Wheat rusts and Septoria tritici blotch are among the most important constraints in wheat production in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to study the geographical distribution of major wheat diseases such as stem rust, yellow rust, leaf rust & STB in central highland parts of Ethiopia and determine the reaction of wheat cultivars to wheat rusts in the country during 2020 cropping season. A total of 48 wheat fields were surveyed in major wheat growing areas of Oromia & Amhara Regions of South West Shewa, West Shewa & North shewa zones. Septoria tritici blotch and yellow rust were the most widely distributed disease in the surveyed fields with a prevalence percentage of 100 & 68.5% respectively. The overall mean incidence values for Septoria tritici blotch, yellow rust, stem rust and leaf rust were 73.32, 26.9, 15.7 and 0.12%, respectively. Likewise, the overall mean severities were 22.6, 9.8, 8.6 and 0.01%, respectively in the same order. The incidences and severities of wheat rusts varied among wheat varieties in the season. Most varieties showed moderately susceptible to susceptible responses against yellow rust and stem rust populations. The predominance of susceptible varieties can be an important recipe for the development of rust epidemics in Ethiopia. The present findings confirmed the importance of Septoria tritici blotch, yellow rust and stem rust in Ethiopia. Hence, continuous supply of resistance varieties is needed to avoid wheat disease epidemics in the country.
Trichoderma is unique fungus and now being most popular among the farmers as growth promoter and biocontrol agent. In present study local Trichoderma asperellum strain was evaluated against different Fusarium species in vitro and greenhouse conditions. In vitro study, Trichoderma asperellum was evaluated against 7 Fusarium species i.e., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Tropical Race 1), F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Tropical Race 2), F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Tropical complex), F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium solani andpercentage reduction in the growth of these pathogens was ranged between 40.38 and 46.02%. This strainshowed strong antagonistic potential against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (73.91%)followed F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race TR1 (64.49%), Fusarium udum (59.17),F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris(58.33%), Fusarium solani(56.30%), F. oxysporum f. sp. cubenseTR 2(52.78%)and F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense TR (complex) 46.02%. In greenhouse study, Trichoderma asperellum was evaluated alongwith chitosan and botanicals against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici andminimum per cent disease index (PDI) was observed in treatment T4 (Seedling treatment with Trichoderma asperellum @ 5 g/lit + Chitosan @ 0.1% followed by its foliar spray) in which 44.66 per cent PDI recorded followed by T5 (Seedling treatment with Trichoderma isolate 8 @ 5 g/lit + Chitosan @0.1% followed by its foliar spray) in which 49.37 per cent PDI observed. The maximum per cent disease index was recorded in inoculated control (71.35%).
India’s food grain production, which was 82 million tones in 1960-61, reached to about 271.37 million tones in 2018-19. The population, which was 439 million in 1960, rose to 1369 million in 2019. In India, more than 250 million people do not have adequate food despite comfortable food and foreign exchange reserves and high growth in GDP. The problems of declining land, water and labour force engaged in agriculture have impacts on projected food demands for growing population. Cereals, pulses, tubers, vegetables and fruits are important that provide food and nutritional requirements. All these crop plants are susceptible to diseases both in field and post-harvest. Globally, these diseases are responsible for loss of 10% of global food production. Every year, 30% of crops are lost in India due to pests and diseases. The crop loss due to pest and diseases is estimated to be Rs. 90, 000 crores annually. Among these, fungal foliar diseases are economically important.
Rice (Oryzae sativa L.) is by far the most important stable food crop for over half of the world population for both developing and developed nations, where its consumption has increased considerably due to food diversification and its calorie demand. However, its productivity and quality are highly limited by the occurrence of diseases, insect pests and high weed infestations. Weeds can reduce rice yield by over 30% and this makes farmers to incur 70% of their cost to manage it because of the availability of ample moisture with in the rice field and long period of infestation. The objective of this study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of broadleaf and grass weed targeted herbicides of upland rice and recommend the most effective ones. An experiment was conducted at Fogera National Rice Research and Training Center experimental station for two consecutive years (2017-2019) using NERICA 4 Variety. It was carried out in aerobic soil condition. Eight treatments, two pre-emergences (S-metolachlor 290 g/l + atrazine 370 g/l and S-metolachlor 960 g/l) herbicides, four post-emergence herbicides (Bispyribac-sodium 10% SC, Pyroxsulam45 g/l, Lodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 7.5g/l+ Mesosulfuron methyl 7.5 g/l and 2,4-D dichlorophenoxy acetic acid 720 g/l acid), two times manual weeding and control check (weedy check) were used for evaluation. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Weed population and agronomic parameters data were recorded. The result revealed that post-emergence herbicides were highly effective over pre-emergence herbicides to manage upland rice weeds. Two times of manual hand weeding followed by Bispyribac-sodium 10% EC and Pyroxsulam45 g/l herbicides treatments gave high grain yield (3243.4 and 3063.6 kg ha-1), respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that Bispyribac-sodium 10% EC could be recommended for upland weeds management followed by Pyroxsulam45 g/l herbicide with integration of other management practices.
