Carica papaya L. is well-known for its antioxidant components and consider as a Nutraceutical. The aim of this research to determine the TPC and antioxidant activities in extracts of ripe and unripe C. papaya L. fruit. Competency of the solvents (water, methanol, acetone, chloroform, ethanol) was evaluated by analyzing extracts of ripe and unripe C. papaya L. fruit for TPC and DPPH* scavenging assay. FTC method measured the level of peroxides. In TPC extraction, the water solvent showed greater potential in both ripe (10.5±2.1) and unripe fruit (4.1±0.3) amongst all other solvents. Ethanol and water solvent showed the highest value of DPPH* scavenging activity (96%±6.81 and 72%±3.50 respectively) in ripe and unripe fruit. According to an absorbance of DPPH radicals, the water solvent showed the highest antioxidant potential in ripe fruit (86%±6.78) like chloroform solvent in unripe fruit (14%±0.03). Unripe fruit showed the lowest level of absorbance of DPPH radicals and the highest antioxidant potential amid all solvents. In the FTC method, unripe fruit showed the highest antioxidant activity and low amount of peroxides for consecutively seven days. Ripe fruit showed the highest TPC and unripe fruit showed the maximum value of antioxidant potential. C. papaya L. is a good source of antioxidant activity and is used in the pharmaceutical and food industry.
Inflammation is protective response of mammalian tissue when exposed to infective agents which includes bacteria, viruses, and fungi (fungal arthritis which is caused by invasion of fungus in the body and triggers inflammation), chemical toxins like reactive oxygen species (which affect cytochrome P4502E1 by the metabolism of chemical to neoantigens triggering immunological reactions), and physical agents like heat, cold or mechanical trauma. In response to etiologic agents (physical and chemical toxins), our immunity triggers inflammation, making it distinct from infection. Infection is an invasion of toxins and resultant ill effects whereas inflammation is the union of inflammatory response and healing as well. Though this is a protective mechanism it can inflict harm to the body such as pyrexia, arthritis etc. Enumerated the famous 4 cardinal signs of inflammation so named-rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain) and later on “functio laesa” (loss of function) was added by Virchow. Apoptosis is programmed and coordinated cell death mediated by physiologic or pathologic conditions. The term “apoptosis” was discovered by Kerr Wyllie in 1972 after its discovery a century back by Carl vogt in 1842. Apoptosis can be mediated by physiologic processes include changes in body like involution of thymus in early age leading to cell death whereas pathologic processes include diseased state like in degenerative diseases of CNS (Alzehimer disease) accompanied with various biochemical changes followed by morphological changes like proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins or fragmentation of chromatin.
We have chosen molecule having moieties possessing antimicrobial activity of pyridine has been derived from benzene and its structure might be obtained by replacing a -CH moiety with a nitrogen atom. Which is reported to have antibacterial and anti-tubercular activity and other pyridine ring attached to fourth position of the benzene ring which possesses the antibacterial activity Present work deals with the preparation of pyridine 3-carboxylic acid in ethanol and thionyl chloride refluxed gives 2- {-5 pyridine-3-yl)-1, 3, 4- oxadiazole-2-yl) sulfonyl} acetohydrazide) with various substituted aromatic aldehyde and heterocyclic compound to form pyridine derivatives. Hydrazides were synthesized so as to increase intracellular concentration and so as to try and decrease the resistant developed due to decrease intracellular concentration of the drug these synthesized compounds were subjected to preliminary biological evaluation. The characterization of synthesized compounds was identified on the basis of IR, 1HNMR, Mass spectroscopy. The compounds have been evaluated for antimicrobial activity.
