This study looks into how Turkey kept the growth of innovation and high-tech exports in the defense sector going even when the economy was unstable and inflation was high. The study by Hausmann and Rodrik (2003) in the field of development economics shows that emerging economies often have trouble keeping up with high-tech exports when their economies are in trouble. Industrial progress is often slowed by economic crises. Even though inflation went up from 20.3% to 44.4% from 2018 to 2024, Turkey's defense exports and innovation grew. When compared with countries like Argentina, Zimbabwe, and Peru—where inflation damaged industrial capacity—Turkey’s experience stands out as different. The results show that Turkey’s mix of state support, strong defense-industrial policy, and geopolitical demand helped the sector stay strong despite economic problems. This research adds to the discussion about industrial policy and economic diversification in developing countries and questions the common belief that high-tech exports cannot grow during crises.
The Georgian economy has been undergoing serious transformations over theyears. The reforms carried out by the government affected all spheres of theeconomy - health care, education, industry, the military-technical complex,etc. The annual growth of the economy is approximately 4.8%. The EU,partner developed countries and donor international organizations allocatehuge financial resources for the implementation of the changes planned bythe government. Despite this, the economy of Georgia is in a difficult situation.The reason of economic stagnation in which the country has been for years isan extensive vector of development of the national economy. Investmentprojects carried out in the country in recent years are extensive in most cases.These projects are aimed at increasing current profits. They mostly are notoriented to long-term perspective. Intensification projects based on scientificand technical progress that are capable to change the level of productionqualitatively are few. Despite the lack of an innovative scientific and technicalbackground the economic indicators are increasing. However, the analysis ofthe indicators’ growth factors shows the lack of development of the nationaleconomic system. The data does not reflect the real economic statement andpoint to an extensive (so-called bad growth) growth of the national economyand will lead to economic and political crisis. The intensive and extensivefactors of economic growth is discussed and analyzed in the paper. Therecommendations and measures are developed by the authors for improvingthe economy through the intensification of production processes.
Nowadays the issues of sustainable development are everywhere around us. Everybody talks about sustainability in all aspects of our life. It is becoming also part of the agenda of the business world not only for the small and medium size companies, but also for the big corporations. Gradually environmental and social issues begin to pose new topics in the agenda for board meetings of the big corporations. The corporate governance begins to pay more and more attention not only to the return rate of the investments but also to the footprint that the company has on the society. In this framework we decided to examine the relationship and interconnectivity between corporate governance and sustainable development. The research that backed this paper encompasses literature survey and analysis, on one hand and empirical research on another. This paper present some of the results from our survey showing the changes that occur in the corporate governance and the position of the managing boards of directors due to the sustainable development policy applied worldwide.
It is extremely important for employees in every sector of an economy to be satisfied with their work since job satisfaction contributes significantly to improvements in their productiveness and performance. This paper deals with the very sensitive sector of health care in which medical staff provide citizens with health care services. The job satisfaction of these medical care providers is of particular importance when aiming to improve the quality of their services. Literature on job satisfaction among the providers of medical care is limited since researches have focused mainly on users’ satisfaction with the medical care services provided. In an era in which many countries worldwide are facing uncertainty and the social insurance systems are confronted with serious problems as they strive to respond to a number of changes, the Greek health care sector is no exception. With particular reference to the Greek reality, due to the heavy recession that the country has been facing for a number of years, health care expenditures have been cut dramatically and, as a result, the working conditions in public hospitals have been negatively influenced. Based on the above, the purpose of this paper is, through empirical investigation, to examine the levels of job satisfaction among Greek doctors who work in public hospitals and to determine the factors that may influence the satisfaction they gain from their work.
