Active Prefabricated Façade with building-integrated photovoltaic(APF-BIPV)technologies used in the prefabricated building envelope component offer a promising approach to energy-efficient building renovation,combining renewable energy generation with modular construction advantages.This study systematically reviews APF-BIPV technologies,assessing their technological development,performance optimization,economic feasibility,and policy implications.Based on PRISMA methodology,the review includes not only peer-reviewed publications from Scopus and Web of Science but also analyzes research outputs from European-funded projects,highlighting the significant technological advancements that have transformed prefabricated façade components from basic cladding systems into highly integrated,multifunctional building elements,integrating PV technology for renewable energy production.This systematic review study shows that the combination of PV integrated in modular prefabricated construction holds significant future relevance,offering a dual benefit:reducing the energy consumption while promoting energy self-sufficiency in buildings.Over the past decade,the number of research publications on Active Prefabricated Façades(APF)has increased by approximately 3.5 times across the Scopus and Web of Science databases,demonstrating the significant potential of this technology.At the same time,APF-related projects in Europe have been strongly supported and promoted through funding schemes and policy initiatives.The integration of PV systems in modular prefabricated construction represents a strategic win-win collaboration between research and industry projects,where academic innovation meets practical application.This research aims to establish a reference framework for innovation in the field of active prefabricated envelope systems,offering a comprehensive overview of current technologies,integration strategies,and emerging trends.
Room temperature data measured by sensors is a crucial parameter for the operational control of room air conditioners.Asymmetric and stratified temperature distribution of the indoor space can lead to different data feedback from sensors at different locations at the same point in time,which ultimately affects the stability of room temperature control and the level of air conditioning energy consumption.The influence of sensors at different locations in the building are expounded on the stability of room temperature control and the energy consumption level of air conditioning.Twenty measurement points in the residential space are selected for the experiments,and cluster analysis is used to classify the measurement point categories based on the measured temperature data.Simulations are carried out for rooms of different sizes using FEA software,and a search model for the optimal sensor position is established,while a method of correcting parameters to adjust the initial sensor position is proposed.Therefore,it provides theoretical and practical support to improve the operation of room air conditioners.
Radiative cooling coatings are widely used owing to their excellent cooling performance and energy efficiency. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research on their weather resistance, long-term performance and effects on building load. To fill this research gap, seven coatings were selected for experimental observation and simulation research. The results revealed noticeable differences among different coatings regarding anti-aging properties, cooling performance and building load reduction. Some coatings exhibited yellowing, cracking and peeling after weathering tests, accompanied by a decline in their radiative properties. Long-term tests showed that the cooling performance of all coatings gradually decreased due to natural aging, and the rate of decline was proportional to the weathering of the coatings. Building load simulations revealed the potential effect of coating selection on cooling and heating loads, thereby suggesting that different coatings should be selected based on actual usage scenarios in different climatic zones.
针对我国装配式钢结构建筑缺乏基础参数研究的现状问题,以近年天津、河北4 个装配式钢结构建筑EPC项目为例,通过工程材料预算、施工组织方案和相关基础参数计算建筑隐含碳排放,重点分析钢结构工程部分的建材及建造(运输+现场施工)碳排放.结果表明,钢结构工程单位建筑面积钢构件隐含碳排放量为234.72～362.68 kgCO2e/m2,钢构件运输碳排放量分别在0.04～3.45 kgCO2e/m2 之间.现场施工碳排放共 32.71 kgCO2 e/m2,由钢构件吊装、焊接、螺栓固定、防腐和防火处理构成,相应碳排放量分别为0.65 kgCO2e/m2、1.02 kgCO2e/m2、6.75 kgCO2e/m2、3.83 kgCO2e/m2 和20.46 kgCO2 e/m2.以案例 1 为例,分析建筑总碳排放构成,表明其建材隐含碳排放占比11.7%～14.6%,建造碳排放占比 1.3%～1.6%;单位建筑面积建材隐含碳排放量 499.5 kgCO2 e/m2,其中钢结构构件、楼板、墙体碳排放占比分别为62.6%、15.3%、11.0%.研究为装配式钢结构建筑工程提供隐含碳排放计算的基础参数,并通过建筑碳排放构成分析及我国钢材工业低碳发展前景预测,评估钢结构工程的碳减排潜力.