Introduction & Objective: Magnetic nanoparticles have found many applications because of their characteristics such as large surface area, small volume and simple separation with external magnetic field. These characteristics are very critical for drug delivery. In the current study, magnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide have been used as the central core of PAMAM dendrimer. The aim of current study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of this dandrimer on cancerous cell lines. Materials and methods: magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized through the co-precipitation method and its size was measured by an electron microscope. following, NH2 @ methyl acrylate + ethylintiamine groups were added as branches and hydroxyl group with the negative charge was placed on the end terminus of the dendrimer branchs. The size of the synthesized dendrimer was measured by SEM. In order to investigate the accuracy of the steric bond reaction between the ethylene diamine and methyl acrylate functional groups, a FTIR infrared absorption spectrometer was used to investigate the absorption peak in a range of 1720-1720 nm. In order to release the drug continuously, after loading the methyl Prednisolone drug onto a synthesized nano dendrimer, the entire collection was coated with chitosan quaternary derivative. The absorption spectrum of Prednisolone was measured at 284 nm wavelength (which is the maximum absorption peak) by the UV-visible light absorption device, and the amount of drug release was detected within 24 hours. Finally, the fatal effect of this nano-particle complex on the cancerous types GEJ-MCF 7 was investigated by inverse electron microscopy and the amount of nano-particle toxicity was measured using lactate dehydrogenase Kit and ELISA. Results: Based on the results of the electron microscope, the Fe3O4 size was in the range of 4.79 nm-6.37 nm range, which is smaller than nano-dendrimers with a range of 6.30 nm-43.67 nm. The FT-IR chart for the Methylacrylate @ Ethylendiamin esteric bond was obtained in the range of 1720 and 1730 cm -1. In this chart, the values of 600 cm-1 and 1000 cm-1 were related to Fe3O4 and Fe3O4 @ NH2, respectively. Triethyl Chitosan coated with Nanoparticle @ Drug coated with Nanoparticle @ Drug, along with trimethyl chitosan and glutaraldehyde creates a connection between TMC monomers. In this condition, glutaraldehyde helps to limit the delivery time of the drug. Also, cytotoxicity results indicated that the cell death rate in the incubated media with a complete nano-particle complex was dramatically greater than cell death rate with drug alone as well as nano-particle alone, which expresses the efficacy of the dendrimer-drug + chitosan drug complex. Conclusion: The results indicated that the synthesized nanoparticle complex by the proposed method increased the death rates in the studied cells. In addition, a low dose application of a drug in any nanoparticle compound reduces the side effects of drug, and this method is safe for cancer treatment.
The interrelationship between wound healing and phytomedicines is a long past concept that has been practiced since time immemorial and still is being considered as one of the most reliable sources of curing wounds. The process of wound healing is not a very quick process rather it is a matter of multiple steps that are involved in the process of wound healing like homeostasis and inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. A number of phytomedicines have been discovered since the primitive people were on hunt for wound cure, some of which are curcumins, picrolivs, arbenins, aloe vera etc. The beautiful science that is inducing these phytomedicines to the site of damage is something that is very fascinating. Phytomedicines are not only used in wound healing but also in numerous other treatments. Thus, phytomedicines are considered to be the future of medical aid because of the almost negligible side effects that it has in comparison to synthetic medicines.
Disturbed circadian rhythms have been related to primary despair and it can be the underlying mechanism for the disorder. The pathophysiology for depression is because of the lifestyles of half complete sleep-wake and body temperature rhythms. Rhythm-regulation offers a brand new technique for the treatment. The treatment is done by manipulating the melatonin secretion and the release of the melatonin is at its peak in the night time and is a solid marker for the circadian rhythms. Melatonin can be the trait maker for mood disorders. Metabolite 6 sulfatoxymelatonin in urine had a significant adjustment for the secretion of melatonin in the depressive patients sooner or later in the intense phase of illness. The time cycle for the secretion of melatonin can be modified by the exogenous melatonin, agonism of particular melatonin receptors withinside of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Affective problems that include primary depression, bipolar problems, and the change of a number of neuronal systems is defined as the seasonal affective problem. The addition of the classical monoaminergic hypothesis gave a lengthy explanation for pathophysiology of these problems like the robust affiliation among cardiac rhythms and the temper law has been counseled on the mild of numerous medical and preclinical findings. The exceptional hypotheses on the pathological mechanism which comes under the depressive problems and placed in the distinctive importance in the change of melatonin secretion and the related adjustment in the organic rhythms that convey the temper problems.
