The author analyzes the earliest English judicial texts, the laws of Kentish kings (c. 601-c. 696) which survived in an early 12th-century manuscript, Textus Roffensis. The paper attempts to solve some crucial issues concerning these laws: their dating, localization as much as their structural division. Special attention is paid to the reconstruction of the exemplars of Textus Roffensis' judicial texts such as Kentish laws (f. 1r-8v) and the law-code of Alfred and Ine (f. 9r-31v). The author analyzes some codicological features of f. 1r-31v, especially alterations in these folios, and concludes that there were two different exemplars of these two parts of Textus Roffensis.
The chapter concentrates its attention on the main concerns about national policy after the October revolution and during the Civil War. After Bolsheviks came to power, the self-determination principle was closely related to the problem of establishing the Soviet rule through all of Russia.
In this chapter the main concepts of nation and nationalism origins, as well as historiography of national question in Russia, are examined. Research guidelines discuss Soviet Union imperialism, history of peoples of Russia and shift of importance from the ethnocultural aspects to the problem of development of national state.
The article is devoted to the position of representatives of ethnic groups (Greeks, Albanians, Vlachs and Slavs) in the circle of political elite in the State of Epirus in 1205-1261. Status of these aristocrats was, in general, equal: they possesed large land estates and hold posts in central government. The ethnos consolidating elite was Greek, as it was the largest group of nobility. Similar was the position of Greeks and non-Greeks in the Nicean Empire. These testify to similar processes of formation of political elite in the two Greek states.
The article is devoted to the diplomatic mission of Leonardo Spinelli, a canon at Santa Maria del Fiore, who brought to England the sword and cap of maintenance, presented to Henry VIII by the Pope Leo X. My aim is to give an overview of this mission and to shed a new light on Leonardo Spinelli (1473-1521), his life and activities. For this, I draw on hitherto unknown sources from the Spinelli Family Archive (Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Yale University. Spinelli Archive. Gen Mss 109), mainly the private letters of Tommaso Spinelli (1472-1522), a well-known Tudor diplomat. This research explores the role of family and private connections in daily work of the Tudor diplomats and helps to establish what kind of technics and tools they employed to achieve their personal goals and those of their peers. The study consists of three parts. The first introductory part briefly covers England's participation in the so-called War of the League of Cambrai (1508-1516), pointing out the key moments of the Anglo-papal relations during this period, which made the Leonardo Spinelli's mission to England necessary. The central part of the article takes a closer look on Leonardo's biography, traces his family ties with his maternal relatives Gualterotti, and outlines the impact of Medici patronage on his life and fortunes. Here I draw particular attention to the role of his brother Tommaso and his connections with the English party at the Roman court (Christopher Bainbridge, Silvestro Gigli and Adriano Castellesi) in obtaining the papal favour for Leonardo's promotion to the positions of the papal chamberlain and nuncio. The third part presents an overview of Leonardo's mission itself, mapping the new data from the unpublished documents on the well-known descriptions from the Venetian diplomats' and the royal herald's reports on it.
The article focuses on the conflict of interests between German reformers during the implementation of the reforms aimed at creating a religious organization based on the principles of the believers' universal priesthood and the communities' autonomy. Specific examples indicate that their official and material interests significantly affected their position in elimination of church institutions, hierarchies, and the Pope's church cult. In their programs the Wittenberg reformers raised the question of the abolition of the church posts, but they still were the high-rank officials in different bodies of church management. The loss of such 'profitable' places was a menace to their welfare and forced them into seeking for alternative sources of income. More than that, the communities demanded independency of their pastors' elections. Article deals with the examples of reformers' socialization in new life conditions. A number of Luther's supporters rejected the reform plans and became priests in the principalities which were not involved in the reformation. Some church ministers, such as Nicholaus Amsdorf, rejected promotion to high ranks and a part of payment for liturgy. Nevertheless, such a voluntary rejection didn't find many followers, lots of church officials insisted on postponing the abolition of conventional liturgy that provided high incomes for the church institutions. The attempts of Andreas Karlschtadt, a famous reformer and Doctor of Theology, to create independently an autonomous community in the town of Orlamund and to carry out his own program of 'a new layman' are also analyzed in the article. The author considers the project as an example of the clergy socialization, their voluntary rejection of the previous service and transition into the burghers and peasantry. Some of such priests could have been elected by the communities as their pastors. Analyzing the causes of the failure of the reformer's plan, the author pays attention to the difficulties which made Karlschtadt to renounce his radical decisions to abandon his posts and ranks (Doctor of Theology, a university professor, an archdeacon) and to take up peasants' labour. The economic factor turned out to be an effective mean that the prince's authorities used to press the reformers. The situation became more difficult because of the Prince Friedrich of Saxony's support to shtift conservatives. This prince didn't hurry with the abolition of the Pope's church cult and its institutions. The 1526 liturgy reform, carried out by the prince's authorities, allowed to save the clergymen's basic sources of income. The analysis of the reformers' position in implementing of the idea of universal priesthood of believers allows to state that their ideological and theological persuasions motivated them to carry out the reforms and create a new religious community, whose structure was outlined in Luther's program. Ultimately, the conflict between the material and religious interests led to the protection of the church institutions with their further integration into the system of the prince's territory churchism.
