Objective: In order to Investigate effects of Gibberlic acid (GA3) and Sprimidin Poly Amine on Germination of three Cultivars of Wheat under Salinity Stress. Methods: The experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replicates in Agronomy and plant breeding laboratory of Agricultural department of Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva branch in spring of 2014. The first factor was salinity with four levels (S1: 3.87 ds/m, S2: 5.95 ds/m, S3: 10.25 ds/m and S4: 12.87 ds/m) and the second factor was three cultivars of spring wheat including V1: Tajan, V2: Arg and V3: Pishtaz and the third factor 4 levels of hormone including H0: control (not application of hormone), H1: GA3 100 mg/L, H2: sprimidin 5 mmol/L and H3: GA3 100 mg/L + sprimidin 5 mmol/L. coleoptile and cleorhiza length, cleorhiza number, coleoptiles, cleorhiza and seedling dry weight, tissue water content (TWC), germination percent and number of damaged seeds were measured. Results: Analysis of variance showed that coleoptile and cleorhiza length, cleorhiza number, seedling and cleorhiza dry weigth affected by salinity, hormone and cultivar treatment at 1% of probability level. There are no significant differences for other properties. Results of this experiment indicated that even application of these treatments, development processes of germination under salinity stress decreased greatly.
The aim of this study was to evaluative the effects of Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris L.), Aloe vera gel and some chemical substances on vase - life of cut Rosa hybrida cv.‘ White naomi ’This experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications in the laboratory of post-harvest physiology at Arak Scientific-Applied University, Treatments included Humic acid (250, 500, 750,1000 ppm), Thyme oil (100, 150, 200, 250 ppm), Aloe vera gel (20, 40, 60, 80 %) and Silver thiosulphate (TST) (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mM). A 5% sucrose solution was added to all the treatments. There was also a control treatment of flowers that were placed in distilled water containers. Results showed that treatments had a significant effect on traits such as Relative Fresh Weight (RFW), Vase life, flower diameter, and uptake solution at %1 and. The Longest vase life and uptake solution were achieved by (Silver thiosulphate) STS at 0.5 mM, It is distinguished that Thyme oil 100 ppm had the best effect on Relative Fresh Weight (RFW), followed by (Silver thiosulphate) STS and other concentrations Thyme oil treatment respectively. The Shortest vase life were related to Humic acid and Aloe vera gel treatments.
Desertification process as a great problem effects most of the countries in the world especially developing countries. In order to challenging with desertification, it is necessary to do some scientific research and assessment in different parts of the world.. In this research, among different existing methods IMDPA was selected and desertification intensity was evaluated on the basis of two criteria including: water and agriculture and seven indices. Each criterion was assessed based on the selected indices which result in qualitative mapping of each criterion cased on geometric average of the indices. Thematic databases were integrated and elaborated in a GIS based on Ilwis and ArcGIS9.3. Finally, sensitive map of region was extracted using geometric average of all criteria. Analysis of desertification criteria in Garmsar plain region showed that among study criteria, agriculture criteria is a major problem in the study area with a geometric average of 2.27 which shows medium class of desertification. Among the whole study area, 83.2 km 2 was found to be in
Lentil is a high-energy pulse and a rich source of protein. Despite its importance, weeds interference and competition is one of its yield-limiting factors in Iran. In order to study the damages of weeds and their effects on seed number per pod, average individual plant eight, total pod number per plant, auxiliary branch number, biological yield and the density of weeds in field conditions, an experiment was conducted in Research Center of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran in 2011 on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and ten treatments. The treatments included the presence of weeds for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after the emergence of lentil and their control in rest of the growing season and the absence of weeds for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after the emergence of lentil and then, their interference with lentil plants in the rest of the growing season. The control treatments included the absence and presence of weeds in whole growing season. Data analysis showed that the treatments of weeds interference brought about significant differences in the studied traits at 1% probability level and that the increase in weeds interference period and the decrease in the length of weeds absence period resulted in the loss of biological yield of lentil.
