Background: Adequate food consumption during the preschool period is essential for growth and development. Children accompanying mothers who engage in hawking may be vulnerable to inadequate meal frequency and limited dietary choices because they spend prolonged periods in market environments. This study assessed food consumption patterns and factors associated with meal frequency among preschool children of hawking mothers in Nairobi City, Kenya. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 350 mothers/caregivers and their children aged 6–59 months in Muthurwa and Toi markets in Nairobi. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select the markets and systematic random sampling was used to select respondents. Information on foods consumed on the day/night preceding interview, meal frequency during food shortage, breastfeeding, complementary feeding, food availability and cultural practices was collected. Data were analysed using SPSS and Nutri-Survey. Descriptive statistics were generated and chi-square tests were used to assess associations between categorical variables at p<0.05. Results: Fruits and vegetables were the most frequently reported food group (30.9%), followed by animal proteins (18.9%), cereals and nuts (17.7%), roots and tubers (16.6%) and foods from grains (16.0%). During food shortage, 52.3% of children received three meals per day, 35.0% received two meals and 12.6% received four meals. Among the 170 mothers/caregivers who were currently breastfeeding, 44.0% gave other foods twice daily, while 13.7% gave other foods once daily. Cultural practices were significantly associated with meal frequency (χ²=19.404, df=6, p=0.004). Marital status (χ²=20.179, df=8, p=0.010), household size (χ²=44.02, df=14, p=0.0001), and number of children under five years in the household (χ²=13.949, df=4, p=0.007) were also significantly associated with meal frequency during food shortage. Conclusion: Food consumption among preschool children of hawking mothers included several food groups but meal frequency was constrained during food shortages. Household composition and cultural practices were important correlates of meal frequency. Nutrition interventions for this population should combine appropriate child-feeding education with measures that improve household food security and support safe feeding within market environments.
Background: Diarrhea remains an important cause of morbidity among young children, particularly in settings where access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene is limited. Children accompanying mothers who engage in hawking may be particularly vulnerable because they spend prolonged periods in market environments where water, sanitation, food hygiene and childcare may be constrained. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 350 children aged 6–59 months accompanying mothers/caregivers engaged in hawking activities in Muthurwa and Toi markets in Nairobi. Multistage sampling was followed by systematic random sampling. Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires, an observation checklist and anthropometric measurements. Diarrhea morbidity was assessed from caregiver reports of diarrhea during the two weeks preceding the survey. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to assess associations between diarrhea morbidity and categorical variables; p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 350 children, 187 (53.4%) had experienced diarrhea during the two weeks preceding the survey and 163 (46.6%) had not. Among children with reported diarrhea, 50.3% had loose stools, 26.2% watery stools and 23.5% bloody stools. Significant associations were observed between diarrhea morbidity and number of children under five years in the household (χ²=6.750, df=2, p=0.034), maternal/caregiver education (χ²=7.935, df=3, p=0.047), source of drinking water (χ²=32.141, df=2, p<0.001), water storage method (χ²=10.321, df=3, p=0.016), toilet cleanliness (χ²=17.030, df=1, p<0.001), and age at initiation of complementary feeding (χ²=10.980, df=4, p=0.027). Market observations documented unclean toilets, open drains, uncovered food and inadequate hand hygiene. Conclusion: Diarrhea morbidity was high among preschool children accompanying hawking mothers in the two Nairobi markets. The findings point to the importance of interventions addressing safe water, sanitation and hygiene, food safety, appropriate complementary feeding and caregiver education within market environments.
This research explores patient satisfaction within primary health care centers in Al-Leith, analyzing key factors that influence patients’ perceptions of service quality. The study focuses on elements such as accessibility, communication, waiting time, staff professionalism, and facility environment. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among individuals who had received health services in Al-Leith, utilizing a structured questionnaire to collect data related to satisfaction levels. The findings highlight significant variations in satisfaction across different service domains. While many patients reported positive experiences with nursing care and staff attitudes, lower satisfaction levels were found in waiting times and appointment systems. The research emphasizes the importance of enhancing patientcentered approaches to improve overall satisfaction and healthcare outcomes.