Crop Science is the field managing the Selection, Breeding, Crop profitability, Seed creation, Organic yields, Crop innovation happening, Field crops examination, and Crop and Irrigation innovation. Harvest Science manages food, feed, turf, and fiber crops and their administration. It is a far reaching field contains hereditary qualities, reproducing, creation, and the executives of yields and creature feed. Yield Science likewise participates in protection and maintainable utilization of hereditary assets of plants, spineless creatures and different creepy crawlies, and microorganisms. Farming is the study of creation and usage of plants for multidisciplinary use alongside soil, yield and Water the board. Farming identified with work in the regions of plant hereditary qualities, plant physiology, Agrometeorology, and soil science. Agribusiness is the use of joined sciences like science, science, financial aspects, nature, geology, and hereditary qualities. Horticulture is currently a significant examination field for researchers to contemplate the conduct of plant in various natural conditions including environment, soil type and water system, treatment and so on. Crop protection is the science and routine of managing plant illness, weeds and different vermin (both vertebrate and invertebrate) that wickedness agrarian yields and official advantage. Agrarian yields join field crops (maize, wheat, rice, and so forth), vegetable harvests (potatoes, cabbages, and so forth) and ordinary things. The yields in a field are shown to different parts. The yield plants might be harmed by shocking little creatures, fowls, rodents, minute animals, and whatnot. Yield security is the assessment and routine of coordinating irritations, plant afflictions, weeds and other risky living animals that naughtiness agrarian things and official advantage and along these lines, sway financial quality and Agri-feature. Plant security is the act of overseeing climate, weeds, vermin and sicknesses that hurt or repress the development of natural product, vegetable and other green yields. Plant Protection keeps on assuming a significant part in accomplishing focuses of harvests creation. Plant cell divider is utilized explicitly as paper, materials, strands (cotton, flax, hemp, and others), charcoal, blunder, and other wood items. And furthermore other significant utilization of plant cell dividers is as extricated polysaccharides that have been changed to make plastics, films, coatings, glues, gels, and thickeners in a tremendous assortment of items. Economical agribusiness is generally identified with characteristic or natural cultivating, and it is additionally identified with those cultivating frameworks.
The science and practice of cultivating plants is Agriculture. Agriculture was the essential development in the rise of human civilization, whereby farming of acclimatize species produced food oversupply that enabled people to reside in cities. The historical backdrop of farming started ago. Plants were independently in at least 11 regions of the large-scale agricultural though about 2 billion people still depended on maintaining
The pathogen Fusarium oxysporumon tomato Plant illnesses motive extreme crop losses Fusarium oxysporum and make agriculture fantastically depending on ok disorder control. Wilt illnesses of tomatoes may be resulting from fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, and a biotic factor. Determining which agent is accountable may be critical for prescribing the right control strategies. The wilt illnesses describe the outside and inner signs and symptoms produced at the host through every pathogen; tomato wilt disorder like increase sample withinside the subject and environmental situations like temperatures, humidity that assist to disorder improvement. Fusarium wilt signs and symptoms wilting of the oldest leaves after which of entire vegetation which subsequently became dry, have been mainly seen for the duration of dry and warm weather. Initially, the primary disorder signs and symptoms can be observed on character seedlings, after which patches of useless tissues can be discovered over the entire vicinity of tomato cultivars. The younger vegetation are greater suffering from the disorder, that is better through terrible seedling rooting. Diseases are a main supply of crop loss and plant harm that may be resulting from some of plant pathogenic (disorder-inflicting) organisms. Those which might be plant pathogens are unique for sure plant hosts and are referred to as unique forms. There are over a hundred unique unique styles of Fusarium oxysporum, every commonly with a selected host on which they are able to motive disorder through Fusarium oxysporum. As the contamination spreads up into the stems and leaves it restricts water flow, inflicting the foliage to wilt and flip yellow. Symptoms frequently seem later with inside the developing season and are first observed at the decrease (older) leaves. As the disorder progresses, the more youthful leaves can also be affected and the plant subsequently