The study included the preparation of silver nanoparticals using Punica granatum extract . as silver nanoparticals were prepared by biological method . which is one of the best ways for its cheapness and the fact that is does not require time and does not leave toxic substance .in the study , the active compounds of the extract were detected and some physical properties of AgNps were studied . the optical and structural properties of the prepared nanoparticles were studied by Uv-Visible spectrophoto meter measurement. perform an infrared spectrophotometric test (FTIR ) a filed – emitting scanning electron microscope was also performed , ( EDX ) , ( X-RAY ) and the results of ( FESEM ) measurement showed that silver nanoparticles are of oval shape , and of different sizes ranging from ( 32.55 -70.55 ) nm . with a rate of (45.98) nm .
In this research work, in place of multi effect unit I use single effect unit solar still for the same ambient con-dition. By using the convention mode, the movement of vapor from inclined wick to single effect unit is done easily. In place of multi effect diffusion solar still under actual weather conditions, the experimental investigation of a single-effect diffusion solar still which is combined with inclined wick solar still is conducted. In this research work, by the mode of convection to study whether transportation of vapor to multi-effect diffusion solar still from inclined wick solar still is occur sufficiently. On single-effect solar still the absorption of solar energy occurs that means the heating of vapor from inclined wick solar still by single effect mode of solar still. It was found from the experiments that in both seasons (Summer as well as Autumn) the multi effect diffusion solar still can be heated easily because this solar still directly or indirectly absorbs the solar radiation. With the simulated results the experimental results completely satisfied. The daily horizontal solar radiation doesn't correlate with the daily yield. The daily solar radiation which is falling on the solar still is completely correlate with the daily yield. When the daily horizontal solar radiation were 13.6 MJ/m(2) day and daily solar radiation which is falling on the solar still were 18.4 MJ/m(2) day then from the experiments, it is found that the daily yield was 4.88 kg/m(2) day.
We investigated the creation of two Charginos.......... Keywords: Chargino, neutralino and Higgs boson DOI: 10.7176/APTA/84-02 Publication date:August 31st 2021
Estimation of land surface Temperature of Maiduguri Metropolitan Area: A Case Study of Jere & some part of Mafa using Landsat 8 Operational Land Image (OLI) the research revealedmean solar radiance as 10.54 W/m 2 /str/μm the calculated minimum and maximum NDVI values are respectively -0.01674 and 0.5489, used to obtain proportion to vegetation which is then used to determine the emmissivity of the area having minimum emmissivity of 0.986 and maximum of 0.99, the minimum and maximum land surface temperature of Maiduguri Metropolitan areas are respectively 41.16 o C and 26.11 o C. KEY WORDS :- Landsat 8 satellite images, Temperature, Solar Radiance and Emmissivity DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-06 Publication date: March 31 st , 2020
Environmental pollution from petroleum and petrochemical products has been recognized as one of the most serious problems associated with accidental spills on a large scale. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of automotive gas oil (ago) on geotechnical properties of lateritic soil. Test carried out included Optimum Moisture Content, Maximum Dry Density, Sieve Analysis, Liquid Limits, Plastic Limits, Plasticity Index, Specific Gravity and Unconfined Compressive Test. Certain percentages of AGO (0 %, 4 %, 8 %, 12 %, 16 %) were mixed with the lateritic soil sample. Based on the results obtained, Optimum Moisture, Maximum Dry Density, specific gravity and unconfined compressive test decreased as the percentage of automotive gas oil (AGO) increased, while Atterberg limits and Sieve analysis increased as the percentage of automotive gas oil (AGO) increased. Addition of AGO to the soil led to the reduction of porosity and permeability resulting from the entrapment of the AGO within the pore spaces of the soil. Keywords: Automotive Gas Oil, Geotechnical Properties, Lateritic Soil, Contaminants DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
In this work first principle study on electronic structure calculations for MgBC, and MgB 2 C is presented. The density functional theory (DFT) as implemented in Quantum-ESPRESSO was used. The band structure and density of state (DOS) is compared with the already reported MgB 2 . It is clearly observed that the presence of Carbon in both compounds change the Fermi level and the hole bands. In MgB 2 C the Fermi level is higher than MgBC that results in suppression of Tc in MgB 2 C. In MgBC the hole band shifted up from gamma to X direction and this may improve superconductivity of the material. Comparison of the DOS at the Fermi level reveals that MgBC has the highest value (0.9424 state/cell/ev). Using reasonable approximations, the calculated Tc values are, 27.07k and 41.09k for MgB2C and MgBC respectively. This suggests that Carbon(C) has a better contribution than Boron(B) and MgBC is a good candidate for high Tc. Keywords : Superconductivity, Band structure, Density of state(DOS), Density Functional theory(DFT) DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-03 Publication date: February 29 th 2020