Introduction: Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract. A mesodiverticular band, representing a persistent vitelline artery remnant, is a rare but clinically significant association that may cause inflammation, obstruction, ischemia, or volvulus. Surgical management often requires resection with bowel anastomosis; however, literature describing specific anastomotic techniques remains limited. Case Presentation: A 14-year-old male presented with features of acute appendicitis and underwent emergency open exploration. Intraoperatively, an inflamed Meckel’s diverticulum was identified, associated with a vascular mesodiverticular band arising from the mesentery and supplying the diverticular tip, along with an enlarged adjacent mesenteric lymph node. Segmental ileal resection including the diverticulum was performed, followed by end-to-end bowel anastomosis using a double-layer technique—inner continuous Schmieden sutures and outer seromuscular Lembert sutures. Outcome: The patient was kept nil per oral for five postoperative days. Oral feeding was resumed on postoperative day six, and he was discharged on postoperative day seven with no anastomotic leak or postoperative complications Conclusion: Early recognition of a vascular mesodiverticular band in complicated Meckel’s diverticulitis is essential, as enbloc segmental resection prevents hemorrhage and obstruction.Primary restoration of bowel continuity with a secure hand-sewn Schmieden (inner continuous) ± Lembert (outer) anastomosis is safe and effective, yielding excellent results.
Background: Menstrual health and hygiene are crucial for the well-being of adolescent girls. However, various cultural taboos, misinformation, and lack of proper education contribute to poor menstrual hygiene practices. School-Based Menstrual Education Programs (SBMEP) aim to enhance knowledge and practice regarding menstrual health and hygiene among adolescent girls. Aim: This study evaluates the effectiveness of SBMEP in improving knowledge and practice related to menstrual health among adolescent girls in selected schools in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test research design was used. The study included 100 adolescent girls aged 12–18 years from Kendriya Vidyalaya, SGPGIMS, Lucknow. A structured questionnaire assessed knowledge and practice before and after the educational intervention. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean pre-test knowledge score was 4.54 (±0.85), while the mean post-test score significantly increased to 9.01 (±0.58), indicating improved knowledge. Similarly, menstrual hygiene practices showed a substantial improvement post-intervention. Conclusion: The findings suggest that SBMEP is an effective strategy to enhance menstrual health awareness and hygiene practices among adolescent girls. Implementing similar programs in schools can contribute to better reproductive health and overall well-being
Background Maintenance of a patent airway is a fundamental component of general anesthesia, and ensuring adequate ventilation remains a primary responsibility of the anesthesiologist. Supraglottic airway devices (SADs) are widely used as alternatives to endotracheal intubation, particularly to minimize the hemodynamic stress response. Among the commonly used SADs are the I-gel, Classic Laryngeal Mask Airway (C-LMA), and ProSeal Laryngeal Mask Airway (PLMA). Methods This prospective, randomized, comparative study was conducted on 60 patients aged 50–70 years, weighing 55– 70 kg, of either gender, with Mallampati grade I or II, undergoing emergency surgical procedures under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups of 20 each. Group A had airway maintenance with the I-gel, Group B with the Classic LMA, and Group C with the ProSeal LMA. Parameters assessed included ease and time of insertion, number of attempts, hemodynamic responses, airway sealing pressure, and perioperative complications. Results The I-gel demonstrated significantly shorter insertion time and greater ease of insertion compared to the Classic LMA and ProSeal LMA. Airway sealing pressures were higher with the I-gel and ProSeal LMA than with the Classic LMA. Hemodynamic parameters remained stable across all groups, with no statistically significant differences. Complication rates such as sore throat, blood staining, and airway trauma were lowest in the I-gel group. Conclusion The I-gel proved to be a superior supraglottic airway device with faster and easier insertion, effective airway sealing, and fewer complications. Its favorable safety profile and simplicity of use make it a preferable option for airway management during general anesthesia, especially in emergency settings.
