An experiment was conducted in the research field of College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, during 2019-20 to study the effect of different colour mulches, fertigation levels and levels of irrigation on growth and yield of pigeonpea. Two levels of fertigation (75% RDF and 100% RDF), three levels of irrigation (60% ET, 80%ET and 100% ET) and three color plastic mulches (white, silver, black and control) were the treatments. All the parameters like plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, chlorophyll content, soil moisture and soil temperature at surface and at 10 cm depth, leaf area index, harvest index, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, test weight, seed yield, dry matter production recorded highest in the white mulch with 100 per cent RDF and 100 per cent ET. The maximum seed yield (2161.69kg ha-1) was recorded with 100 per cent RDF. Lowest seed yield (2001.48 kg ha-1) was observed with the application of 75 per cent RDF. Drip irrigation at 100 per cent ET produced significantly maximum yield (2302.88 kg ha-1) and minimum yield was recorded in 60 per cent ET (2161.38 kg ha-1). Among plastic colour mulches, white plastic mulch produced significantly maximum yield (2384 kg ha-1). While minimum yield was recorded in the control treatment (2001.57kg ha-1).Water use efficiency was found to b emaximum in 100 per cent RDF, 100 per cent ET and white plastic mulch (5.71 kg ha-1 mm-1). Nitrogen and phosphorous use efficiency was 111.01% and 55.5%, respectively in 100 per cent RDF, 100 per cent ET and white plastic mulch.
A field experiment was carried out with 100 diverse indigenous genotypes of bread wheat along with four checks in Augmented Block Design for genetic variability, character association and divergence analysis, divided in to 6 blocks of equal size. Each block had 20 plots of test entries along with 4 checks (viz. NW-2036, DBW-14, NW-1014 and NW-1076). The trial was conducted at Main Experimental Station Research Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) during Rabi 2019-20. The observations were recorded on eleven quantitative characters viz. days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, flag leaf area, spike length, number of spikelet per spike, test weight/(1000-grain weight), grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index. Results revealed that 96 indigenous lines and 4 check varieties of wheat were grouped into eleven distinct clusters by using nonhierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. It indicated the existence of high degree of genetic diversity present in the varieties/lines. Therefore, these varieties/lines may serve as valuable source for selection of diverse parents. The maximum intra-cluster distance was found for cluster IX followed by cluster III and cluster II. The minimum intra-cluster distance was recorded for cluster IV followed by cluster I and cluster II. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters IX and V, followed by cluster IX and IV, cluster VIII and V. The lowest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster VIII and VI followed by cluster VI and I, cluster IX and VI. Hence, crosses should be made between these widely related genotypes located in intra and inter cluster distances, to get desirable extent of heterotic potential in order to increase the production and productivity of wheat in North Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh.
Due to lack of awareness of Pithecellobium dulce and being an underutilized crop, very few investigations have been done on it of which it has been proved to be a very good source for nutraceuticals and anti-oxidants having a great potential to be used in medicinal and food purposes. Keeping this in view the aril powder was incorporated in the multigrain pasta. Owing to high sugar content and acidic nature, to prevent browning of the arils during the drying process, the arils are subjected to blanching and 0.5% KMS, 1% KMS and 1% Ascorbic Acid pretreatments, among which 0.5% KMS treatment is observed to produce a visually preferable color. Drying is carried out at 75 ℃ for 4 hours, followed which the arils are subjected to comminution for development of the powder with particle size 300μ. Chemical analysis after incorporation into the product proves the 10% camachile fruit powder to have higher content of ash, crude fiber and protein i.e. 5%, 3.5% and 7% respectively along with organoleptic overall acceptability of the product with a scoring rate of 6.5-7.5% thus indicating its successful utilization in convenience foods.