A systematic review of past economic recessions occurred in developed countries confirms that social and economic crises often have serious effects on fertility while, beyond national differentiations, these effects have certain characteristics, e. g. a weak effect on generational fertility;an postponement on the timing of first birth, closely related to a late marriage or union;a close relationship between unemployment and age-specific fertility. The sensitivity of fertility behavior to economic crises is less marked in countries with longstanding family policies and strong social security systems. The recent social and economic recession in Greece took place under different social conditions than many recessions in the past. More women than ever are participating in the labor market, most couples use reliable contraception that enables them to postpone childbearing, while social security and health costs are burdened from the rapidly expanding numbers of elderly. All these factors can affect reproductive decisions and potentially aggravate the negative effects of the recession on fertility. This work, using the latest available official data of Greece, provides an investigation of the impact of the current economic crisis on fertility levels, as well as the evolution of these levels through time.
The study investigated the sources of growth in Nigeria for the period 1960 to 2017 using the growth accounting framework of the standard neoclassical production function.Specifically, the study focused on evaluating the contribution of capital, labour and total factor productivity to economic growth in Nigeria. Additionally, in order to establish the relationship between capital, labour and total factor productivity, and economic growth, correlation coefficients between the variables were estimated. The results correlation analysis showed that the growths of capital, labour and total factor productivity were positively correlated with economic growth. Furthermore, the results from the growth accounting framework revealed that capital was found to be the major driver of economic growth in Nigeria during the entire period, 1961-2017. In the case of the sub-periods, capital was the major driver of economic growth in Nigeria during the first sub-period, 1961-1980. However, during the period, 1981-2000, labour was the major driver of economic growth, followed by capital while TFP growth contribution deteriorated as it was negative. Also, TFP was the major driver of economic growth during the period 2001-2017. Based on the foregoing, the study therefore recommends that, policies that encourage physical capital, human capital and technological development through domestic and foreign investments should be adopted, nurtured, sustained and intensified, noting that capital, human capital and technological development are key to economic growth and development.
This research is focused on the study of the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings and combating this denigrating phenomenon of society, through the development of the economic factor. The economic environment (factors; political, economic, social, technical-technological) and the development of Kosovo's economy are studied, as a development potential of standard of living, which affects the fight against trafficking in human beings in Kosovo. A special role in the study has the issue of employment, with a focus on the labor market (potential of supply and demand for work), employment opportunities, wages, and living standards, interpersonal relationships (employer-employee) as the dominant factor which affect the preservation of dignity, integrity and creating hope and perspective for a life in a healthy and sustainable society. Trafficking in human beings in Kosovo has become a major concern of Kosovar society which is developing in the form of modern slavery, through individual crime and organized crime, in order to create profitable favors for individuals or organized groups. The purpose of the research was to analyze the level of economic development in Kosovo, development trends, in order to have a clear picture of the causes and indicators that present the current economic and social situation in Kosovo, as well as the promising prospects for the younger generations. This paper presented the statistical data available from the relevant institutions, related to economic development, unemployment, living standard (poverty), etc. The thesis of this paper is: Does economic development have an impact on combating trafficking in human beings in Kosovo? For the work of this study are used the theories of various world authors, which have addressed the issue of economic development, employment, living standards and social welfare issues. This study aimed to assess the economic situation in Kosovo, economic development opportunities, employment and its consequences in combating trafficking in human beings in Kosovo. This study had identified the findings recommendations on economic factors who had a direct impact on combating trafficking in human beings and the social consequences that are reflected in society.
Community enterprises are not a new type of organisation, but in recent years they have attracted increasing interest for their role in various areas, particularly in depleted contexts. Numerous studies analysed these enterprises in their natural context, but national and international overviews are lacking. We, therefore, do not know how many community enterprises there are, in which sectors they predominantly operate, and so on. Due to the scarcity of data, it is very difficult to provide a picture of community enterprises at the international level, whereas it is more feasible to represent these realities at the national level. Although Italian community enterprises are organisations that are not easily identifiable in the available databases, this paper aims to provide some snapshots to sketch the phenomenon in Italy. The work has a heterogeneous audience because it is of interest to scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. It has implications from a research and practical point of view, as it develops a way to identify Italian community enterprises and provides valuable elements for understanding the efficacy of specific policies and actions, and a piece of knowledge to build a picture of community enterprises.