Background: The sternum demonstrates a wide spectrum of anatomical variations frequently encountered on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Many variants may mimic pathology or lead to procedural complications. Objective: To determine the prevalence of sternal anatomical variants and discuss their clinical significance. Materials and Methods: A record-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2023 to August 2024 including 70 patients who underwent thoracic MDCT using a 16-slice scanner. Multiplanar reconstruction and volume-rendered images were analyzed using bone algorithms. Results: Sternal variants were identified in 47 out of 70 patients (67%). Variants were seen in 66% of males and 67% of females. Identified variations included suprasternal ossicles, sternal tubercles, sternal foramina, sternal clefts, elongated and ventrally deviated xiphoid processes, and fusion anomalies. One variant that has never been mentioned before in the referred literature has been identified in the study. Conclusion: Sternal anatomical variants are common incidental findings on MDCT. Awareness is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and prevent procedural complications.
Background: Intravenous (IV) therapy is a critical medical intervention, but it carries the risk of complications such as superficial thrombophlebitis. Evidence shows that a structured, evidence-based nursing care bundle can effectively reduce these complications and improve patient outcomes. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a Nursing Care Bundle on reducing the risk of superficial thrombophlebitis among intravenous cannulated patients admitted to selected hospitals in Krishnagiri. Methods: A true experimental posttest design was adopted. A total of 60 patients receiving IV therapy were randomly assigned into two groups: 30 patients in the study group and 30 in the control group. The study group received the Nursing Care Bundle intervention, consisting of six evidence-based practices: IV site assessment before insertion, selection of appropriate cannula size, aseptic site preparation, proximal massage with palm fisting exercises, proper cannula fixation, and continuous monitoring. The control group received routine care. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and the Visual Infusion Phlebitis (VIP) Scale. Post-test assessments were conducted on the third day of cannulation IV. Results: The findings revealed that in the study group, 53.3% of patients had no risk of thrombophlebitis post-intervention, compared to only 23.3% in the control group. Mild risk was present in 30% of the study group versus 56.7% in the control group. Moderate to severe risks were significantly higher in the control group. Statistical analysis using independent 't' tests showed a significant reduction in the risk of superficial thrombophlebitis in the study group (p < 0.05), supporting the hypothesis that the Nursing Care Bundle was effective. Additionally, associations were observed between risk levels and clinical variables such as duration of hospital stay, cannula size, and site of cannulation. Conclusion: The implementation of a Nursing Care Bundle significantly reduced the risk of superficial thrombophlebitis among IV cannulated patients. The study highlights the importance of incorporating structured nursing interventions into routine clinical practice to enhance patient safety, reduce complications, and improve the quality of care. Future research should focus on larger, multi-center studies to further validate these findings.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a significant global health issue, markedly diminishing the efficacy of standard antibiotics and exacerbating the prevalence of infectious diseases worldwide. The swift rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens has led to an increased focus on finding new antimicrobial agents, especially those that come from medicinal plants. Zingiber officinale, or ginger, is one of these plants that has gotten a lot of scientific attention because it has a lot of different phytochemicals and pharmacological properties.This systematic review sought to assess the antibacterial efficacy of Zingiber officinale and its principal phytochemical constituents against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, in addition to investigating the potential mechanisms that may explain its antimicrobial properties. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search of the literature was done in major scientific databases like PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. We used set criteria to look through studies published between 2010 and 2024, and 25 of them made it into the final qualitative synthesis. The results show that ginger extracts, especially those made with ethanol and methanol, have strong antibacterial properties against a wide range of bacterial pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, exhibited greater susceptibility than Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The reported inhibition zones were between 12 and 22 mm, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were between 62.5 and 250 µg/mL. The antibacterial properties are chiefly ascribed to phenolic compounds, including gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone, which function via mechanisms such as membrane disruption, biofilm inhibition, and interference with quorum sensing. These findings indicate that phytochemicals derived from ginger may serve as promising candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial agents aimed at multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Alcohol consumption is a major public health problem worldwide and contributes to numerous physical, psychological, and social problems. Auto-rickshaw drivers represent a high-risk occupational group due to work stress and irregular working hours. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding problems of alcoholism among auto-rickshaw drivers in selected areas of Ankola, Karnataka. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was adopted for the study. Thirty auto-rickshaw drivers were selected using convenience sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire was used to assess knowledge regarding problems of alcoholism. The findings revealed that the mean post-test knowledge score was higher than the pre-test score, indicating the effectiveness of the planned teaching programme. The study concludes that educational programmes can significantly improve awareness regarding alcoholism and its harmful effects.