Dietary fibre constitutes a mixture of chemical entities which includes non-digestible carbohydrate, lignin and other associated substances of plant origin, fibres of animal origin and modified or synthetic non-digestible carbohydrate polymers. Chevon rolls are made using dried apple pomace (DAP) at 2, 4 and 6% levels and corn bran (CB) at 3, 6 and 9% levels. Combinations of DAP and CB were also tried. DAP at 6% level, CB at 3% level and their combination (DAP +CB) at 2% + 3% levels were found to be organoleptically acceptable and selected for further study. Addition of fibre resulted in a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in moisture and protein content while no significant difference was found in fat and ash content. Crude fibre content increased significantly in treated rolls and highest crude fibre content (1.68%) was noticed in rolls containing DAP. pH decreased signifi cantly in rolls containing DAP and its combination. Water holding capacity and emulsion stability of chevon rolls increased significantly as a result of fibre incorporation which also resulted in a significant increase in cooking yield. Polyphenolic content increased in fiubre enriched rolls and highest polyphenolic content of 49.22 mg/100 g was found in DAP added chevon rolls. It is concluded that organoleptically acceptable and health enhancing chevon rolls enriched with dietary fibre and antioxidants like polyphenols can be prepared by using different ditary fibres.
An investigation was conducted with nine diverse parents to develop thirty-six F1’s and F2’s by using half-diallel mating design to estimate heterosis and inbreeding depression for fruit yield and its components in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.]. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among parents, F1’s and F2’s for all the characters studied. High heterosis for fruit yield per plant was reflected through high heterosis for number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth and average fruit weight in most of crosses. High magnitude of heterobeltiosis for fruit yield per plant was recorded in the cross, Arka Bahar x Santosh followed by Punjab Long x Santosh, Punjab Long x NDBG-15, Punjab Long x JBOGL-01-42 and Punjab Long x JBGL-43. The highest standard heterosis for fruit yield per plant was registered by the cross Arka Bahar x Santosh followed by Punjab Long x Santosh, Punjab Long x NDBG-15, NDBG-15 x Santosh and Punjab Long x JBGL-43. Two crosses viz., JBOGL-01-42 x PBOG-88 and Aruna x Santosh exhibited significant and lowest inbreeding depression for fruit yield per plant. The crosses with high heterotic values for fruit yield per plant and its important attributes also showed high inbreeding depression. The cross combinations, Arka Bahar x Santosh and Punjab Long x Santosh were the most promising cross combinations for fruit yield per plant, on the basis of their high heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis in both F1 and F2 generations and thus, can be utilized effectively in the breeding programme.
The current examination was laid out using 30 fenugreek genotypes at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur during Rabi, 2020-2021 in randomized block design with three replication. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for the characters under study indicating presence of sufficient variability among the genotypes. Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was somewhat higher than the respective Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for all the character reflecting that the environment had little effect on the characters. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was highest for number of pods per plant followed by number of branches per plant, seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index. The high heritability estimates coupled with high genetic gain for number of branches per plant, protein %, and 100 seed weight.
The aim of the study was to develop nutritionally rich cracker by incorporation of guar meal protein isolate. The physical properties of developed test crackers had weight between 13.12 to 13.40 g, highest spread ratio and puffiness was observed for sample C0 viz 13. 92 and 3.43%. The proximate composition revealed a high protein content of 16.36% for C3 sample, while texture analysis revealed a hardness of 17.12 kg for C1. The C2 test food cracker revealed highest food acceptability and was microbially safe for 90 days.
Mites are considered as one of the major polyphagous non insect-pests which damage various crop plants causing yield and quality loss by sucking out the contents of plant sap. A major polyphagous mite specie, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is classified under the family Tetranychidae which attacks on various crops and vegetables in field as well as greenhouses. Mites can be controlled by use of various acaricides, but as per present market demand, biological management of mites is getting very much attention. Stethorus spp. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) is a very efficient predator of mites being used as biological control. Larval and adult stages of Stethorus spp. are predatory in nature and it generally completes its life cycle in about 43 days. In general, third instar grub and adult stages are observed with the highest predatory potential for eggs, nymphs and adult stages of different mite species. Other than mites, it also feeds on aphids and their honeydew, whiteflies, floral nectars and pollens at some extent.