The funding of the higher education institutions and its efficient managementaffects the functioning of the whole system. The level of development of aneducation and science has an important role in the economic development ofthe country. Georgia has enough potential to achieve economic developmentby intellectual and educated human resources. Despite the reformsimplemented in the recent years, there are still many shortcomings andchallenges left in the education system that are hindering the creation of welleducatedand competitive human resources. Without strengthening theeducation system, it is impossible to participate in a global competition. Theincreasing of financing of the education system over the years does not meanraising the quality of education. Developing the correct strategy and tactics ofthe reform and adequate and efficient distribution of financial resources iscrucial. The aim of the paper is to study impact of the existing funding policyon higher education system in Georgia. The structure and dynamics of thefunding of the higher education institutions, the nature and importance of thealready funded projects are examined in the study. The issue of promotion ofdevelopment of education through the reforms implemented in the educationsystem is also discussed and analyzed in it. The study is based on thequalitative and quantitative analyses. The recommendations issued withinthe framework of the study will support stakeholders to overcome the current challenges and improve financial management policy of higher education institutions.
Observing the recent developments of the demand for tourist products, we notice some very important changes in the tourists’ preferences of consumption toward a different sense of quality, asking for new quality models based on virginity, pure nature, highly maintained clean spaces, authenticity, cultural heritage and high responsibility and consciousness on sustainability. The natural environment represents the main resource to this demand on many tourism destinations. This is related to the fact that tourists increasingly are interested in spending their holidays in unspoiled natural territories. To this end, destination managers recently are under increased pressure to improve their eco-quality, maximize the hygiene, as well as to implement ecologically sustainable practices and systems. Based and stimulated by this evidence, a process of selective targeting/segmentation of tourist market could be an approach to sustainable destination management, both generally in the international market, but very promising to the Albanian case of the tourist sector future development, focusing at the region of Elbasan. Considering and analyzing the ecological footprint of Albania, and particularly that of Elbasan region, this paper will try to test these possibilities. To observe the feasibility of this approach, the study will be focused on tourists, between Albanians and foreign visitors, regarding their main reasons of returning in the same destinations. The questions to be treated will be mainly focused on the quality of the tourist services, the environmentally friendly behavior, as well as psychographic, behavioral, and socio-demographic personal characteristics of the tourists. Focusing and deepening in sustainable tourism destinations’ management could foster the increase in the number of day-vacations for one year, strongly also influencing the normal development of the supporting industries. This asks for techniques which focus on eco-tourism and sustainability at the destinations, even why the tourist himself generally may not necessarily be interested in protecting and caring to the local environment. In conclusion, the study confirms the increasing trend of the orientation of the tourist demand toward unpolluted destinations and attractions, as well as the tendency to safeguard the environment and to use sustainable tourist resources
The implementation of excellence in organizations is often subjected to different evaluation when completed since organizations may decide to use different excellence model. The problem of uneven evaluation for all sectors have motivated this paper which aims to review measurements of organizational excellence in order to determine a holistic excellence practice for the Free Zones in Dubai and potentially in the UAE. In this context, organizational excellence is reviewed as a concept with different dimensions that are important for high performing organizations. A total of 50 published articles from 2014 to 2020 in journals have been collected listed on the SCOPUS database and google scholar. It aims to address the gaps regarding organizational excellence in Free Zones and to determine areas of future research that may enhance organizational excellence in Free Zones in Dubai. The study adopted the systematic literature review approach to identify articles relating to organizational excellence. The findings indicate that certain dimensions of organizational excellence such as leadership, people or staff, processes and policy, and resources may help an organization to achieve excellence. The implication of this finding is that these four dimensions may be further investigated in Dubai Free Zones to determine the status of excellence, and the impact of organizational excellence in Free Zones in Dubai may be assessed against other organizational factors.
