The Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), encompassing a projected population approaching 21 million across an expansive urban agglomeration of 1,876 square kilometers1, represents one of the most spatially constrained and densely built urban environments in the Global South3. Bounded geographically by the Hooghly River to the west and the ecologically sensitive East Kolkata Wetlands to the east1, Kolkata presents a unique urban planning paradigm. While its historical organic central core possesses exceptional baseline walkability, fine-grained block structures, and vibrant mixed-use streetscapes3, the metropolitan area's surface mobility network suffers from structural congestion4. Surface road space accounts for a mere 6% of Kolkata's total urban footprint8, a stark contrast to other Indian metropolises such as Delhi (23%) and Mumbai (18%)8. This constrained rights-of-way network, combined with a vehicular density of 2,448 vehicles per kilometer4, has led to severe corridor congestion, reduced average arterial traffic speeds (falling from 24–25 km/h in 2013 to 18–19 km/h in 2020)4, and a steady attrition of surface public transit services4. To address these spatial and mobility challenges, state and central authorities have undertaken an aggressive expansion of the Kolkata Metro rail network3. Anchored by the historic North-South Metro (Blue Line)—India's pioneer underground rapid transit system commissioned in 19844—the network is expanding into a multi-corridor grid comprising the East-West Metro (Green Line), the Purple Line, the Orange Line, and the Yellow Line3. The flagship East-West corridor, stretching 16.6 kilometers from Howrah Maidan to Salt Lake Sector V and featuring India's first underwater rail tunnel beneath the Hooghly River8, exemplifies both the engineering achievements and the complex financial-institutional hurdles of megaproject execution in high-density urban settings11. This case study examines Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) as an strategic framework for restructuring spatial growth, securing financial sustainability, and enhancing multi-modal mobility within the Kolkata Metropolitan Area3. By analyzing the spatial dynamics of organic central cores versus planned suburban townships6, evaluating the capital cost structures and Land Value Capture (LVC) potential across major transit corridors3, and dissecting the governance framework under the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) and the West Bengal Town and Country (Planning and Development) Act, 19791, this report provides a detailed roadmap for transit-land use integration in high-density post-colonial metropolises3.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities in Rajasthan's small sector (Small and Medium Enterprises, or SMEs) provide significant benefits, including enhanced reputation, improved access to markets and finance, and increased employee retention. While most formal CSR funding in the state comes from large corporations, SMEs often engage in "silent social responsibility," which contributes to both community development and business growth despite challenges like limited resources. CSR in Rajasthan involves government platforms like the Environment Portal to guide corporate spending on projects in education, health, environment (water, energy), and livelihoods, with industries like cement leading in sustainability, focusing on community development and meeting legal mandates, while research highlights trends in integrating CSR with business strategy for inclusive growth, addressing local issues like 'Save the Girl Child', and improving stakeholder collaboration.
Narmada Parikrama is one of the most unique river-based pilgrimage traditions in India. It is usually described as a devotional journey between sacred places located along the Narmada. This paper tries to understand Narmada Parikrama as a route-based cultural practice through which the Narmada valley is remembered, respected and experienced as a sacred landscape. It draws on textual traditions related to the Narmada, including the Mahabharata, Kurma Purana, Skanda Purana/Reva-khanda and Narmada Mahatmya literature, along with secondary writings on sacred geography, pilgrimage, cultural landscapes, ritual ecology and riverine memory. The paper develops the idea of “circumambulatory river knowledge” to explain how the Narmada is known not only through texts or maps, but also through walking, halting, crossing, remembering, narrating and repeatedly staying in relation with the river. Twelve towns of Madhya Pradesh- Amarkantak, Dindori, Mandla, Jabalpur, Bhedaghat, Narmadapuram, Budni, Nemawar, Omkareshwar, Maheshwar, Mandleshwar and Dharampuri serve as interpretive nodes within this river corridor. The paper argues that Narmada Parikrama is best read as a living cultural-landscape tradition where sacred narratives, bodily movement, oral memory and place-based experience come together. Such a reading can help future research on sacred river corridors, pilgrimage heritage and route-based cultural landscapes.