dies. In many cases, simplest one department or facets of the plant display signs and symptoms. Disease signs and symptoms. The fungus is the soil borne hyphomycete and is one in every of greater than a hundred F. oxysporum that reasons vascular wilts of flowering vegetation. Symptoms of Fusarium oxysporum and disorder improvement Fusarium wilt resulting from the soil borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, turned into previously the maximum ordinary and unfavorable disorder of subject tomatoes. Symptom typically discovered in the course of the, Fusarium wilt is a fungal disorder that assaults tomato, disorder fungi Fusarium oxysporum, input thru the roots and intrude with the water engaging in vessels of the plant. seem at the decrease leaves as yellow blotches, wilting and subsequently losing off. The pathogens are soil borne and arise in the course of maximum tomato developing regions and inflamed leaves begin drooping, curve downwards and flip yellow. Disease signs and symptoms are obvious for the duration of flowering and fruiting stages, and leaflets on one aspect of the vegetation commonly display greater extreme signs and symptoms than leaves on the opposite aspect due to the unique vascular tissue suffering from the pathogen.
Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is the most important staple crop in temperate zones and is in increasing demand in countries undergoing urbanization and industrialization. However, its production is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic production constraints; wheat stem rust ( Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici) is the most important one. This study was (i) to assess the importance of wheat stem rust in North and East Shoa zones of central Ethiopia and (ii) to identify physiological races. Purposive multistage sampling was used to select major wheat growing districts and farmers associations from each zone. Wheat stem rust race identification was carried out via inoculation of isolates on susceptible line (McNair); single pustule isolation; inoculation on standard differential sets and infection type evaluation of each line fourteen days after inoculation. One hundred fifty wheat fields (75 from each zone) were assessed. Wheat stem rust was observed in 71 (94.7%) and 52 (73.3%) of wheat fields in East and North Shoa zones, respectively. Disease incidence and severity were significantly different (p < 0.0001) between the two zones. Six physiological races of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici (pgt) namely; TKTTF, TTTTF, TKKTF, TTKTT, TTKTF and TTTTT were identified. TKKTF was the dominant race which was detected from 40 (48.2%) samples followed by TKTTF (Digelu race) which was identified from 28 (33.7%) samples. But, TTTTT, TTKTT and TTTTF were less frequent races. They were identified from 1 (1.2%), 2 (2.4%) and 4 (4.8%) samples, respectively. The majority of resistance genes in differential host lines (80-100%) were defeated with the races. Resistance genes Sr24 and Sr31 were effective to majority of races identified. Hence, they can be used as source of resistance in breeding program.
Better understanding of plant defense mechanism is crucial for improving crop health and yield. Plant defense against bacterial pathogens results from a complex combination of structural plant characteristics and induced biochemical reactions. In addition to the constitutive defense, plants may perceive directly or indirectly the presence of a bacterium and subsequently induce plant defense responses. These inducible biochemical reactions tend to create protective physiological conditions to limit bacterial growth and invasion in the host tissues. The inducible plant defense starts when a particular bacterial molecule or its structural feature is recognized by trans-membrane protein recognition receptors (PRRs) on plant cell surface. The recognition is based on conserved features of molecules of bacterial origin, namely pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This induces PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and the expression of defense genes, what prevents pathogenesis. However, some pathogens may release effector molecules and surpass PTI what leads to effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS). Subsequently, plants possess resistance (R) proteins usually containing nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains which trigger signaling cascade by recognizing specific effectors. This leads to the activation of downstream genes in order to create a robust and fast defense response preventing the spread of bacteria. Generally, these actions against invading bacterial pathogen are controlled directly or indirectly by genetic materials (gene) of the host plants. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss and summarize how the receptors are thought to activate defenses, how bacterial pathogens surpass this basal defense system and how plants have evolved a second defense layer, with an emphasis on the future research priorities.
Ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta lentis, is one of the most globally important diseases of lentil. The disease is seed and air borne causing huge loss and development of ascochyta blight resistant varieties is most effective means of controlling this disease. The diseases of lentil not only reduce yield but also deteriorate seed quality. To date, no highly resistant sources of ascochyta blight in lentil have not been reported from the Ethiopian lentil breeding programme. Past efforts have been directed towards developing improved varieties with resistance to one or the other biotic stress, improving the seed size, color of seed cotyledon, market quality and shortening the crop duration to fit lentil in various cropping systems. And also breeding for host resistance has been suggested as an efficient means and sustainable to control this disease.
Post-harvest fungal pathogens are major threat to food industry, deteriorating the quality of perishable fruits from handling, transportation and distribution to consumption. Half of the production of peaches lost annually due to the prevalence of post-harvest fungal diseases worldwide. The present study was intensively designed to investigate the post-harvest fungi associated with peach. The most common spoilage fungi isolated and identified were Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifera and Penicillium expansum. The highest percentage of infection was recorded in fruits with street sellers, local fruit shops and the smallest one was recorded in storage houses after harvesting. In-vitro experiment against post-harvest spoilage fungi was directed by using plant essential oils extracted from native herbs by Clevenger type apparatus. Essential oils are natural biocide against postharvest rotting of fresh produce. The antifungal activity of oils was increased with an increase in the concentrations of oil. Amongst the plant essential oils used, Trigonella foenum-gracum at highest concentration (0.10%) caused maximum inhibition in the mycelial growth and spore germination of Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer followed by the essential oils (Thymus vulgaris and Eucalyptus globulus) at (10%). Essential oils as natural compounds are highly degradable with no accumulation in plants and can replace hazardous environmental deteriorating artificial fungicides. These findings strengthen the possibility of using plant essential oils as an eco-friendly alternative component to chemicals for enhancing shelf-life of peach fruit.
Early blight disease caused by Alternaria species is the most destructive fungal disease of tomato in Ethiopia and in southern Tigray in particular. However, the importance and distribution status of the disease has not been studied in this area. Besides, the reaction of released tomato varieties to the disease was not well documented in Ethiopia. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the distribution of early blight in southern Tigray and to evaluate the reaction of some released tomato varieties to the disease under glasshouse conditions. Results revealed that tomato early blight was prevalent up to 89.3% and significantly (p<0.01) varied in disease intensity among the districts and peasant associations of the study areas. Severity of the disease was higher in the Raya Azebo than in the Raya Alamata district with a mean of 42.1% and 25.6%, respectively. Similarly, under peasant association level Wergaba and Gerjele were highly severed relatively, with 50% and 44.4% mean values, respectively. On the other hand, Limhat and Selam Bekalsi peasant associations had the lowest disease severity with the mean of 11.4% and 12.3%, respectively. Tested tomato varieties have been shown significant differences in their reaction to the disease. Two of the tested varieties were shown a resistant reaction to the disease; whereas, four varieties have been indicated a moderately resistant to the disease. Overall, the study identified the importance of tomato early blight in southern Tigray and the existence of promising varieties to resist the risk of early blight disease. Meanwhile, Future works should focus on the evaluation of promising varieties and integration of management options.
Leaf rust is one of the three wheat rusts and is economically important disease of wheat worldwide. It is a devastating disease that can cause significant yield losses especially in wheat growing regions of the world where environmental conditions are conducive. In Ethiopia, wheat leaf rust is one of the most important diseases in most wheat growing areas of the country where the yield loss due to its impact is reaching up to 75% in susceptible wheat varieties at hot spot areas. This review discusses recent information on economic importance, epidemiology, geographic distribution, life cycle, host range of wheat leaf rust disease as well as its management methods such as cultural, chemical, biological and use of host resistance cultivars. Under the use of host resistance method, information on the types of resistance and sources of resistance has been presented.
The experiment was conducted for two years in 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons to demonstrate and promote hermetic bag storage for the management of maize weevil and to disseminate/scale-out possible knowledge of maize storage. The experiment was replicated 3 × 5 in randomized complete block designs. Three farmers from each selected kebele’s are used as replication 3 × 5 from five agroecology’s of Bako, Ambo, Hawassa, Jimma and Bure. From each kebele’s in each agroecology’s nine household farmers were selected where a total of 270 samples were collected. All the data the collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and difference among means were separated by the least significant difference (LSD). The correlation between parameters were examined using Pearson‘s correlation coefficient using PROC CORR procedure of the SAS software. The result revealed that hermetic bag storage structures was significant different (P < 0.05) form the two storage and caused 100% mortality of the weevils. Significant (P < 0.05) high mean values 9.22 and 9.66% of grain damage and weight losses was observed in the untreated sack from this research, it can be concluded that hermetic bag storage showed better result in reducing insect-damage, maintaining weight loss, germination percentage and grain quality than chemically treated sack in each location. This is due to the biochemical analysis between the grains and insect respiration which reduces oxygen in the storage and increases carbon dioxide and cause of lack of oxygen resulted in insect’s mortality. Therefore, it is concluded that hermetic bag better than using insecticides in reducing of weevils, grains damage and weight losses and maintaining grain quality as well as germination percentage.