In plant breeding programs, properly selection of parents is necessary based on general and specific combining ability. In this study, 7 S6 inbred lines of maize as maternal parents and 3 commercial inbred lines (A679, K1263/1 and K3615/2) as testers (paternal parents) were planted in 3 isolated farm in 2011. Then, 21 derived test crosses evaluated in randomized complete block design with 3 replications in agricultural college of Neyshabour, Iran in 2012. The results showed significant differences between test crosses for all of studied traits except dried ear weight. The results of line by tester analysis showed significant effects of lines and testers for days from planting to anthesis and silking, anthesis silk interval (ASI), plant height, ear height, stem diameter, leaves no. above ear, means of ear no. per plant, ear diameter, ear length, tassel length, leaf area of ear and forage yield. The interaction of line by tester effects were significant for all of measured traits except stem diameter, ASI and forage yield that revealed significant dominance variance. Overall, the dominant variance has important role in genetic control of many measured traits. The variance of testers was significant for tassel length, while the lines variance was significant for all of traits except means of ear no./plant and total leaves no. Also, estimation of combining ability showed highly significant GCA of inbred lines L4, L2, and L7 and the tester K1263/1 have the highest GCA for forage yield. The highest SCA was belonged to L3 × T3 test cross with 59.125 ton/ha wet forage yield.
Selection of tolerant bread wheat genotypes under water deficit and low soil nutrient supply may increase productivity on low fertility and moisture conditions and reduce fertilizers requirements. Water deficit influences both grain yield and internal nutrient efficiency of bread wheat genotypes. Two field experiments were carried out at the Agriculture Research Station of Miandoab in West Azerbaijan of Iran during 2007 - 08 and 2008 - 09 in order to investigate the effects of irrigation regimes (irrigation after I1=70, I2=100, I3=130 and I4=160 mm evaporation from Class-A pan) on grain yield and internal nutrient efficiency of nutrient in 10 winter wheat genotypes (Zarrin, Alvand, Shahryar, Sardari, C-80-4, C-81-10, C-81-4, C83-3, Zare and Pishgam). Grain yield, harvest index, internal efficiency of N, P, K and Mg and nutrient harvest index of K, Ca and Mg in all genotypes decreased, but Ca internal efficiency and N harvest index increased as irrigation was delayed. High grain yield and internal macronutrients efficiency under severe water stress were obtained for C-81-10, Zare and Pishgam genotypes.
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator, is one of the most economically damaging diseases of grapevine throughout the world. Due to its obligate biotrophism only few genetic studies are available in E. necator. This is the first molecular biology study on this fungus in Iran. The aims of the present study were (a) to analyses genetic diversity between 24 isolates of E. necator fungus in four of main regions in grape production in Iran, Qazvin, Alamoot, Takestan and Shahriar and (b) obtain an overview on the probable mating types of E. necator isolates infecting grapevines in the four mentioned regions. In total, 11 RAPD primers were used, amongst which 7 primers showed high level of polymorphism. For statistical analysis, bands with molecular size between 200-2900 bp and high degree of polymorphism were chosen for analysis. Cluster analysis was carried out using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, based on UPGMA that classified isolates into 7 groups.