This research paper is an empirical study to assess the modern employee management strategies for optimum organizational productivity in Nigeria. The study also seeks to ascertain the degree of connection between modern employee management strategies and organizational productivity. The study employed a descriptive survey design approach with One-Sample Test statistics. Information was gathered from 133 employees of fast food restaurants in Asaba, Delta State, using a standardized questionnaire with a Likert scale. The study's conclusions show that modern staff management techniques and organizational productivity are significantly positively correlated. This is crucial since it increases the organization's overall productivity, survivability, and sustainability. As a result, companies should make sure that their HR practices are human-centered. The study also demonstrated a strong and favorable relationship between the effectiveness of hiring and selecting procedures and the survival of contemporary enterprises. This implies that human resource management's recruitment and selection processes can help employees cultivate a good work attitude and enhance the performance and survival of modern firms by attracting and choosing the best applicants. The empirical study found a substantial correlation between organizational success, training and development, and the survival of contemporary businesses. The study concludes that a human-centric HRM approach and modern employee management strategies are necessary in the modern workplace to guarantee full employee engagement and the best talent retention in modern business as well as optimum organizational productivity. The study therefore recommends that modern organizations combine the above-mentioned comprehensive and human-centric HRM practices and employee management strategies with AI workplace automation, which shortens turnaround times and increases organizational productivity and effectiveness. The introduction of AI should be human-centered and not aimed at replacing human labour.
This study examined the application of innovative technologies in science teaching and learning and its effect on the academic performance of entrepreneurship students. The rapid advancement of digital technologies has transformed educational practices globally, creating new opportunities for interactive learning, improved classroom engagement, and enhanced knowledge acquisition. Despite these developments, many institutions in developing countries still experience challenges in integrating modern technologies into science education, thereby affecting students’ academic achievement and entrepreneurial competencies. The study therefore investigated how innovative technological tools such as multimedia resources, virtual laboratories, e-learning platforms, smart devices, and internet-based instructional methods influence the teaching and learning process among entrepreneurship students. The study adopted a mixed approach which are descriptive survey research design and Qualitative approach through the use of case studies. Data were collected from selected entrepreneurship students and science educators using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The findings revealed that the use of innovative technologies significantly improves students’ understanding of scientific concepts, increases classroom participation, promotes critical thinking, and enhances academic performance. The study also identified inadequate technological infrastructure, limited digital literacy, poor internet connectivity, and insufficient funding as major challenges affecting effective implementation. The study concluded that the integration of innovative technologies into science teaching and learning positively impacts the academic performance and entrepreneurial skills development of students. It recommended increased government investment in educational technologies, regular teacher training, provision of digital learning facilities, and institutional support for technology-driven instructional strategies to improve science education outcomes and entrepreneurial development.
Closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) is an important paradigm for sustainable supply chain management. This paper systematically reviews domestic and international literature to summarize the evolution of this field from linear supply chains to the circular economy transition. The study identifies three major trends in CLSC research: a shift from single-link optimization to whole-chain collaborative governance; an evolution from cost-orientation to value co-creation; and a move from deterministic modeling to robust optimization and intelligent decision-making. This paper further analyzes typical cases including new energy vehicle power battery recycling, electronic product remanufacturing, and apparel reverse logistics to reveal the application mechanisms and practical values of CLSC in different industrial contexts. The results show that the effective operation of CLSC requires systematic governance supported by government policies, enterprise strategic coordination, technological innovation, and consumer participation. Future research should focus on cutting-edge topics such as artificial intelligence-enabled intelligent decision-making and supply chain resilience mechanisms.
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly reshaped urban life, particularly in enclosed public spaces such as shopping malls, which serve as critical hubs for social interaction, commerce, and leisure in India. This systematic literature review examines the multifaceted impacts of pandemics on shopping malls, focusing on social, economic, and environmental dimensions within the Indian context. We synthesize existing research to identify key trends, challenges, and adaptations observed during and after the pandemic, addressing shifts in consumer behavior, industry-specific disruptions, and the role of urban planning in mitigating risks. The review adopts a structured approach to analyze peer-reviewed studies, policy documents, and industry reports, employing thematic analysis to distill patterns and gaps in the literature. Findings reveal that the pandemic accelerated digital transformation in retail, altered consumer preferences toward safety and convenience, and exposed vulnerabilities in supply chains and workforce dynamics. Social distancing measures and hygiene protocols redefined mall operations, while urban design considerations gained prominence to ensure safer public spaces. Economically, the retail sector faced severe contractions, yet adaptive strategies such as omnichannel retailing and localized sourcing emerged as resilient responses. Environmentally, reduced foot traffic temporarily lowered energy consumption but also highlighted the need for sustainable practices in mall management. The study concludes with recommendations for policymakers and mall operators to foster inclusive, sustainable, and crisis-resilient retail environments, emphasizing the interplay between public health, urban infrastructure, and economic recovery.