Background: The study of leadership has been an important and central part of the literature on management and organizational behavior for several decades. Indeed, “no other role in organizations has received more interest than the leader”. Commitment is portrayed as a mediator influencing job satisfaction, head nurse leadership and other factors, such as nurses' absenteeism. Purpose: The present study aimed to identify the effect of nurse managers' leadership style on staff nurses' absenteeism and commitment. A descriptive correlational research design was used in this study. Methods: Three different tools were used to collect data. The first tool was the leadership profile questionnaire. This part is geared to measure leadership style. The second tool was an absenteeism questionnaire format; this tool aims at determining the causes of absenteeism and the absenteeism record of staff nurses for a year to estimate the absenteeism rate. The third tool was organizational commitment scale, was used to measure organizational commitment. Results: The results of the study revealed that most head nurses were adopting the mixed style of leadership, and financial and workplace factors were the main causes leading to absenteeism. Planned and unexcused absenteeism was the highest range of absenteeism. The majority of the nurses studied did not show commitment. There was a negative relationship between absenteeism and commitment. Moreover, it was found out that there is no significant correlation between the leadership style of nurse managers and staff nurses' absenteeism rate and commitment. Conclusion: There is a negative relationship between absenteeism and commitment. Moreover, it was found that there no significant correlation between the leadership style of nurse managers and staff nurses' absenteeism rate and commitment among study nurses. Recommendation: This study recommends improving workplace factors to reduce absenteeism by promoting communication between nursing and hospital management to provide a suitable work environment.
Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the perceived knowledge and actual practices of nurses regarding hypophosphatemia (HP) and refeeding syndrome (RFS) in the critical care units of a private tertiary hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Background: RFS is a medical condition that can be severe, yet often neglected, in patients who are rapidly refed after a prolonged period of undernourishment. The condition is caused by abnormal shifts in electrolytes and fluids, leading to dysfunction in multiple organs. The onset of symptoms typically occurs within 2-5 days of refeeding and can range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the severity of the patient's malnutrition and comorbidities. Diagnosis and estimating the incidence of RFS are challenging due to the lack of a standardized definition and the non-specificity of symptoms. Methods: This study recruited 117 critical care nurses from a tertiary private hospital. The survey included measures on nurses’ perceived knowledge and actual practice of nurses regarding HP and RFS using an adopted questionnaire. Results: The findings of the study show that most of the nurses disagree on the role and knowledge about refeeding syndrome (Mean = 1.63; SD = 0.15). Nurses also reported that they seldom practice on the role and knowledge about re-feeding syndrome (Mean = 3.39; SD = 0.50). This study revealed that nurses lack clarity regarding their own role related to their patients’ nutritional status. Significant gaps in the perception of knowledge regarding HP and RFS were also evident. Moreover, the findings imply that the relationship between the perceived knowledge and actual practice of the nurses is significant as supported by a Pearson correlation value of 0.2626 and a p-value of 0.0042. However, nurses’ perceived knowledge and actual practice regarding refeeding syndrome does not differ at all to their demographics showing that all p-values were greater than the significant level of 0.05. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there is a lack of clarity among nurses regarding their responsibilities concerning their patients' nutritional status. In addition, there were significant discrepancies in their perceived knowledge of identifying and managing hypophosphatemia and refeeding syndrome. The study also suggests that there is a strong correlation between nurses' perceived knowledge and their actual practice. However, there were no significant differences in nurses' perceived knowledge and actual practice of refeeding syndrome based on their demographic characteristics. It is crucial for nurses to have awareness of this condition to recognize patients at risk, prevent its occurrence, and improve management.