Diabetes is a lifestyle disorder that needs a combination of medication, diet and exercise for effective glycemic control and to minimize the long term complications associated with the disease. This can be possible through education, which provides the opportunity to develop necessary skills to be self –reliant. Education through digital media would be effective due to its fast reach to all kinds of patients. With this, intention the present paper aimed to assess the impact of digital media on the self care skills of the diabetic patients. Two hundred respondents suffering from type2 diabetes from Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh were selected based on a simple random sampling method. A total of 90 text and 30 voice messages and 8 animated modules were disseminated for two months as a part of digital media education and assessed the post intervention changes in the self care skills of the respondents with a time gap of two months. The major findings of the study revealed that there was a significant improvement among the overall skills of the respondents in all the three areas of information. The improvement in clinical skills was found to be higher with a percent increase of 22.91% compared to the nutrition and management skills (19.08%, 9.85%) respectively. Thus, delivery of SMS mobile- based interventions and animation modules has bridged an effective communication channel to endeavor behavioral change, enhance disease specific self care skills and subsequently improve health outcomes.
The field trials were conducted during the two consecutive kharif seasons 2016-17 and 2017-18 with three mulching and three irrigation levels viz. 60%, 80%, 100% CPE (cumulative pan evaporation) to determine the growth and yield attributes of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) in Vindhyan plateau of Madhya Pradesh. Mulching and irrigation levels significantly affected (P
Guggul - an oleo-resin gum of immense medicinal value is tapped from a bushy shrub Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari distributed in semi-arid and rocky regions in Indian sub continent. C. wightii is an IUCN data deficient plant. Increase in the annual demand of guggul gum to the tune of 1000 metric ton, there is an increase in destructive tapping of C. wightii, which is a serious concern. Generally guggul gum from the site of its tapping to the site of processing or value addition being distantly far off, improper post harvest handling, storage and transport results in qualitative loss of its crucial bio-active compounds. Among the four containers (earthen clay pot, plastic jar, polythene bag and jute bag) evaluated for long term storage of guggul the earthen clay pot was the best in terms of Total Guggulsterone (TG) content. In earthen clay pot the TG of guggul gum was maintained over 1% for four months while Total Volatile Oils (TVO) 1% for nine months. In jute bag TG rapidly deteriorated within one month.
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary incorporation of ayurvedic pharmaceutics Panchagavya gritham residue based diet on various haematological parameters in Malabari kids for a period of 90 days. Fifteen healthy male kids were selected and divided into three groups of five each. The dietary treatments were T1 control diet (kid starter alone), T2 and T3 kid starter with 10 and 20 per cent of ayurvedic pharmaceutics Panchagavya gritham residue, respectively. Haemato-biochemical parameters of the kids were analysed at the beginning (1st day) and end (90th day) of the trial. On 1st day all the blood parameters were similar between the treatments. On 90th day Panchagavya gritham had no effect on haematological parameters, viz., Haemoglobin, RBC, WBC, MCH and MCV and Biochemical parameters, viz., total protein, AST, ALT, total cholesterol and total triglycerides are similar among the treatment and unsupplemented control group.
The field experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal to study the performance of twelve different maize cultivars under organic farming during kharif 2014 in a vertisol. The twelve varieties of maize viz. Kanchan, Arawali, Sona-222, JM-8, JM-12, JM-216, Pratap-5, Pratap-6, Proagro-4412, CPGB-4202, Popcorn-1 and Sweetcorn were grown in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications under organic farming. The cultivars were raised with 100 kg N ha-1 through cattle dung manure, vermicompost and poultry manure in equal proportion (1:1:1) on nitrogen equivalent basis under under rainfed condition. The growth and yield attributes and yield of all the cultivars were recorded at periodic intervals (at 45 DAS, 75 DAS and Harvest). The results of the present study showed that the cultivar Proagro-4412 and Kanchan resulted in higher yield to the tune of 3.4 to 3.5 tons/ha. However Popcorn-1 and Sweetcorn were the least responsive cultivars under organic farming. Cultivars JM-12, JM-8 also resulted higher yield those were significantly lower than Kanchan and Proagro-4412. Most of the maize cultivars were able to perform under organic farming practices. Among the studied cultivars of maize, Proagro-4412 and Kanchan showed better performance as compared to rest varieties.
