Totally 372 ticks from 90 cattle, in two areas of the north east of Algeria were collected. Totally, 83% of ruminants were infected by ticks. All mites were belonged to family Ixodidae and classified into three genera and nine species comprising: Rhipicephalus annulatus; Hyalomma impeltatum; Rhipicephalus bursa; Hyalomma anatolicum; Hyalomma detritum; Hyalomma marginatum; Rhipicephalus turanicus; Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Haemaphysalis punctata. Rhuipicephalus annulatus, Rhipicephalus bursa and Hyalomma detritum were the majority of ticks (23%, 22% and 18% successively). The most common tick’s predilection sites on the cattle body surface were observed on the ears (average of in the two study areas was 80%), followed by low rate on scrutum, udder, neck and Limb. High prevalence of tick infestation (Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma) in the study areas during spring and summer warrants the need for formulating appropriate intervention strategies to improve control of ticks infestation and awareness among cattles farmers. The removal of ticks by the hands used by breeders can reduce the number of parasites but do not eliminate the transmission of pathogens to cattle.
Anthelminthic resistance due to the mismanagement of conventional drugs remains a major constraint in eradicating gastrointestinal parasites, hence the need for alternatives drugs which are more ecofriendly and affordable. This paper evaluated the In vivo lavicidal effect of ginger Zingiber officinale in pigs experimentally infected with association of Strongyloides ransomi, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Globocephalus urosubulatus L3 larvae. The experiment, conducted at the teaching and research farm of the University of Dschang consisted of 12 pigs divided into two treatment groups (the control group, T0 and the treated group, T1). The control group (T0) was infected with 2650L3 larvae and was not treated. The treated group (T1) was infected with 2650L3 larvae and treated with 500g of ginger powder. Six weeks after infection, faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of all the pigs to determine the presence of eggs, the faecal egg count, and also to carry out larval culture. Ginger powder reduced the shedding of eggs in Strongyloides ransomi and strongylid parasites by 12.9% and 53.4% respectively. The mean log10 EPG in the untreated group was also significantly higher than that in the treated group. The L3 larvae obtained after larval culture were of the same species as those used to infect the pigs. The larvae cultures showed that ginger reduced the shedding of eggs in Strongyloides ransomi, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Globocephalus urosubulatus by 32.97%, 18.84%, 9.46%, and 17.41% respectively. The mean L3 nematode larvae cultured in the treated group was significantly lower (p<0.05) than in the untreated group for Strongyloides ransomi and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. In conclusion, ginger powder reduced the shedding of eggs of all the studied nematode species, and the eggs shed were viable. In order to definitely conclude on the effect of ginger powder on these nematodes in pigs, further studies on the duration of treatment and the active compound in ginger powder are required.
Veterinary genetics is an emerging branch of genetics which has strong potential application in the control and prevention of livestock disease. Unlike the other methods, control of animal disease through genetic means would be cost effective and does not require continuous investment. This is due to the fact that once a desirable genetic resource is identified and/or achieved, it can be exploited for several generations without any additional input. In the present review, two general approaches or principles to be considered in the control of livestock disease through genetic means are reviewed. The first one is exploitation of the hosts genetic resource, which could be achieved through selection and propagation of those animals having no genetic defects and naturally resistant to a particular disease. Such animals can be prepared through use of transgenic animal technology in which genes for disease resistance have been incorporated. The second approach is genetic control of pathogens by employing several techniques. This includes control of vectors using conventional sterile insect release method, Y-autosome translocation or use of compound chromosomes, and identification and cloning of genes in pathogens responsible for the production of potent antigens which can be used in vaccine development via the application of recombinant DNA technology. Selecting cattle most resistant to the development of infectious diseases will decrease costs of production and should therefore be included in the overall breeding objective.