There is a paucity of data on the motivation for and the number of antimicrobials used in broiler chickens in Bangladesh. This paper reviews regular therapeutic applications of antimicrobials in broiler chicken manufacture in relation to Bangladeshi guidelines, observation data, and rising public health matters about antimicrobial use (AMU). Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp., were reviewed since of their animal health and financial implication. Enterococcus cecorum with Salmonella bacteria species were incorporated because of their significance in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) observation. This review recognized that i) antimicrobials are obtainable in Bangladesh to treat infections through these agents, except might be throughout in excess of the oppose or extra-label use, ii) occurrence rates intended for these diseases are unidentified, iii) antimicrobial apply estimates in broilers are missing, and iv) AMR has emerged in clinical isolates, although data are extremely light. This evaluation of this review highlights the require for observation of AMU and AMR in broiler chickens in Bangladesh. Keywords Antimicrobial, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus spp
Background: The purpose of the current study was to compare the effect of the different gear worn on the firefighters’ internal load. The study examined the HR kinetics, blood lactate, and subjective responses on a firefighting simulated ability test. Methods and findings: A total of 90 firefighters were randomly divided into three groups (Group-1 weight vest, Group-2 protective ensemble in full turnout gear, Group-3 protective ensemble in full turnout gear, and self-contained breathing apparatus). One-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance was used to assess the physiological and subjective responses among the three gear groups. Upon finishing the AT, fire-fighters reported an average RPE of 15 ± 2, where 15 represents heavy on the Borg scale. The average lactate was 12.98 mmol/l ± 2.36 mmol/l. The average HR during the tasks was (183 ± 9) bpm, which was calculated to be 99.08% ± 4.71% of the age estimated HR max (184 ± 5) bpm. Result: The results demonstrated that there was a significant multivariate effect of firefighters’ HR over time, (F(7,41)=617.26, p<0.01). Furthermore, repeated measures contrast analysis demonstrated that the HR before the beginning of task 1 was significantly higher (p<0.01) than the resting HR and significantly lower (p<0.01) than the heart rates reported after each task. There was no significant multivariate interaction effect between time and gear group (F(14,82)=1.22, p=0.27). Conclusion: It is evident that firefighting can be as strenuous with a weight vest as with full turnout gear and breathing apparatus. Therefore, a vest with the same weight as the complete protective outfit could be used effectively to simulate gear during simulated fire fighting under ambient conditions.
Four sunflower lines, eight testers, and 32 crosses developed in line × tester fashion were evaluated for Specific Combining Ability (SCA) effects in two replications randomized complete block design, in Nimpith, during 2015-2016. Genetic variability among genotypes was assessed for days to flowering, plant height, head diameter, percentage of filled achenes, 100 achene weight, hull content, volume weight, achene yield kg/hectare, oil content and oil yield kg/hectare. Crosses CMS-302A × EC-623011, CMS-302A × R-12-96, CMS-16A × EC-602060, P-2-7-1A × EC-601958, CMS-850A × EC-623029, CMS-850A × EC-512682 and CMS-16A × R-341 had significant and positive SCA effects for achene yield kg/hectare. Seven best SCA crosses are recommended to be the best hybrids for cultivation. Non-additive type of gene action was found for all of the plant traits, which is desirable for heterosis breeding and may be exploited in hybrid seed production
A study was conducted at Livestock Research and Development Station, Paharpur Dera Ismail Khan khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Pakistan to document the phenotypic and Morphometric characteristic of Niliravi Buffalo Calves. Total 25 Niliravi buffalo calves were studied. Phenotypic characteristic were recorded visually. Majority (95.1%) of Nili ravi buffalo calves have black coat color with white forehead, muzzle, tail switch and lower part of the legs. Calves with black forehead and black lower parts of the legs have also been reported. Physical characteristic (color of coat, muzzle, face, eyelash, hooves and tail switch) were recorded visually. Morphometric measurements (heart girth, body length, height at withers, ear length, forehead length neck length and tail length) were recorded by using measuring tape. Mean heart girth, body length and height at withers were recorded as 38 ± 1.70 inches 28 ± 4.78 inches and 34 ± 1.26 inches, respectively. Average birth and weaning weight was recorded 33 ± 1.22 and 65.0 ± 5.00 kg, respectively. Average daily growth rate up to weaning of Niliravi buffalo calves was recorded 0.35 kg. Nilli-Ravi buffalo is an indigenous breed of Pakistan and is ranked as an important dairy breed of buffalo.