Currently,some classrooms in academic buildings cannot meet the requirements of human thermal comfort and the distribution of people in classrooms is relatively dense,the risk of infection is unknown if there are infected people,so the Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)is utilized to simulate the air distribution and thermal comfort in the classroom under different air supply parameters(changing the speed of air supply and angle of air supply),and the entropy weighting method is applied to assign weights to the thermal comfort index PMV and air blowing dissatisfaction rate DR,and the multi-objective optimization TOPSIS method is applied to rank different working conditions,the optimal combination of air supply parameters at a supply air temperature of 18℃is obtained as follows:while the air supply speed is 1m/s,and air supply Angle is 60°,the mean values of PMV and DR are 0.827 and 0.326.An improved infection risk model is applied to predict the infection risk for this working condition,and it is found that most of the droplets exhaled by infected persons gathered in the left area of the classroom,so the infection risk in this area is higher.
讨论了办公建筑空调系统中的辐射地板、辐射天花和对流换热3种不同的供冷末端在人体整体热感觉和局部热感觉方面的特征与差异.对3种不同供冷末端下的办公建筑进行现场热舒适调研测试,发现3种末端的中性温度相差较小,且辐射地板供冷系统的中性温度最高.通过对局部热感觉投票结果分析发现,3种末端的局部热感觉差异显著,辐射地板和对流换热供冷末端的局部热感觉有明显的"分层现象".对流换热系统的上肢部位热感觉明显偏低,而辐射地板系统的下肢部位更容易产生冷感.对问卷中整体热感觉偏冷的人员分析发现,相比于对流供冷末端两种辐射末端的局部热感觉对整体热感觉的影响更显著.
太阳能热水系统是利用可再生能源减少建筑运行碳排放的重要方式,在建筑领域应用广泛.集中太阳能热水集热系统是太阳能热水系统的重要组成部分,对太阳能热水系统的运行节能效果有直接影响.集热系统中的集热水箱与集热器的高差会影响集热水泵的扬程和循环管道的长度,集热水泵的控制情况会影响水泵运行时间和管道内的水温,这两个因素都会影响集热水泵的能耗和系统的散热损失,也是影响太阳能集热系统运行效率的重要因素.通过对某项目集中太阳能热水集热系统运行情况的测试,对其集热系统的热损失率、集热水泵输送系数进行了评估,分析了集热水箱与集热器高差、集热水泵控制对集热水泵能耗和集热系统散热量的影响,提出在方案设计时应充分考虑将集热水箱靠近太阳能集热器并缩小二者高差,应采取措施保障集热水泵的控制策略得以有效执行,在运行管理过程中应加强对太阳能系统运行参数、设备能效的监测以及维护控制系统正常运行,供设计和运行管理人员参考.
结合可持续冰雪小镇的特点与评价指标体系的选择依据,利用层次分析法与模糊评判法,构建了可持续冰雪小镇综合评估模型,包括9项准则层指标和27项指标层多因素指标,根据张家口崇礼太子城冰雪小镇建设项目进行综合评价,得到准则层权重由高到低顺序依次为智慧运营(0.200)、人文与创新(0.200)、固体废弃物(0.132)、绿色交通(0.124)、可持续水资源(0.112)、土地利用与产业(0.092)、低碳能源(0.056)、绿色建筑(0.054)、生态环境(0.030).另外,通过模糊综合评判,计算得到可持续冰雪小镇目标层归一化权重向量为(0.273,0.273,0.273,0.180),继而确定体系总评分.由此可知,该评估模型不仅能给出评判可持续冰雪小镇的等级,还可量化各层指标对可持续冰雪小镇等级的隶属程度,说明该模型具有一定的实践应用价值.