Plant infections can have pulverizing economic, social or potentially environmental outcomes on a worldwide scale. Not exclusively do many plant sicknesses endure for quite a long time, yet in addition new ones keep on arising around the world. Assessments of direct creation misfortunes for the major horticultural harvests by biotic pressure have been projected to be around 20% to 40%. Along with related backhanded misfortunes in crop quality and attractiveness, plant illnesses are generally viewed as quite possibly the most considerable obstructions to accomplishing worldwide food security despite the rising human populace in the 21st century. For plant researchers, a worldwide test is the way to accelerate the comprehension of the atomic, epidemiological and natural bases of plant infections and grow genuinely successful and durable answers for forestalling, decreasing, or dealing with the absolutemost obliterating plant sicknesses confronting present day farming today and in future.
Objective: Calligonum Comosum is a native omani medicinal plants used traditionally by the locals to treat inflammation, toothache, gum sores and ulcer. As antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat on global scale by rendering many currently available antibiotics ineffective. This demands the need to look for novel therapeutic agents and there has been an expanded interest in natural products as sources of pharmacologically active principles. The present study was thus initiated to corroborate the therapeutic uses of this medicinal species by evaluating, the phyto-constituents, antibacterial, anti-biofilm and antioxidant activities of C. comosum. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis was done, using standard protocols. The antioxidant activity was assessed applying DPPH free radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay and the total antioxidant capacity. Biofilm inhibition activity was evaluated using micro titer plate assay and well diffusion method was employed to determine the antibacterial activity. Cytotoxity was assessed in terms of LC50 value using brine shrimp lethality assay. Results: The methanolic extracts of C. comosum showed significant antibacterial activity against all the five tested bacterial strains, with MIC values for all observed to be 1.25 mg/ml except for E. coli. Substantial reduction of the biofilm formation was observed for all bacterial species treated with C. comosum leaf and stem extracts and the extracts also displayed significant cytotoxicity against brine shrimp nauplii, exhibiting LC50 value of 56.797 μg/ml. The total phenolic content and flavonoid content was observed to be 56.6 ± 1.66 mg GAE/g and 49.33 ± 1.34 mg of QE/g of dry extract respectively. C. comosum exhibited potent DPPH scavenging activity, with IC50 value of 44.90 μg/ml and the total antioxidant capacity was 130 ± 2.04 mg AAE/g. Conclusion: The result validates its ethno-medicinal use and suggests that the C. comosum can be exploited for its antibiofilm, antioxidant and antibacterial properties.
Food security has become an important issue at present world. It is estimated that, on a global scale, pathogens and pests are reducing crop yields for five major food crops namely, rice, wheat, maize, soybean and potato by 10 to 40 percent. Mitigating the losses due to plant diseases will obviously help in meeting the growing demand for quality food production. For this, all the factors affecting disease development must be understood clearly and appropriate management strategies must be followed. This review discusses these three major factors; host, pathogen and environment. Temperature, light, relative humidity/moisture are important aerial and edaphic environmental factors that are considered to have major impact on disease development. Development of resistant cultivars and suppressing virulence factors in pathogens are critical to disease control.
Potato is the world’s number one non-grain food commodity, with production reaching 325 million tons. Some inherent qualities give potato a competitive edge over the leading food crops. It is able to produce more protein and carbohydrates per unit area than cereals. Among all the crops grown worldwide, is known to suffer the greatest losses from disease attack. Among those diseases late blight and bacterial wilt are the most economical diseases which incurred 100% yield loss. The main Objective of this review was to understand very well the recent advances on potato late blight disease management up to gene for gene level and incorporate these recent molecular advances with the conventional one for mitigating the virulence spectrum of the pathogen. The population of P. infestans characterized using molecular markers has led to better understanding of pathogen at molecular level. Mitochondrial DNA haplotyping of P. infestans has revealed that mt Ia is displacing the other haplotypes globally at a faster rate.