In order to examine the effects of source restriction and drought stress on grain yield and its components of wheat cultivars, a greenhouse experiment was carried out at department of plant breading and agronomy, campus of agricultural and natural resource, Razi university in Kermanshah state in the west of Iran, during 2010-2011. The wheat cultivars were included Bahar, Parsi, Pishtaz, Pishgam, Chamran, Zarin, Sivand and Marvdasht and DN-11. The source manipulation treatments including Control (C), Defoliation of flag leaf (T1), Defoliation of all leaves except the flag leaf (T2), De-awning (T3) and Ear shaded (T4), were imposed at anthesis. Results showed that post anthesis water deficiency stress caused 18 and 22 percent reduction in grain yield and thousand grain weight in average respectively, but had no significant effect on of biomass. Zarin and Marvdasht cultivars was more sensitive to drought stress than the other cultivars. In all cultivars drought stress decreased Harvest Index at the similar level of defoliation treatments yield significantly but in Chamran decreasing rate was less than the other cultivars. The highest grain yield was observed in de-awning treatment (1.77 g spike -1 ) and in terms of ranking the control treatment was in the next level. In addition ear shaded treatment was the lowest grain yield (1.18 g spike -1 ). Also, highest thousand grain weight was observed in Control treatment (37.7 g) and lowest was investigated in the ear shaded treatment (27.2 g). Results showed that the effect defoliation of flag leaf, defoliation of all leaves except the flag leaf, de-awning and ear shaded treatmants on the grain yield due to decrease 9.3, 14.7, 4.4 and 32.9% in the well watered candition, also 13.4, 8.5, 5.8 and 27.1% in the drought stress candition. But on the thousand grain weight due to decrease 2.2, 3.9, 0.2 and 30.2% in the well watered candition and 7.1, 3.5, 2.3 and 25.2% in the drought stress candition. Current photosynthesis of spike had a significant role in grain filling formation more than flag leaf and other leaves.
To evaluate the effect of chemical and biological nitrogen on some morphological characters of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University (latitude 37.53°N, 45.08°E, and 1320 m above sea level), Urmia-Iran in 2011. Treatments included chemical nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha originated from Urea) as main plot and biological nitrogen (0, 3, 6 and 9 l/ha of nitroxin as biological nitrogen) as sub plot were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the significant effect of chemical nitrogen on leaf length, leaf weight and stem weight, and significant effect of biological nitrogen on leaf length as well as on stem weight. However, there was significant interaction effect between chemical nitrogen and biological nitrogen on single leaf area and leaf width. The maximum single leaf area (8209.67 mm 2 ) and leaf width (38.16 mm) were obtained from 100 kg/ha of chemical nitrogen and 6 l/ha of nitroxin application. The greatest leaf dry weight (11.83 g/plant) and stem dry weight (6.15 g/plant) belonged to 6 l/ha of nitroxin application. The highest stem weight was obtained from massive application of chemical nitrogen (150 and 100 kg/ha).
In this study, thermal utilization efficiency for drying of pomegranate arils was evaluated using various drying methods including hot air, microwave and vacuum, infrared. Results from data analysis showed that the lowest and highest thermal utilization efficiency levels in drying pomegranate arils were associated with vacuum drying and microwave dryers, respectively. Based on the results of data analysis in vacuum dryer, thermal utilization efficiency increased with increasing drying temperature. Thermal utilization efficiency in convective dryer decreased with increasing temperature in such a way that the highest thermal utilization efficiency occurred at 70 °C and the lowest efficiency occurred at 40 °C. Furthermore thermal utilization efficiency increased by applying microwave pretreatment in hot air convection method. Thermal utilization efficiency in IR dryer increased with increasing IR radiation.
Nineteen chickpea associated rhizobia isolated from different areas of Pakistan were characterized for symbiotic characters and compares with the check strain isolated from commercial biofertilizer (Bio-Power). Experiment was carried out with randomize complete block design with three replications. Two controls were used in present study (T0 control and TN control). TN control was given nitrogen in the form of KNO3 0.5% (w/v). The data was subjected to simple satatistics and Pearson correlation. Marked differences in minimum and maximum values observed for all the symbiotic traits studied suggest that studied isolates vary in their genetic makeup and have different nitrogen fixation capabilities. Correlation study reflects significant positive association between nodule number, nodule DW and nodule size. Root length and shoot length also exhibited positive correlation. While negative association was observed between nodule size and total shoot nitrogen (%). Therefore small size and more number of nodules should be the selection criteria for efficient nitrogen fixing rhizobia. On the basis of relative effectiveness and total shoot nitrogen 21cp was the most efficient strain while 16cp was the least efficient isolate in comparison to T(N) control. Five isolates (5cp, 21cp, 22cp, 26cp and 27cp) were more relative effective and nitrogen fixers than the commercial strain.