In this experiment quality of osmotically dehydrated pineapple slices treated with different sugar syrup concentrations was analyzed. Effect of osmotic dehydration on weight loss (%), dry weight (g/100g), Rehydration ratio (%), Dehydration ratio (%) were investigated to find out the osmotic dehydration technique as a pre-treatment for further pineapple slices drying. The pineapple slices were cut into 0.5mm thickness and were subjected to different sugar syrup concentrations viz. 35°B, 40°B, 45°B, 50°B, 55°B, 60°B for 24 hours and control as no treatment. In all the six treatments 750g of pineapple slices were immersed. After osmotic dehydration it is kept under drying in tray drier at 60°c until it gets desired moisture. Weight loss (%) is highest in control as there is no treatment and maximum weight loss (%) observed in T1 at (35°B). Dry weight (g/100g) is highest in (25.21g/100g). Dehydration ratio and rehydration ratio (%) is highest (22.04%) and (3.31%) respectively in control and minimum observed in (3.61%) and (2.21%) in T6 (60°B). The present experiment results revealed that weight loss, rehydration and dehydration ratio (%) were highest in control and maximum in T1 (35°B), whereas dry weight (g/100g) is highest in T6 (60°B) and lowest in control (4.53%).Thus, it is concluded that weight loss, dehydration and rehydration ratio are found in control and maximum values are observed in T1 (35°B). However dry weight (g/100g) is found highest (25.21g/100g) in T6 (60°B).
The genus Manilkara includes 135 plants that distributed Worldwide. In this review we had discussed three popular plants from Genus Manilkara. i.e. M. bidentata (A.DC.) is native to South America. M. hexandra (Roxb.) and M. zapota (L.) are native to South Asia. Above mentioned species from Manilkara i.e. M. hexandra and M. zapota are known for their medicinal properties and pleasant taste. Traditionally these species are used in wound healing, inflammation and fever. All the three species of the Genus have been largely explored for their anticancer and antibacterial activities.
Nutraceuticals is a word made by combining two words ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceuticals’. Nutraceuticals prevent various chronic diseases of human beings. They cure or inhibit the disorders which are related to oxidative stress, e.g. cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammation, eye and immune disorders. Presently, nutraceuticals may be called as the bridge between “food” and “medicine”. Nutraceuticals may be herbal products, regular nutritive products, withdrawn nutrients, vitamins, dietary supplements and processed food products (like as soups, juices, cereals, beverages). In this review, we are going to discuss the two categories of nutraceuticals, traditional and non-traditional nutraceuticals their role and benefits of nutraceuticals and adverse effects of nutraceuticals on human health and comprehensive interest of nutraceuticals in modern era.
In human dominated landscape, effects of human activites and disturbance exceed those of wild animal habitat and natural predators. Human disturbance and pollution caused by various sources can influence wildlife behaviour, which have negative impact on wildlife populations and lead to the decline of many species, both directly and indirectly. Mechanism which can explain coexistence of both human and wildlife together is the degree to which a species tolerates human disturbance and pollution. With advancement in technology day by day, humans are causing changes in the environment that hurt both animals and plant species. Humans take up more space on earth for their homes and cities compromising the space for habitat of wild animals. So, animals and plants have gone through a hard time for their survival on earth. It is estimated that over two thirds of the animal and plant species that once lived with harmony in nature are now extinct and some more are on the verge of extinction.
High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for the characters, capsules per plant and biological yield per plant while high heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance in percent of mean was recorded for days to 50% flowering and plant height. Seed yield revealed significant positive correlation with days to 50% flowering, capsules per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, plant height and seeds per capsule. Thus, it could be inferred that by improving these traits through selection either alone or in combination, will result in improvement of yield in linseed. Path coefficient analysis (Genotypic and Phenotypic) of grain yield and its contributing characters revealed that biological yield per plant had the high positive direct effect on grain yield per plant followed by harvest index and capsules per plant.