Modeling of attenuation of Very High Frequency radio signal in residential environment can be very tedious as the channels are rarely characterized by vegetation of the same variety. This work focus on path loss measurement and attenuation modeling of the coherent scattered field intensity of VHF as it propagates through Mango and Jathropha trees. The two separate trees were illuminated uniformly with 2.15dBi dipole antenna connected to 60W transmitter while 1.7dBi short dipole connected to GSP-730 Spectrum Analyzer was used for reception. Path loss due to each canopy were estimated relative to the scattering angles. Dry-matter fraction of the leave were determined using sensitive weigh balance and corresponding effective dielectric properties of the leaves and branches peculiar to each tree were estimated using semi-empirical formula. Specific attenuation models were developed separately for the two trees relative to dielectric properties of each tree leaves and branches. The results show that path loss due to single Mango tree canopy ranges from 100dB to 140dB and that of Jathropha ranges from 95dB to 135dB. The results also show that total specific attenuation of the two trees depends on frequency, wavelength and dielectric properties of the canopies constituents Keywords: Path loss; Radio Propagation; Residential Trees; Specific Attenuation Coefficient; VHF; DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-11 Publication date: December 30 th 2020
An assessment of radiological hazard indices from background radiation exposure was carried out in FULafia using a Mobile GPS for locational coordinates and a Ludlum radiation meter. Holding the survey meter 1 m above the ground level in the exposure mode, a total of 71 sample points comprising of indoor and outdoor locations in Takeoff site (TS) and permanent site (PS) of the University was used for exposure measurement. Result showed that the indoor and outdoor mean absorbed dose is (136.51±7.46) nGyh -1 and (131.26 ± 2.09) nGyh -1 respectively. The total indoor and outdoor average values for annual effective absorbed dose equivalent (AEDE), Excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and AEDE to organ was found to be (0.81 ± 0.02) mSvy -1 , (2.84 ± 0.07) x 10 -3 , and (0.35 ± 0.01) mSvy -1 . These values when compared with UNSCEAR limit of radiological indices for the general public where higher but lower when compared with ICRP limit of 1 mSvy -1 thus; there is no health concern due to the exposure from background ionizing radiation in FULafia, Nasarawa state. Key words: Ionizing radiation, Occupancy factor, Cancer risk factor, Conversion coefficient . DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-10 Publication date: November 30 th 2020
One electron inside neutron's system divides its 2.2 Mev energy between its proton in this system and another proton forming deuteron nucleus, and two electrons with negative and positive charges forming gamma ray that separated the neutron from the proton in deuteron nucleus experimentally. Using our universal constant U, we can determine 1- the radius of neutron nucleus in the first state as the basic nuclear radius in the universe according to the well known historical result of Rutherford, and 2- Determine, for the first time, the radius of the electron in the second state. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/83-07 Publication date : April 30 th 2020
The influence of iron on lead sulphide(PbS) and Copper Sulphide (CuS) thin films deposited on glass substrates via successive ionic layer adsorption (SILAR) Technique using lead acetate, Pb(CH 3 COO) 2 , Cupric Acetate Cu(CH 3 COO) 2 , thioacetamide ( S 2 H 5 NS) , Iron (II) Chloride dehydrate(Fe Cl 2 . 2H 2 O), ethanol and ammonia by in alkaline medium annealed between 283K and 500K was investigated. The structural and morphological studies were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Analysis and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) respectively. The Uv-visible studies were done using spectrometer in the Technical University, Ibadan. The XRD showed films of cubic crystalline PbS thin films, cubic and face-centred crystalline PbSFe thin films, cubic CuS thin film, hexagonal Cu 2 S thin films and cubic and hexagonal crystalline natured CuSFe thin films with the preferential (111),(002)(004) (311) orientations. Keywords : Copper Sulphide thin Films: Lead Sulphide thin Films: Absorbance: structural properties DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