This work centres on the various forms of cities and features that distant a city from the other. It is instructive to note that all known human society has various characteristics that tries to make it peculiar from other cities or communities. Thus, this study identified various cities and attempted to Sociologically demonstrate why some are seen as developed while others are still undergoing economic, political and social transition. The indicators that are primarily considered here are the level of human development, gross domestic product (GDP), direct foreign investment (DFI), Level of educational system/innovation amongst other factors.
Classical energy efficiency metrics often overestimate real-world system performance because they assume a single-stage conversion of input energy into useful output. In practice, energy must pass through multiple stages of absorption, transport, regulation, and transformation, each subject to irreversible losses governed by thermodynamic constraints. This study introduces a universal survival–conversion framework that replaces idealized efficiency with a physically grounded formulation of useful energy production. The governing law is expressed as Euseful = Ein × Ψ × Cint, where Ein represents supplied energy, Ψ denotes the energy survival factor defined as Ψ = AE / (TE + ε), and Cint represents internal conversion capacity. The survival factor quantifies the fraction of absorbed energy that persists against transport losses and entropy-driven dissipation, while conversion capacity represents the system’s throughput limits. The framework applies consistently across biological metabolism, aerospace systems, transportation technologies, renewable energy infrastructure, computing systems, and communication networks. The proposed law provides a unified thermodynamic explanation for performance limits observed across both Earth-based and space technologies.
Adultery has historically functioned as a deeply gendered moral category, with women subjected to harsher scrutiny, punishment, and social regulation than men. This paper undertakes a comparative feminist analysis of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and A Married Woman by Manju Kapur to examine how patriarchal societies across two distinct eras and cultures discipline female sexual transgression. Although separated by more than a century, divergent cultural contexts, and different narrative modes, both novels reveal a striking continuity in the moral double standards governing adultery. Female desire is rendered visible, punishable, and socially destabilising, while male transgression is concealed, excused, or institutionally protected. The paper argues that adultery in these texts functions less as a moral failing and more as a mechanism through which patriarchal authority asserts control over female autonomy. By analysing public punishment, moral surveillance, and gendered accountability, this study demonstrates how patriarchal justice adapts its methods while preserving its fundamental logic. Keywords: adultery, gendered morality, patriarchy, feminist criticism, Hawthorne, Manju Kapur
This study examines the involvement of non-state security actors in community protection and the human rights concerns associated with their operations. The research was guided by two key questions: (1) Has the role of local vigilante groups significantly contributed to extrajudicial actions in Enugu State from 2015 to 2024? (2) Has the implementation of security measures by the Neighbourhood Watch significantly led to the excessive use of force in Enugu State within the same period? The study adopted the ex-post facto research design, supported by the Noble Cause Corruption Theory, which explains why security actors justify unlawful actions as necessary for public good. This study adopts a mixed method of data collection that includes questionnaires, interviews, academic publications, NGO reports, newspaper documents, and human rights records. Findings revealed that the implementation of security measures by the Neighbourhood Watch significantly led to excessive use of force, largely due to poor training, weak regulatory oversight, and cultural acceptance of instant justice. At the end, the study calls for the government of Enugu State to strengthen the regulation, supervision, and accountability frameworks governing local vigilante groups.