Leptospirosis is a major threat in tropical and subtropical countries as well as temperate countries. The disease is caused by pathogenic Leptospira species and considered to be an emerging or re-emerging disease in many countries of the world. Infection in domestic animals and wildlife can lead to economic loss and pose a potential spread to the communities. In the present study recombinant LigB protein is employed in latex agglutination test, which is a cross reacting lipoprotein able to detect acute infection caused by any pathogenic leptospiral serovars. It was employed for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. The 46KDa 6X His tagged LigB protein, obtained by IPTG induction of recombinant E. coli M15 cells containing the N-terminal region of LigB gee in P QE30 expression vector, was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and adsorbed on latex bead surface for performing latex agglutination test against Leptospirosis suspected wildlife field sera. A total of 80 wildlife sera samples were collected, including 27 wild feline sera samples (18 tigers, 8 lions, and 1 jaguar) obtained from Chhatbir zoo, Chandigarh, 42 serasamples ( 8 tigers, 4 lions and 6 leopards, 2 cheethals, 1 black buck, 12 buffaloes and 9 zoo staff) sera and 3 live rodents ) were received from Jodhpur zoo Rajasthan, 8 sera samples (4 tigers, 3 leopards, 1 lion) sera from Van Vihar National park, Bohpal, Madhya Pradesh and 3 sera samples (2 lions,and 1 tiger) received from Biwani Mini zoo, Haryana, India. The result showed that sera were tested positive by rLigB based LAT, which were reconfirmed using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The results from LAT were in concordance with MAT. In conclusion, rLigB based LAT is a rapid, pen site, reliable diagnostic tool of high sensitivity and specificity, under laboratory and field conditions, for the detection of Leptospirosis .
The leather industry sector is one of the fast growing economic sectors in Ethiopia. Hides and skins are the basic raw materials for the leather industry. The major sources for these raw materials are cattle, sheep and goats. The leather industry sub sector is still in its lower level of development. This sub sector is suffering from so many problems including diseases (like parasitic diseases such as mites basically demodex, psoroptes; bacterial diseases as dermatophillosis; fungal diseases like ringworms; and viral diseases like lumpy skin disease). The leather industry sub-sector also faces mechanical problems like flaying and branding, market availability and accessibility, transportation and the quality of raw materials supplied. Poor animal husbandry, bad practices in curing and collection, general handling and the potential of supply are the other factors that affect the leather sub sector. A lower attention is given to the Ethiopian livestock sector from which the raw materials come in relation to disease aspect, management of the mechanical problems, market conditions and others give a negative feedback to the leather industry sector. Due to these factors hindering the development of the leather sub-sector which are in need of greater care and management, the contribution of the sector to the national income is disproportionately small. Higher level of attention is needed to be given from government; stakeholders and professional sectors to improve the current status of skin and hides to that serve as the input for the leather industry that enables us to have a good quality output for foreign currency.
High Ammonia concentration in broiler's houses contributed a reduction in performance, lowering in resistance and increased mortality. Four out of five Hubbard broiler groups (5 × 60) were subjected to 60 ppm ammonia for 2; 4; 6; 8 hours per day; respectively for 5 successive weeks. The impact of high ammonia concentration on biochemical; immunological and bacteriological status was assessed in 900 (150 sera, 150 plasma, 150 swab and 450 organ) samples collected post exposure. Data were analyzed using traditional and mixed model ANOVA considering repeated measures. Effect size estimates were quantified using Eta and partial Eta-squared. Broilers showed 10, 18, 32 and 41.2% mortalities at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hrs of exposure; respectively. A highly significant decline (P ˂ 0.01) was recorded in immune organs’ weight. Plasma immunoglobulins revealed a highly significant decrease (P ˂ 0.01) at 8 hrs of exposure. Newcastle virus vaccine titer revealed a highly significant decrease (P ˂ 0.01) in 4, 6 and 8 hrs of exposure. Effect size statistics revealed that mixed model ANOVA was advantageous in exhibiting the biological value of studied effects. The longer the period of exposure to ammonia beyond permissible limits, the larger negative influences can be detected. Management practice in broiler farms should include preventive measures to reduce ammonia concentrations as well as researchers should keep in mind a quantitative estimate for each effect size when conducting experimental studies.
A survey was conducted in Song Local Government Area of Adamawa State on Trypanosomiasis to determine the influence of age, sex and breed on the susceptibility to the infection. A total of 240 blood samples of different breeds, Sexes and ages of cattle were collected from randomly selected herd and analyzed in laboratory using wet, thick, thin smear and Buffy coat concentration techniques. An overall infection rate in males and females were 9.17% and 17.50% respectively, infection rates in Red Bororo, Adamawa Gudali and White Fulani were found to be 13.16%, 14.00% and 12.00% respectively. The result shows that Adamawa gudali has the highiest with White Fulani cattle having the lowest rate of infectioon. Trjpanosoma vivax infection was 9.17% and Tiypanosoma congolence was 4.16%. This result shows that the trypanosomiasis in the area is of great economic importance.Key words: Trypanosomiasis, age, sex, breed.