To investigate the effect of long-term irrigation of wheat farms on the soil properties, a field study was carried out in Varamin Station located in southern Tehran, Iran. The soil samples were collected from the area with 29 years using wastewater irrigation and comparing the results with soil properties extracted from the previous control profile of the pedological study in 1981. Some soil properties of the samples such as electrical conductivity (EC), soil reaction (pH), organic carbon (OC), bulk density (pb), and saturate hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were measured for comparison. The obtained paired data were analyzed with T-test. The results showed that using wastewater significantly increased the soil organic carbon and bulk density in depth of 0–20 centimeters (p<0.05). Saturated hydraulic conductivity in depth of 0–20 centimeters and soil reaction in both depths of 0–20 and 20–40 centimeters significantly decreased (p<0.05). The reason may be due to filling of colloidal particles suspended in wastewater within the soil porosity. Wastewater quality and, possibly soil properties, appear to play an important role in the effect of using wastewater irrigation on the soil physical properties.
Allelopathic compounds can inhibit or stimulate growth of nearby plants of the same or other species. Laboratory and pot culture experiments was carried out to identify some secondary compounds from leaves, stem and root of paddy weeds viz. Cyperus difformis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Paspalum paspaloides and Sagitaria trifolia and Neda variety and then the allelopathic potential of whole plant leachates of studied weeds were evaluated on physiological [total cholorophyll content (a,b)], biochemical (total phenol content), growth, yield components and yield seeds of Neda variety by foliage application to form a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. By HPTLC analysis the major allelochemicals like coumarins, terpenoids and phenolic compounds are identified and confirmed in various parts of studied weeds and Neda variety with different reagents. On the basis of number of structures (peaks) present in each secondary compound, the plant parts of weeds were reaching than test variety. Total phenol content in flag leaf of treated crop was significantly increased due to all the treatments. On the contrary, the content of total chlorophyll was significantly decreased. Aqueous leachates of Cyperus difformis and Echinochloa crusgalli had more inhibitory effect on flag leaf length, effective tillers per hill and filled seeds per panicle and seed yield per pot. It can be concluded that Neda variety is sensitive to allelochemical of the studied weeds due to presence of high quantity of phenol and confirmation of different structures of terpenoids and coumarins in treatments which significantly decreased some parameter of growth and grain yield.
The aims of this research were to evaluate the amount of energy consumption and outputs production in olive groves of Guilan province of Iran and also examine the effect of olive tree ages on energy consumption and economical indexes. For this purpose, data were obtained from 150 farmers in three main agesof 5 to 10 years, 10 to 15 years and more than 15 (or >15) year in form of personal interview using structured questionnaire method in Guilan province of Iran. The total input energy in producing olive for age groups of 5-10, 10-15 and >15 were 11390.75, 20387.46 and 25605.87 MJ ha1 respectively. Also, the energy ratio for the age group of 5-10 was the highest which showed the olive trees in the age of 5-10 were more energy-efficient than other older ages. Among the energy inputs, the nitrogen fertilizer had the most share from average total energy input on the studied area with the share of 67.09%. The benefit to cost ratio (BCR) in producing olive for grove age groups of 5-10, 10-15 and >15 were 2.12, 2.18 and 2.34 respectively, which showed the olive trees in the age of >15 were more efficient economically. Finally, in order to increase the energy ratio while increasing olive tree ages, use of organic manures such as sheep or goat manure and poultry manure which are suitable substitutes for nitrogen fertilizers and cultivating legumes as cover plants are suggested. Also, Use of olive pomace as a feedstock for biodiesel is suggested in order to increase the energy ratio and BCR In the studied area.
Chickpea plants grown in Middle East are short and mostly cultivated on rough dry lands. In this study, chickpea harvest was tested in different harvesting methods; feeder and cutter mechanism, conventionally combine harvester and hand pulling method on grain losses. Also, the effect of moisture content was studied at three levels, 14%, 11% and 8% on wet basis using a split plot design based on randomized complete block design on grain losses. At final test, the common chickpea variety in Iran (''Flip 93- 255C'') and studied cases in this research was compared to ''Hashem'' as a lodged variety. Harvesting method and moisture content had significant effect on grain losses (P<0.01). Decreasing the moisture content from 14% to 8% on wet basis causes to increase the grain loss in all treatments. Also the grain loss of prototype feeder and cutter mechanism was not different from that which occurred in hand-pulling method.