The aim of this paper is to analyse factors affecting tax evasion of businesses in Albania. Business tax evasion is a phenomenon that has to do with people trying not to pay the level of taxes they owe, as such it is understood to be as old a phenomenon as taxation. Factors affecting tax evasion vary from country to country, although they can be grouped into economic, psychological and social factors. Nowadays tax evasion has become an increasingly worrying phenomenon so it is important to analyse the factors that make people have an unethical attitude towards taxes, in order to identify the policies needed to mitigate this phenomenon. In our paper we initially made a description of this phenomenon and the main influencing factors. Following the data collected through a questionnaire in some businesses in Albania we have made an analysis to find the relationship between the tendency for business evasion and demographic factors such as age and gender of the person as well as factors such as the period of operation of the firm in the market, the size of the firm and the perception of the level of fines. The results show that young people, men, new firms in the market, large firms and when the perception of the level of fines is low there is a greater tendency for evasion.
The Internet as a communication medium, with its possibilities and its rapid development, revolutionized the way of doing business, so much so that it pushed a large number of economists to declare that, in the coming years of doing business through information technology, will be one of the most preferred opportunities for businesses and consumers across the globe. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the opportunities that businesses have to influence the economic development in the Republic of Kosovo, through their ability to generate new jobs, increase exports, and contribute to improving the living standards of the citizens of the Republic of Kosovo. Kosovo, using the Internet, as a contemporary and competitive form of business development. In order to realize such an environment, of course we have to consider two main issues, one to recognize and identify the problems that business has and another issue, how much human and material capacity Kosovo has, to provide a favorable environment. doing business online. The study realizes the first issue, which means that, in a scanned way, we tell the decision-making institutions that here are the administrative barriers that concern the business, here are the obstacles that unfairly tire the business, etc. The second issue should be asked by the relevant institutions and it should be noted that, if we want a success and sustainable economic development, then Kosovo should also provide an attractive business environment by applying the Internet.We conclude that favorable conditions must be created for the development of business and the Internet, in order for it to be efficient and sustainable, which is a necessary precondition for achieving the main goals of a sustainable economy, which contributes to the generation of countries. new jobs, improving the welfare and living standards of citizens in the Republic of Kosovo.
One of the most specific segments among the social-economic problems in the transition period of the market economy of Georgia is created by regulation of gambling (gambling business) and evaluation of its effect on a various part of society. Subsequently, the peculiar “triangle” is formed – “business – society – state” in which each of them has its interests, benefits and losses. One of the leading gambling businesses in the country is formed by the casino industry.The work deals with analysis and discussion of the role of casino industry and its importance in gambling business, objective and subjective factors of increase and development of the segment, effects of its positive and negative influence on stakeholders, fiscal determinants, financial-economic and social-economic problems of the sub-sector, proper recommendations have been developed on the basis of the theoretical and empirical analysis and conclusions.
The Partnership Agreement established between the European Union and the Member States for the implementation of the European Structural and Investment Funds for the period 2014-2020 has come to an end. It is, therefore, important to understand what impact the Partnership Agreement had on public and private investments in the different Portuguese regions. Support for regional investment has allowed the construction or modernization of collective infrastructures, such as schools, promotion of cultural and natural heritage, investment in energy efficiency, investment in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for public services, develop research and development initiatives, as well as urban rehabilitation and mobility. This also includes investments of intermunicipal and business nature. This paper is part of an extended study that analyses the multiplier impact of the application of European Union funds in public and private investment in the 7 Portuguese regions: Porto and North of Portugal, Centro, Lisbon and Tagus Valley, Alentejo, Algarve, Azores and Madeira. In this article we analyse the multiplier impact of the investment of the European funds allocated to the Alentejo Region, in Portugal, under the H2020 Program until the month of March 2020.
