nevertheless, only 29% of studies addressed algorithmic bias or explainability, and 64% of studies lacked external validation. Conclusion *Al is poised to play a transformative role in medical diagnosis by enhancing accuracy, speeding up processes, and improving patient outcomes. However, ethical deployment, careful validation, and collaborative approach between Al systems and healthcare professionals are essential for its responsible integration into medical practice. The future of Al in diagnosis is promising but must be navigated with caution and compassion.
Background *Anemia is a global public health problem. Young adults, particularly college students, are vulnerable due to dietary insufficiencies, increased nutritional needs, and lifestyle factors.Dietary habits are crucial in determining the hematological profile of individuals. This study aims to find out how common anemia is among college students and whether diet has an effect on the type of anemia. Methods Inclusion Criteria:1. Students willing to give informed consent.2. Aged 18-25 years.Data Collection Tools:1. Structured questionnaire: demographic details, dietary habits, menstrual history, history of fatigue/ pallor.2. Hematological assessment: Hemoglobin estimation, CBPClassification of Anemia:1. Microcytic anemia: MCV < 80 fL2. Macrocytic anemia: MCV >100 fLStatistical Analysis:1. MS Excel.2. Descriptive statistics: mean, standard deviation, and prevalence rates.3. Inferential statistics: Chi-square test; p < 0.05 considered significant.Ethical Considerations:1. Ethical clearance obtained.2. Consent was taken. Expected Outcome:1. Identification of the prevalence and type of anemia among college students.2. Establishment of correlation between anemia. Results *The prevalence of anemia was found to be 59.8%. In univariate analysis, low socioeconomic status, low iron intake, vegetarian diet, history of worm infestation, and history of excessive menstrual bleeding showed significant association with anemia. Conclusion *There is a correlation between hemoglobin, ESR, RBC count, and blood indices indicating the presence of anemia. Treatment of anemia could significantly improve memory and academic performance of students.