In this theoretical work, the subject of stopping power is investigated for slow hydrogen dicluster by using random phase approximation. The projectile is stopped by variance solids of different Wigner Seitz radiuses. The considered stopping power is related to the interaction between a low velocity dicluster of zero damping interacts with (Au, C, Al, and Cs) targets mediums based on an electron gas model.The subject of an ionic dicluster stopping power has been calculated by using Random Phase Approximation (RPA) at low velocity for the first and second approximation order, where the influence of damping has been ignored. The obtained results of this study show detailed behavior of the ionic dicluster of its duality interaction with several electron density targets mediums of long range collision belongs to aggregation effect, their affected parameters as internuclear distance of dicluster, and its velocity are studied.The results have been achieved by using programs of Fortran-90 language which performed for the numerical calculation. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/82-05 Publication date: January 31 st 2020
In this study, the effects of the photo-responses of the near surface depletion layer and the deep bulk of gallium antimonide (GaSb) are investigated under different doping levels, injection level and illumination energies. First, the absorption rate of photons is described as a function of illumination energies at different locations inside the sample and as a function of the depth below the illuminated surface for photons with different energies. Then, the doping level dependence of the low injection level radiative, Auger and effective excess carrier lifetimes just under the surface and in the deep bulk are investigated by considering the variation of energy bending at the surface. The variation of the low injection level excess carrier lifetimes with the depth below the illuminated surface for samples with different doping levels is also described. This is followed by the description of the combined effects of doping and illumination energy on the photo-response of the entire bulk at slightly low injection level. Finally, the excess carrier injection level dependence of excess carrier lifetimes under the illuminated surface and deep bulk is also described for samples with different doping levels. Since photon absorption rate is directly related to the free carriers generation rate, the description of the photon absorption rate as functions of illumination energies and the depth below the illuminated surface is found to be the important and factors in the investigation in the photo-response of semiconductors along with the doping and the injection levels. The analysis of the results also shows that, the under surface region is insensitive to the doping level and that of the deep bulk is highly affected by the doping level. The injection level dependence of the photo-response of the under surface region is similar for all samples with different doping. The energy of illumination each photon mainly suppresses the photo-responses of the points situated closer to the penetration depths of each photon below the illuminated surface of the sample. Keywords: photo-response, direct band gap semiconductor, gallium antimonide GaSb DOI : 10.7176/APTA/75-03
Squeezed and entangled two-mode light can be generated by the combination of degenerate and nondegenerate parametric oscillators. The correlated signal-idler modes are not only enhance the degree of quadrature squeezing and entanglement properties of the two-mode light but they are also the cause of these properties. But the effect of signal-signal modes are to enhance the degree of quadrature squeezing and to reduce the entanglement property of the two-mode light. Keywords: signal-signal modes, signal-idler modes, quadrature squeezing, entanglement DOI : 10.7176/APTA/78-02 Publication date :June 30 th 2019
Every so often, a new term comes along that represents an emerging scientific trend. Biotechnology, genetic engineering, tissue engineering, gene therapy, combinatorial chemistry, high throughput screening, and stem cells are some examples of past terms. Recently, nanotechnology has become a popular term representing the main efforts of the current science and technology. Nanotechnology, which is still not a mature technology and thus, more appropriately called nanoscience, usually refers to research at the scale of 100 nm or less. Nanotechnology is unique in that it represents not just one specific area, but a vast variety of disciplines ranging from basic material science to personal care applications. Thus this technology is very advanced and various researches are a heading in this field very quickly One of the important areas of nanotechnology is “nanomedicine,” which, refers to highly specific medical intervention at the molecular scale for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases The nanoparticles are available in various shapes and sizes and these are become very important elements in novel drug delivery systems called nanomedicine. These nanoparticles