Objetivo: analisar o perfil clínico e assistencial de puérperas com sífilis gestacional e os desfechos clínicos dos recém-nascidos com sífilis congênita ou expostos à sífilis, assim como condutas terapêuticas adotadas e o seguimento ambulatorial. Material e Método: Estudo descritivo, longitudinal e quantitativo, realizado com 76 binômios, com coleta de dados entre junho de 2024 a junho de 2025, por meio de prontuários, fichas de notificação e acompanhamento ambulatorial em um hospital universitário do interior do Rio Grande do Norte. A análise foi realizada com estatística descritiva, e os resultados expressos em frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados: A maioria das puérperas iniciou o pré-natal no 1º trimestre (76,3%), entretanto 81,6% realizou menos de 6 consultas, 86,8% realizou teste para sífilis e apenas 35,5% tiveram tratamento adequado. Apenas 1,3% dos parceiros foram tratados. Entre os recém-nascidos, 67,1% foram diagnosticados com sífilis congênita, e a maioria tratada com penicilina cristalina. Alterações nos exames complementares foram frequentes (42,1%). O acompanhamento ambulatorial apresentou perdas. Conclusão: Persistem falhas na abordagem da sífilis durante a gestação e no cuidado neonatal, especialmente quanto ao diagnóstico oportuno, tratamento adequado e monitoramento dos casos. Os achados reforçam a necessidade de estratégias intersetoriais para o enfrentamento da sífilis congênita, com foco na qualificação da atenção pré-natal e na vigilância em saúde
Knee joint pain is a common musculoskeletal problem among elderly people and significantly affects mobility, independence, and quality of life. Non‑pharmacological interventions such as therapeutic exercises are widely recommended for the management of knee joint pain. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of swing exercises on knee joint pain among elderly people residing in a selected old age home in Ernakulam district. A quantitative research approach with a pre‑experimental one group pretest–posttest design was adopted for the study. A total of 40 elderly individuals aged between 60 and 80 years were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire for demographic variables and a numerical pain intensity scale to measure the severity of knee joint pain. After the pretest assessment, participants were taught swing exercises which included standing knee swing, dynamic knee swing, and lying knee swing. The intervention was administered for 15 minutes daily for a period of seven days. Posttest assessment was conducted using the same pain scale after completion of the exercise program. The findings revealed that in the pretest, 94% of participants experienced severe pain and 6% had moderate pain, whereas in the posttest 55% had severe pain and 45% had moderate pain. The mean pretest score was 7.15 and the mean posttest score was 6. The calculated paired ‘t’ value (7.89) was greater than the table value (2.04) at the 0.05 level of significance, indicating that swing exercises were effective in reducing knee joint pain among elderly people. The study concludes that swing exercise is a simple, safe, and cost‑effective intervention that can help to improve joint mobility and reduce pain among elderly individuals.
The study evaluated the knowledge, attitude, and practices of exclusive breastfeeding among first-time mothers attending Government Cottage Hospital in Osisioma Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used among 400 randomly selected first-time nursing mothers. The data obtained were analyzed using the Chi-square goodness of fit test (p < 0.05) to determine the fit between the observed frequency and the expected distribution. The majority of respondents were in the 16–25 years age group, with age 24 being the most common. Most first-time mothers had attained secondary education. In addition, most respondents, 283 (70.75%), were married. The study also showed that 309 (77.25%) of the respondents had good knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding, 301 (75.25%) had a good attitude, and 209 (52.25%) had good practice regarding exclusive breastfeeding. The study suggests that all first-time mothers should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their babies exclusively during postnatal visits. Pregnant women should be prepared for exclusive breastfeeding through educational sensitization on all aspects of breastfeeding, with emphasis on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding.