In Benin herders are confronted with a number of infectious diseases whose epidemiology remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to assess cattle keepers’ perception on municipalities of Benin at higher risks of the most important infectious diseases that affect dairy cattle. A total of 114 cattle keepers were enrolled from 12 municipalities known for their high dairy production in the country and their neighbouring municipals. Data were collected from August 2013 to January 2014 and subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA) followed by an ascending hierarchical classification (AHC). The study revealed that the most important infectious diseases that affect milk production according to herders are dermatophilosis, Foot-and-Mouth disease and CBPP. Tchaourou (in the North) and Dassa-Zoume (in the Centre) were reported as municipalities at higher risks of contamination. The estimation of the prevalence of these diseases and the identification of their associated risk factors is needed for devising adequate control strategies.
(Bénin). Abstract Vaccination is one of the best Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) control methods in endemic areas. The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of FMD in Northern Benin and assess the effectiveness of a newly developed vaccine using FMD virus strains identified in the study area. A total of 61 cattle were selected from the State farm of Okpara and 50 from a private farm in Gogounou. Animals were vaccinated and their sera were collected before vaccination (day 0), on the 30 th and the 120 th days post vaccination. Sampled sera were analysed for the detection of non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies. Percentages of inhibition were estimated at a cut-off value of 50%. The study revealed that the NSP rates from Gogounou were 54%, 62.5% and 48.97% on days 0, 30 and 120, respectively without a significant difference. However, from Okpara, the NSP rate of day 30 (71.19%) was not differed significantly from that of day 120 (75%). Findings show that the use of NSP alone cannot be a reliable method to conclude the effectiveness of the vaccine in cattle. Further research should be carried out on the same samples to determine the serotypes that are responsible of FMD cases in Benin for successful vaccination in the
A cross-sectional study was designed, from February, 2016 to October, 2016 using systematic random sampling technique. For the determination of (GIT) parasites, faecal samples were collected from the study animals and subjected to faecal floatation and sedimentation technique. A.suum has the highest prevalence of 147 (24.5%), then followed by Trichuris suis 96 (16.0%), Emeria species 73 (12.2%), Oesophagostomum species 58 (9.7%), strongyloides spp 41 (6.8%), Fasciola species 28 (4.7%), Isospora suis 17 (2.8%), paragonimus suis 11 (1.8%), schistosoma suis 8 (1.3%) and Taenia solum 28 (0.3%) respectively. Pigs with single infection are (53.2%), double infections (18.5%) and triple infections (80.2%). For sex boars have prevalence of (34.0%) and sows have (46.2%) with P-value of 0.0007 which is statistically significant and relative risk of 1.208. For age the young have prevalence of (27.2%) and the adults (53.0%) with P-value of 0.0066 which is statistically significant and relative risk of 1.166. For management system the extensive have a prevalence of (64.7%) while the semi intensive (15.5%) with p-value of 0.0001 which is statistically significant and relative risk of 0.7884. Dry season has prevalence of (30.2%) and (50.0%) for rainy season with p-value of 0.0001 which is statistically significant and relative risk of 0.8017. The overall prevalence for households is (66.7%) out of 485 sample pigs while for abattoir is (13.5%) out of 115 sample pigs. The overall prevalence from this study is (80.2%) out of 600 pigs sampled.
The objective of this work was to study the acaricide activity of oils extracted from kernels of T. peruviana and A. muricata with the hexane at different concentrations on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus larvae aged from 14 to 21 days. For this purpose, the Larva Immersion Test was performed. Twice dilutions of both oils were tested from a starting dilution of 40% to 2.5%. There were three repetitions for each concentration and for each oil. The control solution in which these larvae were treated consisted of Tween-20, diluted at 2% in distilled water. The experimental groups were stored in an incubator at 27 ± 1 °C and at 85-90% of relative humidity for 24 hours. The larvae mortality was greater than 55% in all tested groups and reached 100% at the 40% concentration for A. muricata , while the control group had a 0% mortality. The LC 50 and CL 90 obtained were respectively 4.0331% and 10.7594% for A. muricata and 7.0942% and 41.4247% respectively for T. peruviana . These results clearly indicate that these oils all have acaricidal effects on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus larvae. However, A. muricata oil is the most toxic. It can therefore be used as an effective alternative to control the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick and there is a high probability that it can be used for other ticks affecting cattle and even other ectoparasites in Benin and worldwide, thereby reducing the use of synthetic acaricides which are toxic to the environment and ineffective against this tick.