are developed in appropriate sizes and used such that they target at the targeted places in the body. This development of nanoparticles had brought a revolutionary change in the field of drug delivery systems.. In drug delivery, nanotechnology is just beginning to make an impact. Many of the current “nano” drug delivery systems, however, are remnants of conventional drug delivery systems that happen to be in the nanometer range, such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanocrystals. Liposomes and polymer micelles were first prepared in 1960’s, and nanoparticles and dendrimers in 1970’s. Colloidal gold particles in nanometer sizes were first prepared by Michael Faraday more than 150 years ago, but were never referred to or associated with nanoparticles or nanotechnology until recently. About three decades ago, colloidal gold particles were conjugated with antibody for target specific staining, known as immunogold staining. Such an application may be considered as a precursor of recent explosive applications of gold particles in nanotechnology. The importance of nanotechnology in drug delivery is in the concept and ability to manipulate molecules and supramolecular structures for producing devices with programmed functions. Conventional liposomes, polymeric micelles, and nanoparticles are now called “nanovehicles,”. Those conventional drug delivery systems would have evolved to the present state regardless of the current nanotechnology revolution. Cancer is one of the most challenging diseases today, and brain cancer is one of the most difficult malignancies to detect and treat mainly because of the difficulty in getting imaging and therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier and into the brain. Many investigators have found that nanoparticles hold promise for ferrying such agents into the brain . Apolipoprotein E was suggested to mediate drug transport across the blood-brain barrier . Loperamide, which does not cross the blood-brain barrier but exerts antinociceptive effects after direct injection into the brain, was loaded into human serum albumin nanoparticles and linked to apolipoprotein E. Robust angiogenesis underlies aggressive growth of tumors. Therefore, one of the mechanisms to inhibit angiogenesis is to starve tumor cells. Angiogenesis is regulated through a complex set of mediators and recent evidence shows that integrin αvβ3 and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) play important regulator roles. The cell adhesion molecules are glycoproteins found on the cell surface that act as receptors for cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion . Recent advancements of the understanding of the cell adhesion molecules has impacted the design and development of drugs (i.e. peptide, proteins) for the potential treatment of cancer, heart and autoimmune diseases. These molecules have important roles in diseases such as cancer, thrombosis and autoimmune diseases such as type-1 diabetes. There also is an exciting possibility to overcome problems of drug resistance in target cells and to facilitating movement of drugs across barriers such as those in the brain. The challenge, however, remains the precise characterization of molecular targets and to ensure that these molecules are expressed only in the targeted organs to prevent effects on healthy tissues. Secondly, it is important to understand the fate of the drugs once delivered to the nucleus and other sensitive cells organelles. Furthermore, because nanosystems increase efficiency of drug delivery, the doses may need recalibration. Nevertheless, the future remains exciting and wide open. Keywords : Nanotechnology, nanomedicine, nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric micelles, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanocrystals. Liposomes and polymer micelles, DOI : 10.7176/APTA/80-02 Publication date :October 31 st 2019
In Nigeria, satisfactory degree of reliability has not been attained in the power system in recent times. The average duration of interruptions that customers experience is very high and the degree varies widely especially in urban and commercial cities of the country. This research paper therefore presents the sensitivity analysis of electrical distribution systems. Ten years of outage information from seven major distribution systems – Ibadan, Ilorin, Ikeja, Portharcourt, Kaduna, Kano and Benin were used as input data for computation of the mean and standard deviation for the system reliability indices using statistical analysis. The computed system reliability indices were used as input parameters in the analysis. A sensitivity analysis is performed to assess how the operation parameters could influence the numerical results. The results of the sensitivity studies indicate that Etete feeder of Benin distribution system has the highest SAIDI sensitivity of 0.5478 because of prolonged customers‘ interruptions on the feeder while waterworks feeder of Ilorin distribution system has the least SAIDI sensitivity of 0.0019. Cocoa feeder of Ibadan distribution system has the highest SAIFI sensitivity of 1.0459 because of the frequent interruptions while waterworks feeder of Ilorin distribution system has the least SAIFI sensitivity of 0.0268. Ikpoba Dam of Benin distribution system recorded the highest CAIDI sensitivity of 0.8466 with waterworks feeder also recording the least CAIDI sensitivity of 0.0075. The results from this research paper provides baseline information for planning and managing distribution system on Nigeria national grid. Keywords: Sensitivity, Reliability indices, Distribution systems, SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, Interruptions. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/77-07 Publication date :May 31 st 2019