The flow of illicit capital, into the financial circles of various states, is a serious threat to global security. To this end, an important part of the strategy to combat criminal proceeds is the coordination of work between states. Expanding investigative capacity across national borders is seen as an important factor in the success of the fight against crime. The exchange of information, between law enforcement agencies in different states, is one of the most effective policies for financial investigations aimed at tracking the proceeds of crime. This case, should be approciated in two aspects. On the one hand, it is necessary to adopt direct and at the same time joint interventions, to detect and monitor the movement of money or capital outside their borders. On the other hand, the conditions must be provided for an appropriate use of information and without hindering the movement of legal capital. The necessity of a common criminal policy, to deprive criminals of the proceeds of crime and the instruments for their commission, is clearly emphasized by international acts in this field. They encourage the widest possible cooperation between states for the purpose of investigating and prosecuting criminal assets.
This paper is the review of the main scientific literature about the role of emotional intelligence in career success and human resource development. It aims to analyze how emotional intelligence and its components determine human resource development or career success. Through documentary analysis the paper is based on reviewing leading scientific publications and summarizes main theoretical approaches. The results of the analyze show that emotional intelligence helps employees in many ways to achieve success at work and also highlight the need for more attention to the development of employees' emotional intelligence in organizations. The review also addresses promotion issues which consideration will avoid organizations further problems. This analysis will be especially useful for managers to improve the quality of employees' performance. This review on emotional intelligence issues in terms of career success contributes to review literature about human resource management and development and it may also indicate future directions for surveys.
The objective of this exploratory research is to investigate a mode of purchasing, social commerce and its main target, e-shoppers. Social commerce can take different forms: F-commerce, grouped purchases or discounts. Nevertheless, the best way to monetize social media remains the possibility to incite Internet users to promote the products or promotions obtained by their friends. Recommendations coming from friends are the main lever to create interactions between consumers, interactions centered on the purchase. However, many questions remain unanswered, especially regarding social acceptance and the real effectiveness of this type of promotion. In one study conducted on the "La Redoute" brand, we examined the extent to which our sample of women is likely to accept social shopping and, in particular, the product or service recommendations of their friends on their wall.
Employee commitment is the essential element especially for the governmententities success where employees are not willing to perform and this situationmotivates the research to examine employee commitment of the governmententities in Dubai. Thus, this study investigated the relationship betweenleadership styles and employees’ commitment and communication amongDubai government entities. This study also assess the impact ofcommunication on the relationship between leadership styles and employees’commitment at the Dubai Immigration Department (DID). This study hasfollowed the quantitative methods of data collection and also used the smart-PLS for analysis. The findings revealed that transformational andtransactional styles have positive effects on employees’ commitment to DID.Findings also revealed that there is a significant relationship betweentransformational and transactional styles and communication. A positiveeffect is also discovered to exist between communication and employees’commitment. Communication mediates transformational and transactionalstyles and employee commitment. The original contribution to knowledge isthe mediating role communication plays in DID in relation to employees’commitment. These findings helped to determine the appropriaterecommendations for policy and practice in the UAE, as well as suggestionsfor future research.
None of the 21st century economic hardships have posed such a significant threat on businesses as the global pandemic COVID-19. In Albania beyond the evident threat it is causing to the human well-being, the coronavirus is threatening the health of businesses. According to the Albanian Institute of Statistics, in the second quarter of 2020, GDP in volume terms has decreased by 10.2% compared with the second quarter of 2019. This crisis gives a reflection to how the businesses in Albania do marketing and manage marketing risk. The purpose of this paper is therefore to investigate the Albanian marketers point of view and actions within the ongoing crisis caused by covid-19. The study aims to understand how marketers are dealing with the situation right now and whether they are taking a proactive or reactive approach. There is no current evidence whether marketers are managing crisis with a reactive method, purely tactical or proactively with a strategic viewpoint. In line with the purpose of this study a qualitative research approach was taken to gain insights on marketing through the coronavirus crisis in Albania. The depth interviews conducted with marketing managers of four different industries collected rich information on handling the coronavirus crisis and concluded that marketers were unprepared and adopted a reactive approach when dealing with the covid-19 crisis. Further the Covid-19 crisis gave rise to a more attentive and sensitive tone towards digital marketing in strengthening relationships with both partners and consumers.