Ticks are a real problem for ruminant breeding including Burkina Faso and West Africa in general. This study was carried out from October 2015 to September 2016 in Gaongho pastoral zone (Burkina Faso) to determine the composition of ticks , the prevalence and risk factors (species, season and sex age) linked to the infestation of ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats). In order to do that, samples of ticks were seasonally taken on 559 ruminants sampled at random among breeders’ flocks. Four genus of ticks were found among 1,101 ticks collected: Hyalomma (39.87%), Amblyomma (31.79%), Rhipicephalus (26.16%) and Boophilus (2.18%). These ticks were more abundant in cold dry season (51.95%) than in rainy season (45.96%) and hot dry season (2.09%). The overall prevalence of the infestation was 43.39%, including 47.9% in sheep, 12.9% in goats and 39.1% in cattle with an average level of infestation of 4, 1 ± 3.6 ticks per animal. Males were more infected than females and the adults were most infected than young (p 0.05). The most favorable moments for the infestation were rainy, dry cold seasons in the Pastoral Zone of Gaongho. Therefore more effective strategies should be implemented to fight against the ticks to reduce their negative impact on ruminant production.
A cross-sectional study was conducted across Zaria metropolis to determine the bacteriological quality and occurrence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in ice cream sold to consumers by supermarkets and street traffickers. A total of 240 samples comprising 111 industrially and 129 locally produced ice creams were examined for the Total Aerobic Plate and Coliform Counts for S. aureus and E. coli and identification of the isolates were done using conventional biochemical characterization and Microbact test. The isolate were further subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test by disk diffusion method. Of the 240 samples, 19 (8.0%) were positive for S. aureus and 5 (2.0%) were positive for E. coli ; 5 (26.3%) of the S. aureus isolates were from industrially produced ice cream while 14 (73.6%) were from locally made ice cream with a statistically significant (P < 0.05). Overall, the mean Total Aerobic Plate Counts (TAPC) per ml of industrial and locally produced ice cream were 1.14 X 10 7 and 2.02 X10 7 respectively with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) and the mean counts for Total Coliform Count (TCC) per ml for industrial ice cream and local ice cream were 5.69 X 10 3 and 4.73 X 10 3 respectively. Brands of ice cream of industrially produced origin had significantly lower of S. aureus and E. coli load than those of local sources. Antibiotic susceptibility profile for S. aureus showed that all the isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility profile for E coli showed that all the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics except for Nitrofurantoin and Ciprofloxacin. Locally produced ice creams sold in Zaria appear to pose a higher health risk to consumers compared to industrially produced ice cream. It is imperative that bacteriological standards be enforced in order to prevent ice cream borne infections in humans. There is a need also to control antibiotic usage among dairy farmers and continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance trends on animals from which ice cream is sourced.
A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of group size on some behavioral patterns, body weight, body measurements and hematological parameters of domestic goat. Adult female Shiba goats (Carpa hircus) (n=12) were divided randomly to 2 groups according to the group size. The first group contains 4 animals (small size group) while the second one contains 8 animals (large size group). Behavior was recorded by using contentious focal sampling throughout the period of the study, growth parameters were measured every two weeks along the whole period of the study and blood samples were collected monthly to estimate the effect of group size on blood picture. Results revealed that group size affected significantly on some behavioral patterns of goat (P 0.05) affected by the group size.
Carpal conformation is considered to be a predisposing factor for joint damage which is common in racehorses. Radiography is the most accurate diagnostic tool to evaluate limb deformities. However, despite the accuracy, availability, and cost-effectiveness of this tool only a few conformational studies evaluating the equine carpal morphology have been published. Consequently, the established parameters are insufficient to represent this complex joint. Dorsopalmar view (DP) is the most relevant radiographic view to assess carpal deformity. This study identified a consistent equine carpal DP view and developed reliable and repeatable carpal parameters. Twenty forelimbs from 11 adult horses of different breeds and ages were used. Forelimbs were cut at the distal radius and mounted in an extended position, then radiographed using digital radiography. The DP for the carpus at zero° (ZDP) was defined and established using two landmarks. Specific radiographic features were selected as landmarks for developing carpal parameters. Establishing any parameter was based on an ability to identify its landmarks consistently. Repeatability of identified parameters was tested with each radiograph measured twice with an interval of at least one month. Ten carpal morphometrical parameters were developed. The study provided a base for measuring carpal conformation using radiographs.