We reached to an explanation for the small voltage turning out to be large one in the transistor. Our explanation is based on the repelling energy among electrons bearing the same negative charge when two currents of them n and n meet coming from the shared half between two circuits one reverse to the other forming the transistor, this shared half between the two circuits is known as the base, in n-p-n or in the other direction in the transistor as p-n-p. p and n are nothing but the negative and positive poles in one circuit, whit two circuits one is reverse to the other in direction, then no escape from the repelling meeting between two groups of electrons bearing the same negative charge. The number of the electrons has nothing to do with the small voltage turns out to be large one in the transistor, again only the meeting between two currents bearing the same negative charges where each current repel the other current strongly in the two shared circuits forming the transistor. 1- The usual explanation of the transistor as an amplifier: Let us here continue showing more explanation about the transistor as an amplifier. I her choose the clearer one I have ever found in this field. The transistor consists of two PN diodes connected back to back. It has three terminals namely emitter, base and collector. The base is the middle section which is made up of thin layer. The right part of the diode is called emitter-base diode, and the left part is called collector-base diode. The emitter based junction of the transistor is connected to forward bias and the collector- base junction is connected in reverse bias which offers a high resistance. When the emitter junction is in forward biased and the collector junction is in reverse bias , then it is said to be in the active region. Thus the transistor has two junctions which can be biased in different ways. The collector current is depend on the emitter current. This emitter current caused by the input signal contributes the collector current , which when flows through the load resistance results in a large voltage drop across it. Therefore a small input voltage results in a large output voltage showing that the transistor works as an amplifier (1) . In fact this explanation is also not enough or useful for describing the work of the transistor as an amplifier. It is well known that usually silicon is used for making the transistor because of its high voltage rating greater current and less temperature sensitivity. 2- The other explanation about the transistor as an amplifier : The transistor is nothing but electrons moving between two circles, any circle in the universe consists of two equal and opposite halves one of them is negative n, the other relative to the other circle is positive p, if there is only one circle, then the electrons in one directed current will move their normal motion between the two opposite halves n and p in the circle or the previously mentioned diode, but when another circle or diode shares the first one in one half being positive p or negative n , we have then( n- p- n) or ( p- n- p) . When electrons enter the shared half between the two circles p or n, then they will go through the two similar halves in the two circles in the same time, and because they are particles bearing the same charge then the two currents will repel each other strongly, n with n or p with p and this results in enlarging the entering voltage , this situation makes us remember the last layer in the structure of the Sun called the corona where after the hydrogen surface of the Sun, electrons no longer are attached to their protons and therefore one layer of free electrons and free protons is formed , as electrons are the lighter they are the faster. Now there is one layer of electrons only, because all of them bearing the same negative charge every electron will repel another electron resulting in a high degree of temperature ranges from one million to millions of kelvens (2) , when our Earth faces the Sun through its daily motion around its axis these free energetic electrons hit the gaseous envelope of the Earth causing the light of the day in this face of the Earth (3) . Similarly two currents of free electrons meet in the two shared circles of the transistor repel each other strongly resulting in very great voltage comparing to the