Leicester university geneticist Alec Jeffrey’s develops a technique called DNA finger printing in 1985 it allows the DNA sample from different people to be compared look for similarities and differences. It used the solving crime and can confirm if the people are related to each other like paternity testing. There is section of chromosomes where an instead of gene consisting of a long sequence of bases, they are usually 15-100 base pairs long that are repeated in many times these repeated sequences called Variable Number of Tandem Repeat. we can know the VNTR sequence of any person than we can design a gRNA. Let's say you have a DNA sample with fluorescent labeled from victim and you want to make sure that VNTR sequence you are interested is in match with victim. We can design a CRISPR to scan through DNA or find specific VNTR. The CRISPR scan the DNA if the CRISPR does not find targeted VNTR it does not bind to it its means that no fluorescence color appears under UV-light but its scan and find its target and this binding create a fluorescence signal its means that VNTR can be occur in a DNA
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) has become more popular in recent years because of its low toxicity and its broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological applications. These applications include antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapototic, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, anti-proliferative and anti-platelet activities. Traditionally, ginger can be propagated by using the fingers of the ginger rhizomes however early in the crop, disease can cause severe losses. Ginger propagation is usually performed with rhizome which depends on the availability of good quality seed rhizome. Alternatively, tissue culture technology can be used for the propagation of ginger. Tissue culture ginger has been considered vital for germplasm conservation and the resuscitation of the ginger industry in Jamaica in response to the ginger rhizome rot disease. Research from trials (unpublished) performed at the Scientific Research Council (SRC), Jamaica, indicated that the yellow variety of the Jamaican ginger have a lower multiplication rate than the Jamaican blue variety. Micro propagation of the Jamaica yellow explants was done on three growth media types. Explants were cut to approximately 1cm in height and transferred to media (S, F, M ). The shoots developed in vitro were separated and subcultured on same medium for multiplication and rooting over a 6-week period. Growth parameters were evaluated during the course of the study. These included number of shoots, height of shoot and number of leaves. This study aims to investigate the performance of Jamaica’s yellow ginger variety on different nutrient media. Media M appears to be the most effective for the growth and multiplication of Jamaican yellow ginger variety when compared to Media S and F. However, there remains a need for further research in improving media M to obtain optimal growth of ginger explants in vitro
Prepared to eat suya (dried smoked meat) tests were gathered from suya processors in four unique areas inside Ado-Ekiti and Akure, two state capitals in South West, Nigeria. Studies on the microbiological nature of suya was done. The dampness substance went from 47.80 to 50.00% (Ado) and 46.50 to 52.01% (Akure). The microscopic organisms means the examples were 0.30 – 0.4 × 105 cfu/g (Ado) and 0.3 – 0.85 × 105 cfu/g (Akure) while parasites checks; ran from 0.10 – 0.2 × 105 cfu/g (Ado) and 0.10 – 0.22 × 105 cfu/g (Akure). Fifteen (15) general of microflora were segregated, portrayed and distinguished. The confined were eight (8) microbes, four (4) molds and three (3) yeast. The accompanying species recorded greatest rate event; Staphylococcus, coliforms and Aspergillus spp. The separation of plausible likely microbes from suya tests broke down is of general wellbeing criticalness.
BACKGROUND:Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with economic and public health significance in developing countries that rely on livestock production including Ethiopia. This study intended to establish the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of ovine brucellosis.METHODS:A cross-sectional study was carried out on seroepidemiology of ovine brucellosis from January 2017 to June 2020 G.C in five districts of South Omo zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 1536 sera samples were collected from sheep and serially tested using modified Rose Bengal plate test, competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and complement fixation test to detect antibodies against natural infection by Brucella species. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from individual animals, and flocks for the analysis of the association between expounding and outcome variables. Data were analyzed using STATA version 14.0 and potential risk factors for seropositivity of brucellosis were analyzed using logistic regression.RESULTS:The study discovered an overall 5.40% (95% CI: 6.34, 14.25) and 39.74% (95% CI: 6.50, 6.97) seroprevalence of ovine brucellosis at individual and flock level, respectively, by a confirmatory test. Age groups, sex, flock size, district, history of abortion, and body condition were significantly associated risk factors with Brucella seropositivity (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION:To conclude, the prevalence of ovine brucellosis in the South Omo Zone was relatively high which needs integrated intervention approaches in place to curb the spread of the disease.