This paper proposes a conceptual economic framework, titled Economics Equation–3, to explain how economies transition from low or medium development levels to stronger and sustainable growth trajectories. Drawing from economic systems theory, conceptual modeling, and symbolic mathematical reasoning, the model identifies and integrates key positive growth factors, market flow dynamics, and negative constraints into a unified symbolic structure. The framework considers the interaction between product characteristics, manpower, market accessibility, policy intervention, and temporal–spatial variation. The study aligns with existing literature emphasizing the role of conceptual frameworks in modern economics, mathematical modeling for growth, and evolutionary economic theory (Fusfeld, 1980; Debreu, 1984; Dopfer, 2005; Vasconcelos, 2013; Czerwinski, 2024). The resulting conceptual model is intended to support future empirical studies, economic policy analysis, business strategy formulation, and long-term development planning. The work remains theoretical and hypothesis-driven, highlighting the need for empirical validation in diverse economic contexts.
The rapid pace of urban growth in the 21st century has transformed cities into complex and interconnected systems that extend far beyond their municipal boundaries. As urbanisation intensifies, the terminology associated with city expansion-particularly metropolitan areas and metropolitan regions is frequently used interchangeably, even though they represent conceptually distinct spatial, functional, and governance entities. Understanding the difference between these two frameworks is essential in urban and regional planning, transport planning, public policy, and sustainable development. This paper provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of metropolitan areas and metropolitan regions by examining their definitions, boundaries, functional characteristics, governance structures, socio-economic influence, and planning implications. Drawing insights from global examples and detailed case studies from India-including Delhi NCR, Mumbai MMR, and Bengaluru BMR-the paper highlights key similarities and contrasts and argues that while metropolitan areas represent the compact, continuous urban footprint, metropolitan regions reflect a broader sphere of economic, functional, and socio-spatial influence extending into peri-urban and rural territories. The study underscores the importance of adopting regionally integrated planning approaches to address contemporary challenges, such as transportation connectivity, land-use fragmentation, environmental stress, and socio-economic disparities. It concludes by emphasizing the need for coordinated governance models and integrated metropolitan regional planning frameworks to support sustainable urban futures.
High-rise development in coastal urban environments is governed by the combined challenges of gravity-induced structural demand, wind-generated dynamic response, torsional instability, and elevated operational energy consumption driven by harsh climatic exposure. This study proposes a twin-arch crown high-rise tower system consisting of two vertically curved towers interconnected through a shared podium and arch-like crown geometry. The configuration is analytically examined as a geometry-driven structural and environmental system, in which architectural form actively participates in load redistribution, aerodynamic moderation, and passive climate control. Symbolic structural models demonstrate that the curved twin-tower and arch configuration redirects a substantial portion of gravity and lateral wind forces into axial compression–dominant load paths, reducing bending demand and improving global stiffness relative to conventional cantilevered tower forms. Dynamic analysis indicates that geometric coupling between the towers increases effective lateral stiffness by approximately 15–30%, resulting in upward shifts of fundamental natural frequencies and associated 20–40% reductions in peak wind-induced acceleration, enhancing occupant comfort under coastal wind spectra. Structural symmetry and shared load paths significantly reduce mass–stiffness eccentricity, leading to marked suppression of torsional response. The perimeter curved shell functions as a partial exoskeletal load-sharing system, carrying an estimated 30–45% of combined gravity and lateral loads, thereby improving redundancy, robustness, and resilience without proportional increases in material usage. Environmental performance analysis shows that the curved façades and inter-tower spacing generate favorable pressure differentials, increasing wind-driven natural ventilation rates by 25–50% compared to flat-faced high-rise typologies. Solar–thermal modeling further indicates that curvature-induced modulation of incident angles can reduce peak façade solar heat gain by 20–35%, lowering cooling demand in tropical and subtropical coastal climates. The findings demonstrate that architectural geometry, when systematically aligned with structural mechanics and environmental physics, can function as an integrated performance system rather than a purely aesthetic device. The proposed framework is scalable, analytically transparent, and compatible with established performance-based design, CFD simulation, and wind-tunnel validation methods. As such, it provides a scientifically robust and adaptable model for sustainable, climate-responsive landmark development in contemporary and future coastal metropolitan regions.