small voltage entering the transistor. Now, there is no need to use the holes theory in explaining the work of the transistor as amplifier, where the base current in the transistor causes the electrons to move into the collector region creating holes in the base region , the base therefore has less number of electrons comparing to the emitter, then the few electrons in the emitter are combined with the holes of the base region and the remaining electrons are moved toward the collector region and constitute the collector current, the large collector current is obtained by varying the base region (4) . In fact such explanation is not useful at all in understanding the work of the transistor as an amplifier! DOI : 10.7176/APTA/78-04 Publication date :June 30 th 2019
Environmental radiation study forms a major aspect of radiation monitoring all over the world and Gamma radiation is the prime concern for radiation protection. Measurements of gamma radiation level were made using RADEYE PRD at selected Asbestos ceiling and non-asbestos (Gypsum) ceiling rooms in Block B and C of the Boys’ Hostels and New Faculty of Art Building respectively. Annual dose rate from each selected location was then estimated and the results show that gamma radiations from rooms with asbestos ceilings are generally higher than those from rooms with non-asbestos ceilings. The higher radiation around the asbestos ceiling is attributed to likely presence of primordial radionuclides of elements like 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K in the soil where the asbestos was mined. The highest annual effective dose rate due to gamma radiation in rooms with asbestos ceilings is estimated to be 0.91 mSv per year. This is considered to be very low and insignificant to cause any serious radiological problem to the students living in the Hostel. However, the only possible health risks from asbestos ceilings rooms might be due to the toxicity of the chemical constituents of asbestos rather than radiological risks from natural gamma radiation. The outcome of this research can be used in the compilation of background radiation map and radioelement mapping of Maiduguri which will be an integral part of the national background radiation and radioelement mapping of Nigeria. Keywords: gamma, radiation, carcinogenic, asbestos, radionuclides DOI : 10.7176/APTA/75-02
Melt mixing method was used in the preparation of Polystyrene (PS)/graphite composite with different graphite weight %.The electrical and structural properties of the composite were studied using Keithley two-point probe and GBC EMMA X-ray diffractometer (XRD) respectively. The result showed that the electrical conductivity of the composites was improved as the weight percentage of graphite content increases but the percolation threshold was observed at 0.10wt%. The conductivity of the composites was also observed to increase at higher temperatures. The structural result showed that the amorphous structure of polystyrene was converted to crystalline as the weight% of the graphite increases which influences the degree of crystallinity. Keywords: polymer, graphite, composite, percolation threshold, electrical conductivity DOI : 10.7176/APTA/81-03 Publication date: December 31 st 2019
In this paper we have studied the statistical and squeezing proprieties of light produced by superposition of a pair of single-mode squeezed chaotic light beams. Applying density operator of single-mode squeezed chaotic state; we obtain the anti-normal order characteristics function which enables us to find the Q function. With the resulting Q function, we calculate the photon statistics and the Quadrature squeezing for single-mode squeezed chaotic light. Moreover applying Q function of single-mode squeezed chaotic state the superposed light beams would be driven. With the resulting Q function we calculated the photon statics and the quadrature squeezing for superposed light beams. To get the maximum squeezing to be 95%, for nth = 0 and r = 1.5. Keywords: squeezed chaotic state, superposed state, fluctuations DOI : 10.7176/APTA/78-03 Publication date :June 30 th 2019
Analysis images hazy is difficult problem, thus these images need to determined quality the after dehazing. In this paper, were compared to, HSV, YIQ color spaces, adopted in analyze the dust images. we designed the system captured images which graded for high to very low dusty by using HeNe laser, in these images we calculated the normalize mean square error (NMSE) for each components in HSV, YIQ and RGB color space separately, and the basic components in the structure similarity Index (SSIM) are (contrast, structure and luminance) moreover the mean for all has been calculated. We noted from results spaces, HSV, YIQ chromatic that there is a similarity in analysis of images dusty when compared. This means that the use of any color space gives almost the same results Keywords: The hazy image, contrast, Image quality, Intensity, luminance HSV, YIQ and RGB color spaces. DOI : 10.7176/APTA/76-03 Publication date :March 31 st 2019