In order to study the effects of various planting date and plant density on seed yield of the winter oilseed rape cultivar Ceres, an experiment was conducted at Miandoab Agricultural Research Station in the North-West of Iran during the growing season. Treatments including four planting date at intervals of 10 days starting on September 23rd, as main factor, and interrow and intrarow spacings at the levels of 30,45 and 60 cm and 5,10 and15 cm respectively, as subfactors were arranged in a split factorial design in three replications. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of date of planting on seed yield was significant at P = 0.01 level. There were no significant differences between the parameters row spacing and planting date, but the interaction between of planting date and row spacing showed a significant effect. As a result, highest yields were obtained from plots of the first planting date at each of tested interrow spacing levels and from plots of second planting date only at interrow spaces of 45 and 60 cm. The effects of multiple interactions, between 3 factors, were also significant at P = 0.01. It is concluded that the combination of the first planting date and plant spacing at 30cm x 10cm resulted in the highest amounts of seed yield and therefore, can be recommended to be applied under the climatic conditions of West Azarbaijan.
In order to investigate the effect of Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on yield components of sunflower under irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted in Zanjan, Iran, during 2011. In order to prevent from water penetration, three factorial experiments separately as based on randomized complete block design with three replications and variance analysis was conducted based on combined analysis. The experimental treatments included water stress in 3 levels (normal irrigation, cut off irrigation at flowering stage, cut off irrigation at grain filling stage) and inoculate of seeds with PGPRs Psedomonas Potida in 6 levels (non inoculate, inoculate with strain R4, R169, R168, R8 and inoculate with mixture of all bacteria) were considered. Mean comparison of water stress and bacteria on grain yield showed that R169 (3310.4 kg/ha) was superior treatment and R4 was the next rank under normal irrigation. But under cut off irrigation condition at flowering stage all treatments were equal nearly and under cut off irrigation at grain filling stage R169 strain was superior treatment and R4, R168 strains were next rank.
In order to investigate effects of different concentrations of poly amines Sprimidin and Putrescine on germination of Arg cultivar under salinity stress, This experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replicates in agronomy and plant breeding laboratory, Agricultural department, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch in spring of 2013. First factor was four levels of salinity including S1: 3.87, S2: 5.95, S3: 10.25 and S4: 12.87 ds/m and the second factor was three levels of poly amines including H0: control (not application of poly amines), H1: Putrescine 2.5 m/mol and H2: Sprimidin 5 mmol/L. coleoptile and cleorhiza length, cleorhiza number, coleoptile, cleorhiza and seedling dry weight, Tissue water content (TWC), germination percent and number of damaged seeds were measured. Analysis of variance showed that coleoptile and cleorhiza length, number and dry weight of cleorhiza affected by salinity and hormone levels at 1% of probability level. There was no significant difference among other treatments for other properties. Results of this experiment indicated that poly amines failed in reduction of destructive effects of salinity on morphological and physiological properties in plant.
Autumn-sown sugar beet is an important strategy to produce sugar to meet domestic demand in Iran. In order to study the effects of different planting and harvesting dates on quantity and quality of sugar beet, a field experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications in Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in 2011-2012 cropping seasons. Experimental factors included: three sowing dates (23 September, 12 October and 1 November) made the main plot and two harvest times (22 May and 22 June) constituted the sub-plot. Effect of sowing time on root yield, white sugar yield, Na, K + , N content and molasses sugar, was significant. Harvest time had significant (P<0.05) effect on root yield, white sugar yield and molasses sugar. Shifting of harvest time from 22 May to 22 June significantly increased sugar yield, white sugar and sugar content. In conclusion, sowing in 23 September and harvesting in late June had the highest root yield (83 tha -1 ), and white sugar (11.13 tha -1 ) yields in autumn sown sugar beet.