Rapid urbanization of coastal and riverfront regions has intensified the demand for high-rise buildings capable of simultaneously addressing structural resilience, aerodynamic stability, energy efficiency, and climatic responsiveness. Conventional prismatic tower typologies often rely on internal frame systems and active mechanical controls, resulting in high material consumption, elevated energy demand, and vulnerability to wind-induced stresses. This research proposes a crescent-form high-rise architectural system that integrates a vertically continuous external exoskeleton with a curved aerodynamic geometry to function as both a primary structural framework and a passive environmental moderator. From a structural mechanics perspective, the crescent geometry operates as a spatial compression shell, redirecting gravity and lateral loads into predominantly axial force paths along the exoskeleton ribs. Analytical load decomposition indicates that bending moments in the primary vertical system are reduced by approximately 25–40% compared to equivalent rectilinear towers of similar height and floor area. Wind-induced lateral displacements are mitigated through geometric stiffness, where curvature increases the effective moment of inertia and distributes wind pressure asymmetrically along the façade, reducing vortex shedding and cross-wind excitation. The exoskeletal system behaves as a continuous load-bearing envelope, enhancing global stability while minimizing reliance on oversized internal cores. Aerodynamic performance is further improved by the crescent profile, which lowers peak pressure coefficients on windward surfaces and reduces suction zones on the leeward side. Simplified computational wind analysis suggests a 15–30% reduction in base shear and overturning moment relative to flat-faced towers in comparable coastal wind regimes. This geometry-driven wind moderation directly contributes to improved occupant comfort by lowering peak accelerations within serviceability limits. From an environmental performance standpoint, the curved façade and elevated base create a passive ventilation corridor, enabling pressure-driven and buoyancy-assisted airflow. Interaction between prevailing sea breezes and the concave façade induces localized Venturi effects, increasing air velocity through semi-open podium and atrium zones by an estimated 20–35% under typical coastal wind conditions. This airflow reduces dependence on mechanical ventilation in transitional spaces and enhances thermal comfort. Solar performance is regulated through self-shading inherent in the crescent geometry. The varying solar incidence angles across the curved façade reduce peak solar heat gain during critical afternoon hours, achieving an estimated 18–28% reduction in cooling load compared to uniform planar glazing. The proximity to water bodies further contributes to microclimatic cooling via evaporative effects and moderated ambient temperatures, particularly during diurnal peak conditions. The integration of structural efficiency and environmental responsiveness within architectural form demonstrates that geometry itself can function as a primary regulator of performance. Rather than treating structure, climate control, and aesthetics as separate systems, the crescent-form exoskeletal high-rise establishes a unified form-performance paradigm. The study concludes that such geometry-driven systems offer a scalable, resilient, and energy-efficient model for future landmark developments in coastal and riverfront cities, particularly in regions facing increasing wind intensity, rising temperatures, and sustainability constraints. This research provides a strong conceptual and analytical foundation for further computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, finite-element structural optimization, and empirical validation, supporting its applicability to real-world high-rise design and climate-resilient urban development.
Coastal high-rise development requires the simultaneous resolution of structural efficiency, wind-induced dynamic stability, environmental responsiveness, and contextual integration within sensitive waterfront ecosystems. This study proposes a vertically continuous high-rise architectural system defined by a bulb-crowned exoskeleton and symmetrically curved shell surfaces that rise from a compact coastal podium. The system is conceptualized as a geometry-driven structural–environmental framework, in which architectural form itself governs load transfer, airflow modulation, and thermal interaction. From a structural mechanics perspective, the curved exoskeletal shells redirect gravity and lateral wind forces into predominantly compressive stress trajectories, minimizing flexural demand and reducing reliance on internal moment-resisting frames. Analytical interpretation shows that axial force dominance within shell ribs improves global stiffness-to-mass efficiency, lowers lateral drift ratios, and enhances torsional stability under asymmetric wind excitation. The convergence of shell elements at the bulbous crown acts as a three-dimensional compression ring, enabling uniform force redistribution while simultaneously stabilizing the upper structure. Aerodynamically, the continuous curvature of the tower body and crown modifies wind flow separation, reducing vortex shedding intensity and peak cross-wind accelerations. Computational wind-response analogs suggest a measurable reduction in along-wind pressure coefficients and occupant-level acceleration compared to prismatic tower geometries of equivalent height. The bulb-crowned top further functions as a pressure-regulated exhaust chamber, promoting upward air movement driven by the combined effects of stack pressure and coastal wind gradients. Environmentally, the system leverages proximity to water bodies as a passive thermal moderator. Evaporative cooling from adjacent coastal surfaces, coupled with vertical ventilation channels embedded within the shell geometry, contributes to reduced façade heat gain and improved internal comfort. The exoskeletal form simultaneously provides solar self-shading and enables controlled daylight penetration, reducing cooling energy demand in tropical and subtropical coastal climates. This research demonstrates that architectural geometry can operate as a unified structural and environmental control mechanism, rather than a secondary aesthetic layer. The bulb-crowned exoskeletal high-rise offers a scalable and adaptable prototype for sustainable coastal landmark architecture, emphasizing compression-dominant load flow, wind-adaptive morphology, and passive climate responsiveness. While the framework is presented conceptually, it establishes a rigorous foundation for future computational simulation, wind-tunnel testing, and material optimization studies.