The association's hierarchical profile assumes a significant part in long haul serious accomplishment of a drug organization. Truth be told, fitting size and capability of an association, regarding both HR and cycles, join to control viability and effectiveness of firm, thus, stay with in a place of enduring financial balance. Moreover, it is realized that an association, regardless individuals who, over long haul, have been a piece of it, profits by a level of expertise, experience and realizing which together go about as a switch for serious achievement: an immaterial trait that is practically free from situation of firm at some random time. Along these lines, it would not be ill-advised to consider a firm as a superstructure in which individuals, cycles and skill are each just a single part, regardless of whether coordinated, of complete association. This viewpoint is legitimate and addresses a significant achievement switch regardless of whether it is coordinated towards drug firms whose hierarchical profile is influenced by current model of logical data. Useful limits of a drug firm proceed all through item advancement stage, from creation to real deal. The accomplishment of drug firm is production of an arrangement of immaterial qualities that are connected to having logical information available and in this way objective market. Truth be told, the authoritative arrangement of skill incorporates key, usable and administration limits, which firms have procured over span of years because of definition of information which came from thump on-impact of various and heterogeneous polished methodology. This supposition gives further affirmation that excited quest for cooperative energy in economies of extension is fundamental explanation for various consolidations inside drug area 1 . Another component that qualifies association's authoritative attributes lies in worldwide idea of item: adequacy that a medication has on a specific pathology typically not relies upon topographical territory where patient can be found. Plainly this homogeneity in shoppers (and in items) on a worldwide scale could address a strength that encourages sensitive period of valorization of current collaborations between 1 as a result, development of drug market on a worldwide scale, complete expense of exploration regarding both monetary and HR just as time, have encouraged a solidification wonder in firms. The hidden justification this is a mindfulness that solitary significant associations can be serious. various branches of a similar firm working in different countries2 . This supposition, which is valid for most of worldwide firms in drug business, takes on emphatically contorted attributes due basically to various nearby administrative frameworks. Truth be told, administrative framework - which, as of now said, shifts essentially from one country to another - has suggestions on all authoritative stages in firm which are ...subject to explicit mandatory regulatory approvals that frequently include long time-frames before approval is conceded. In any case, contrasts in administrative structure keep drug firms from embracing worldwide techniques which is reflected in capacities and in information that is developed a lot inside association. This implies that it isn't on whole correct to guess a sort of homogenization of drug firms hierarchical design at same time, unexpectedly, it is important to check lucidness with climate of reference. Unquestionably, nonetheless, drug market and its separate guidelines are in steady and constant advancement, thus advertises that are presently removed as far as essentials, may, after some time, meet up and bad habit versa3 . All in all, a drug firm ought to be considered in its harmony and not around world, considering that previously mentioned particularities address absolutely unconventional qualities that will be attempted inside singular zones. 2 Global firms could set up a solitary business division, like a solitary faculty office, etc. Despite fact that, as will be illustrated, this model isn't entirely doable. 3 For this situation multinationals can luckily utilize information created in a locale that has effectively outperformed a particular stage for their careful necessities in different areas which are described by an alternate level of advancement.
Bats are the second largest order of mammals and they are useful animal in ecosystem. Vision is fundamentally important sense in animals for perceiving their environment, but in bats less well known. So in present study, the isolated retina of the frugivore bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) by scanning and transmission electron microscope. The retinal cells and layer thickness were measured by using Grids-stero lite software. Findings showed that large eye was hemispherical, and ratio of the eye’s diameter to the body length was 1:18.83. Retina layers conform to the general mammalian blueprint, but it was undulating with 106.61±16.19μm thickness. Inner nuclear layer was the thickest layer (18.52±1.55). Retina is duplex with dominant rod cells, especially in centralis [≈25cell/(100μ)2], and Cone/ Rod ratios was 1/ 7.95. Furthermore, 4 morphologically different types of cells with different density and distribution were observed in inner nuclear layer. The retinal epithelial was thin with poor pigmentation and its surface was covered by microvilli. According to obtained results, this species of bat can be active in both dim light and daylight.