Key aspects of catatonic schizophrenia and its nursing management are explored in this case report. Catatonic schizophrenia is a subtype of schizophrenia characterised by extreme psychomotor disturbances, including both stuporous and excited states. Comprehensive knowledge of its features and treatment is essential for effective nursing care. This report describes a patient who presented with catatonic symptoms, refusal of oral intake, and severe nutritional compromise. A structured nursing care plan was implemented, focusing on nutritional support, monitoring, safety, and supportive care. The patient showed significant improvement during hospitalisation, including restoration of oral intake, improved hydration status, and a weight gain of 6 kg by the time of discharge. This case highlights the importance of early identification, consistent nursing interventions, and multidisciplinary management in improving outcomes for patients with catatonic schizophrenia.
Background: Adolescence is a critical developmental phase requiring adequate nutrition for optimal growth and health. Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly prevalent among adolescents due to limited sun exposure, indoor lifestyles, and inadequate dietary intake. Lack of awareness further aggravates this hidden micronutrient deficiency, leading to potential long-term health consequences. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design was adopted. The study was conducted among 30 adolescents aged 10–19 years studying in class VIII at a selected school in Aizawl, Mizoram, India. Convenient sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and demographic performa. A structured teaching program was administered, followed by posttest assessment. Results: Post-test knowledge scores were expected to show a statistically significant improvement compared to pre-test scores, indicating the effectiveness of the structured teaching program. (p<0.05). Conclusion: The structured teaching program was effective in enhancing adolescents knowledge regarding vitamin D deficiency, emphasizing the importance of school-based educational interventions for preventive health promotion.
Background: Knowledge of obstetric danger signs is the first step in the appropriate and timely referral for essential obstetric care. However, pregnant women’s knowledge about the obstetric danger signs is important for improving maternal and child health. Little is known about the current knowledge and influencing factors in India. This study aims to fill the gap by assessing the current level of knowledge among pregnant women in Uttar Pradesh about obstetric danger signs. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from August 1st to 31st, 2025, at a government hospital in Lucknow. The study involved 169 pregnant women residing in the district, Lucknow. Purposive sampling was used to select the study subjects. Data on women’s socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric characteristics and face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire related to knowledge on obstetric danger signs were collected. Data was analysed in descriptive and inferential statistics, presented in tables and interpreted accordingly. Results: The study findings revealed that only 15(8.87%) have adequate knowledge, 44 (26.03%) have moderate knowledge, and 110 (65.09%) have inadequate knowledge on obstetric danger signs.
Background: Patient satisfaction is a pivotal indicator of healthcare quality and health system performance. In Kenya’s devolved public hospitals, resource constraints and high patient volumes, and cultural diversity continue to affect service delivery. This study assessed patient satisfaction with healthcare services at Kajiado County Referral Hospital using the SERVQUAL model to identify quality gaps and predictors of satisfaction. Materials and Methods: A mixed-methods cross-sectional design was employed from March to August 2025. Quantitative data were collected from 390 adult patients (98.2% response rate) using stratified systematic sampling and a structured SERVQUAL-based questionnaire. Qualitative data were obtained through six focus group discussions (48 participants) and 45 key informant interviews. SERVQUAL gap analysis, logistic regression, and thematic analysis were performed using SPSS version 26. Results: Overall patient satisfaction was 67% (mean score 3.68 ± 0.98). Empathy recorded a positive gap (+0.21), while responsiveness (−1.79) and reliability (−1.59) showed the largest negative gaps (p<0.001). Significant predictors of satisfaction were rural residence (AOR = 3.12, 95% CI 2.20–4.40), first-time visit (AOR = 4.12, 95% CI 3.00–5.65), medicine availability (AOR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.50–2.95), and assurance of privacy (AOR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.45–2.85). Qualitative findings highlighted cultural sensitivity issues among the Maasai community and policy-related barriers in supply chains and staffing. Conclusion: Patient satisfaction at Kajiado County Referral Hospital is moderate. While empathy and staff courtesy are strengths, reliability, responsiveness, medicine availability, and privacy require urgent improvement. Targeted interventions in staff training, supply chain management, and culturally sensitive care are recommended to advance universal health coverage goals under devolution.