Up to now, there has been limited evidence relating to the early diagnostic approach of colic in equine patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate serial measurements of selected biomarkers in both serum and peritoneal fluid (PF) in donkeys underwent experimental intestinal obstruction owing to early detection of intestinal. For this purpose, four apparently healthy male donkeys (Equus asinus) were randomly purchased based on their health condition and were thoroughly examined to rule out concurrent or even previous ailments. Following a standard pre-surgical and surgical precautions, these animals were subjected to intestinal ischemia via complete ligation of ileum and its mesentery. The animals were clinically and ultrasonographically monitored for 72 hours. Paired samples of blood and PF were collected from each animal before surgery (T0) and following surgical intervention at the following time points: T12, T24, T48 and T72 to measure the respective levels of L-lactate, nitric oxide (NO), total alkaline phosphatase (TAP), lipase and cardiac troponin I (CTnI). The results herein demonstrated that the pattern of both PF and blood lactate were significantly higher at T72 than those at other time points (P< 0.05). Serum values of NO, AP, lipase and CTnI, despite being not significantly changed among the different time points, their respective levels in the PF were altered significantly when compared with their levels in serum (P
The study aims to determine the variability of testicular morphometric traits in Djallonke sheep reared under traditional system in Benin according to the ecotype and their relationships with their body traits.Data were collected from November 2014 to December 2015 on 21 rams of North ecotype and 24 rams of South ecotype of 12 months old.It appears that chest circumference, back width, pelvis length, paired testes weight, testes length, testes diameter, testes volume, testes density, paired epididymal weight, epididymal length, epididymal volume, and the epididymal density depend on ecotype (P˂0.05).The highest chest circumference (69.24 vs 73.29 cm), back width (15.78 vs 14 cm) and pelvis length (23.03 vs 16.8 cm) were recorded in the animals of North ecotype (P˂0.05).similarly, the highest values (P˂0.05) of paired testes weight, testes length, testes diameter, testes volume, testes density, paired epididymal weight, epididymal length, epididymal volume, and the epididymal density were found in rams of North ecotype (respectively of 300.86g, 6.91 cm, 4.82cm, 146.14 ml, 1.02 g/cm 3 , 27.8 g and 20.1 cm).However, the head length, whither's height, scapulo-ischium length, scrotal length, scrotal circumference, epididymal volume and the epididymal density were similar among ecotypes and was respectively on average 18.21 cm; 54.64 cm; 60.61 cm; 14.09 cm; 22.17cm; 15.35ml and 0.87g/cm 3 .In sheep of South ecotype, the live weight was strongly and positively associated with scrotal length, scrotal circumference, paired testes weight, testes length, testes diameter, testes volume, paired epididymal weight, epididymal length and epididymal volume (0.80≤ r ≤0.90; P<0.001); while in sheep of North ecotype, the live weight was proportional to scrotal circumference, paired testes weight, testes length, testes diameter, testes volume, paired epididymal weight, epididymal length and epididymal volume (0.87≤ r ≤0.99; P<0.001).Therefore, improve live weigth will improve the gonads traits as a correlated response.
Water is the main source of life for all living creatures and water resources should be protected from draining away. There are two main sources of water that is used for water supply such as ground water and surface water. Both of them are fed by precipitation water in order to stay stable for providing consumption requirements. Thus, only one drop of precipitation water should not be wasted so storm water management practices come to light. Two of the mostly known storm water management practices are low impact development (LID) which works with nature to manage stormwater at place closer to its source and green infrastructure which uses natural processes to provide infiltration and evapotranspiration or reuses runoff on the generation area. There are many LID practices that have been used to adhere to these principles such as bio retention facilities, rain gardens, vegetated rooftops, rain barrels and permeable pavements. Green infrastructure can be used in wide range of landscapes in addition to more traditional stormwater control systems to support the principles of LID. In this research, definition and main features of LID and green infrastructure was investigated, main practices used for implementation of these methods were reviewed and two methods were compared according to their benefits.
The aim of this paper is to review traditional beekeeping in Turkey. Beekeeping is a rapidly developing part of agriculture, as it is worldwide. It provides a natural balance to the maintenance of agricultural production. Turkey has awide range of climatic and natural features and possesses millions of bee ( Apis mellifera anatoliaca) colonies with a high genetic diversity. The wide range of climate environment is a great potential for bee keeping and honey production. It is said that 75% of honey plant species and varieties are in Turkey. In different regions there are plenty of honey plants which flower at different times, allowing more production than usual for bee-keeping. Turkey is currently a major country for bee-keeping for two reasons: first, bee colonies have increased in number in recent years; secondly, modern bee hives have become greater in number. Methods of bee keeping are generally traditional, and there are a few professional and migratory bee keepers among the total. In this study, this traditional bee keeping is reviewed in the context of different regions and bee breeds.