The article examines the "media preparations" of the Russian conquest of the Middle Asia. It analyzes various forces which influenced shaping of public opinion in favor of or against the Russian policy in the Middle Asia. The paper outlines actors of shaping of public opinion and methods they used.
The article deals with the stages, methods and results of religious policy of James II Stuart. The aim of the article is to determine the character and direction of religious reforms of that king. Author makes an attempt of comparison analysis of crown's policy in different kingdoms of Stuart's monarchy. The author proves that the main purpose of James II was universal religious toleration to all his subject and was not Counterreformation.
The concept of T. Kuhn's "paradigm" extended to new concept of "paradigmpentad", which is considered in the context of archaeological science. On the basis of proposed Euler - Venn - Zarenkov - Shchapova's diagram processes of development and formation of archaeological science theoretical components is simulated, the principles of archeology and archaeological knowledge distinction is proposed, their didactic and practical importance is defined. Substantial five-member periodization of the archaeological science development is demonstrated.
The article analyzes a short passage from the Guibert of Nogent's Dei Gesta per Francos (God's Deeds through the Franks) which is placed before the account of the life of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. In this passage the French theologian drew a very broad picture of the Orient seen as a vast region where the teaching of Muhammad had emerged and where the Crusaders had to fight against the infidels. The author of the article tries to interpret the sense and the contents of this text. She raises the question of how this passage about the Orient is related to the biography of Muhammad, what is the task it performs in the narrative and how the Orient is portrayed by one of the most well-known First Crusade chroniclers.
The article analyses the contribution of E. V. Gutnova (1914-1992), a well-known Russian historian-mediaevalist, in the formation of Maitlandovedenie in national historiography. Maitlandovedenie is dedicated to the study of scientific biography and heritage of F. W. Maitland (1850-1906), the outstanding British historian, historian of law, and heritage of his scholars and apostles from the middle of 1880s towards nowadays. The studies of E. V. Gutnova in Maitlandovedenie of the end of the 1940-s - the middle of the 1980s along with E. A. Kosminskiy, O. L. Vaynshteyn, M .A. Barg, Ya.A. Levitskiy continued the traditions of A. N. Savin and P. G. Vinogradoff and formed the foundation of Russian Maitlandovedenie. The theme "F. W. Maitland and the critical trend" was worked by E. V. Gutnova within the context of her main themes - the history of Medieval England and the historiography of history of the Middle Ages. In F. W. Maitland's and the historians' of the critical trend works E. V. Gutnova was interested principally in the problems of feudal state and early parliamentarism, which she studied during forty years. The contribution of E. V. Gutnova to the formation of Russian Maitlandovedenie is the following: the critical trend in English historiography, with F. W. Maitland ahead, was highlighted as the subject of scientific research; the critical trend was represented and studied as conceptionaly unified trend with its own specialties of theoretical and methodological approaches, sources, scientific problems; the primary list of the historians-"critics" in England and partly in USA in the end of the 19th - the first half of the 20th century was defined (F. W. Maitland, A. Pollard, J. Jolliffe, Ch. Mcllwain, J. Baldwin); the main problems in the works of "critics" - the law-state and the social-economic history of England chiefly of early Middle Ages - were denoted; the question of the theoretical and methodological bases of "critics" works was put forward; the continuity of F. W. Maitland's law-state conception in "parliamentistic" and "corporatistic" historiography in the 1930s - 1950s was examined; the merits and the influence of the historians of the critical trend on the Middle Ages history in England and USA were revealed; the evolution of views of E. V. Gutnova on the positions and value of "critical" historiography, the softening of rigid critic in Marxist approaches afforded her to create the holistic, capacious and on the whole the true picture of scientific heritage of F. W. Maitland and the critical trend in English historiography.
This work is devoted to issues of perception by Latin writers of 11th - 12th centuries of such diverse ethno-cultural communities of the Middle Ages, as the Normans and the Seljuk Turks. It turns out that in the view of medieval chroniclers these communities were able to have a common origin. The myth of the Trojan origin was extremely popular in Western Europe over the centuries. In this era the myth of the Trojan origin was not only a relic of the Roman Empire, but actively working as a model of political ideology. Being false in its essence this myth had a significant influence both on relations between peoples and states of Western Europe and on their relations with the Seljuk Turks during the Crusades. It is obvious that the understanding of how Latin authors explain the origin of the Normans and Seljuk Turks will help cast a light upon on the real story of the relationship of these peoples in Asia Minor.
This article is an interpretation of the corpus of travel writing, which includes 142 personal narratives of travels through Tyumen transit region, in borderland area of Perm and Tobolsk governments, from the XVIIth to the beginning of the XXth centuries. The geographical topoi (common places) of this tradition of travel writing are shown as a joint result of a) the evolution of the travel writing as a literary phenomenon and b) the transport history of the region.
The article is devoted to the problem of the British public opinion perception of the colonial wars in the end of the 19th century.