The present study has been carried out between September 2009 to August 2010 for the study of decpod crustacean diversity from Dandi creek,Maharashtra.Total five stations were selected for the collection of zooplankton(crustaceans) out of which 3 stations were in the creek and 2 stations were in offshore region. Decapod forms the second largest group in Dandi creek with their average percentage contribution to total zooplankton population. . At station1the population ranged between 5652 to 23928/100 mg3(av.13861.53/100mg3), at station 2 5637 to 40479/100mg3 (av.15582.6/100mg3),station 3 3659 to 30790 /100mg3 (av.17941.93/100mg3 ), station 4 5594 to 33721/100mg3 (av.15655.13 /100mg3) and station 5 3660 to 27400/100mg3 (av.12890/100mg3). During the present investigation total 24 species of planktonic decapod belongs to 18 genera and 13 families were encountered in the zooplankton collection . Brachyuran larvae extremely dominated over the other decapods suggesting the potential for a good crab fishery in Dandi creek. The second abundant group was segrestid followed by pennaeids, anomurans and carideans. Scyllaridae, Stenopidae and Thalassinidae were poorly reported during the present investigation. Due to growth of several industries, industrial discharge and developmental activities, construction activities in the recent years around Dandi creek area the health of this ecologically important estuarine ecosystem is under threat.
The distribution and diversity of macrofoulers along the coastal areas of Tarapur Atomic Power Plant(19.86°N , 72.68 °E) and Dahanu Thermal power Station(19.97, 72.73 ) °E in Palghar district of Maharashtra state. Macrofoulers being a prominent community in rocky coasts, the influence of environmental parameters on the prevailing species was also explored. FeyotnfeHydroideselegans, Pernaviridis, Modiolusmodiolus, Modiolusstriatulus, Modiolus undulates, Balanus Amphitrite, Crassostreacuttackensis, Saccostreacuculata, Ilyanassaobsoleta ,Chiton,Nassariussp. ,Mytilusgalloprovincialis, Myaarenaria, Martesiastriata, Pholas sp., Bankiasp.,etc. There was a wide variation in the colonies of macrofoulers. The overall dominant species were hydroids and barnacles throughout the study period. In Tarapur coast, hydroids were dominant during January, followed by barnacles and amphipods. Additionally, complete dominance of barnacles was observed in the Dahanu coast during May. Barnacles were found dominant on the bottom of boats during April, followed by hydroids and crabs. Barnacles formed a major contribution of the macro fouling organisms throughout the study period. Significant variation in the occurrence and abundance of fouling organisms was observed between two coastal sites. Physico-chemical parameters including Depth, temperature, pH, Salinity, DO, BOD, Nitrates, Nitrites, total nitrogen, inorganic phosphate, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a , phyophytin and phytoplankton showed significant variations during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons.
There is a paucity of data on how human vaping behaviors modifies E-Cigarette (E-cig) exposures, making it difficult to assess the associated risk. This pilot study aimed to investigate the toxicity of e-cigs to humans by investigating changes in DNA damage-response genes in buccal and blood samples. Samples from three subjects (2 Males and 1 Female) were evaluated using RT-qPCR. Each subject made three visits to the lab (nTOT=9 visits); buccal and blood samples were collected before and after scripted vaping 20 puffs (nTOT=18 samples); vaping topography data were collected in each session. Subjects used their own e-cig containing 50:50 Propylene Glycol (PG): Vegetable Glycerine (VG)+(3-6) mg/ml nicotine. After exposure, the tumor suppressor TP53 was significantly (p<0.05) upregulated in buccal samples which was accompanied by changes in other DNA damage and repair genes. TP53 expression was puff volume and flow rate dependent in both tissues. In blood, the significant downregulation of N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), a base excision repair gene, was consistent across all subjects. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that DNA repair and cell cycle pathways were the most enriched pathways after e-cig exposure in buccal swab samples. In blood, DNA repair and cancer were the most dominant pathways. This is the first study to demonstrate that vaping 20 puffs significantly alters expression of TP53 along with several other DNA damage genes in human tissues; vaping behavior is an important modifier of this response. A larger study is needed to confirm these relationships.
Riccia covernosa Hoffm. is reported for the first time for the state Tamil Nadu from the country India. Detailed morphological descriptions of Riccia covernosa are provided to facilitate easy identification.