The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U), launched in 2015, is one of India's largest national missions aimed at achieving inclusive urban development through affordable housing for all. This review paper synthesizes existing research, policy documents, government progress reports, and evaluation studies to assess the mission's performance across its four verticals-Beneficiary-Led Construction (BLC), Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP), Credit-Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS), and In-Situ Slum Redevelopment (ISSR). The analysis highlights PMAY-U's achievements in expanding homeownership among economically weaker sections (EWS) and low-income groups (LIG), promoting formal housing finance access, and leveraging public-private partnerships for housing delivery. At the same time, the review identifies persistent challenges such as delays in construction, land availability constraints, financial bottlenecks, quality of construction, institutional fragmentation, and limited uptake of certain verticals such as ISSR. The paper also discusses the social and economic impacts of PMAY-U, including improved living conditions, tenure security, gender empowerment through joint ownership mandates, and incremental effects on local economies. Based on emerging evidence, the review outlines future policy directions, emphasizing integrated urban planning, strengthening governance capacity, technology-driven monitoring, sustainable construction practices, and targeted support for vulnerable populations. The findings contribute to an improved understanding of the mission's role in shaping India's affordable housing landscape and provide insights for enhancing the next phase of urban housing policy.
Sustainable urban finance is a critical component in developing mass rapid transit systems in urban areas. This paper presents an overview of sustainable urban finance and its role in supporting mass rapid transit development. It explores the different sources of financing available for transit development, including public and private sector funding, as well as innovative financing mechanisms such as green bonds, transit-oriented development, and public-private partnerships. The paper also examines the benefits of sustainable urban finance, including improved environmental and social outcomes, increased economic development, and reduced financial risk. Finally, the paper discusses key challenges in implementing sustainable urban finance strategies for mass rapid transit development, such as political and regulatory barriers, lack of public awareness and support, and the need for coordinated planning and financing across different levels of government and stakeholders. Overall, the paper highlights the importance of sustainable urban finance as a key tool for achieving sustainable and equitable urban development through mass rapid transit systems.
Although every facility have negative and positive outcomes. Similarly social media is now playing very important role in human life. But to the other side there is also many dark impact. In this research it is tried to conclude how social media is affecting human life and what are the consequences human health is facing. The addiction of social media is similar to drug addiction. Earlier few years back the access of social media was limited to personal computers or laptops. But now a days through mobile phones everyone connect himself 24 hours with social media. Specially the addiction of social media use is affecting youngsters life style and they start doing abnormal behavior when ever a notification bell rings in mobile device or his/her laptop. Even they are not interested in doing any outdoor activity. Such as outdoor games, physical activity games ets. Even the worst thing is the youth started playing games like ludo, snakes ladder or other physical activitiy games on mobile and connected to friends via social media only. So in order to overcome the parents should counsil their children and youngster. They should motivate them to do some other activities rather than spending whole day in virtual world. In this research such issues and impact of social media on youngsters are discussed and it is tried to findout the points how to overcome with this addiction.
The intersection of information technology and law in India has become increasingly significant in the wake of rapid digitalization. The year 2022 marked a critical juncture, with legislative amendments, judicial innovations, and policy debates shaping the contours of India’s digital governance framework. This paper examines the evolution of law relating to Information and Technology in India during in the form of an amendment in 2022, focusing on statutory amendments, judicial responses, and emerging challenges in cyber regulation.