For central air-conditioning systems, the energy consumption of the chiller plant is huge. By optimizing the operation combination of chillers and the load distribution among chillers, it is possible to realize the energy saving while meeting the cooling demand for end users. Considering that the chiller performance is affected by the cooling capacity, supplying chilled water and returned cooling water temperature, an optimized model-based control strategy of chillers is designed based on the actual performances of chillers. In which, the actual maximum cooling capacity is used as constraint to reduce the search domain and accelerate optimization control calculation speed. Meanwhile, the performances of different optimization algorithms on the optimization results are discussed. Taking a cigarette factory in Wuhan as example to verify the optimized cluster control strategy, the result shows that compared to the traditional control strategy of chiller plant, both traversal optimization and genetic algorithm optimization strategies can achieve an energy-saving rate of about 20% in the entire cooling season.
2023 年11 月20 日,全国建筑电气设计技术协作及情报交流网2023 年年会暨"建筑电气传承与创新"论坛在广州成功举办,大会以国家中长期发展规划为指引,积极探索学术组织创新化发展、规范化建设的新思路.
Traditional villages have long been influenced by geographical condition.Public space is not only a response to the topography of the village but also an important means of coping with the wind environment during a time when technology was not yet mature.The Tumochuan region is arranged in a shape of a winnowing basket.The unique climate of the cold region has resulted in the formation of public space forms that adapt to the local environment.SPSS was used to conduct correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis on the four public space form parameters of the village,namely,the average wind speed,the number of households,the plot density,the enclosure degree,and the sky openness degree.The average wind speed ratio model based on the public space form of the village was obtained,and the suitable scale range of the public space parameters that meet the comfort requirements was defined.Using this approach as the starting point for the study of the correlation between public spaces and winter wind environment.The research results show that the average wind speed ratio is positively correlated with the sky openness degree and negatively correlated with the number of households,plot density,and enclosure degree.The degree of influence of the form parameters on the average wind speed ratio is in the following order:enclosure degree>number of households>sky openness degree>plot density.Through the study of the proportion of comfort in the village and the form parameters,it is found that when the number of households is greater than 170,the plot density is greater than 0.5,and the enclosure degree is greater than 0.87,it can significantly improve the comfort proportion of the village.By exploring the correlation between the forms found within traditional villages and the wind environment,this study aims to provide valuable insights for green construction in traditional villages in the Tumochuan Plain.
External windows are an important part of the process of building carbon emission quantification.As a key factor affecting the safety of exterior windows,the wind load resistance also has an important influence on the carbon emission.The wind pressure resistance is taken as the guide,and the main components of windows are linked to their basic information,such as the length of the window frame,to obtain the corresponding carbon emission calculation method,and the carbon emission factors of building external windows are updated and improved by taking the standard and market common window forms with aluminum alloy,plastic,wooden window frames and hollow and single-layer glass as examples.In order to make the carbon emission of building exterior windows fast and easy to calculate,the prediction model is established with the wind pressure resistance,the outer window area and other factors for the reference and use of related research,and to provide guidance for the scientific formulation of building carbon emission and carbon emission reduction related strategies.
From December 2021 to July 2022,359 offline users were surveyed in person and 410 online users were surveyed online,and SPSS software was used to test the survey data.The survey results show that the respondents have stronger willingness to install PV because they know more detailed PV information.Most of them can accept the initial investment of PV less than 50000 RMB.Photovoltaic income and service life are their primary concerns,and it is believed that the biggest factor affecting photovoltaic investment when the initial investment is too high.Based on the research results,the photovoltaic system with an initial investment of 50000 RMB is designed.Considering the investment mode,subsidies,loans and other factors,the annual yield of photovoltaic under different investment modes is 9.73%～13.43%,and the return period of investment is 5.38-7.76 years.Combined with the policy-the proportion of photovoltaic power generation that can be installed on the roof of rural residents is not less than"20%",the average annual carbon reduction is16500～86800 tons.Meanwhile,this paper puts forward feasible suggestions for the future development of rural roof photovoltaic according to the research results.
In recent years,movable skins have become an important means of office building facade design and performance optimization,which have influence on indoor light environment,thermal environment and energy consumption.Therefore,this study firstly designs the form of the movable folded skin of the office building for the Guangzhou area,takes the indoor illumination as the control method of skin movement,and simulates the open state of the skin throughout the year on the Ladybug and Honeybee platforms.The photothermal performance and energy consumption performance of different skin conditions(movable skin,fixed transverse louvers,no skin)were simulated and studied.Taking the case of no skin as a reference,the performance optimization ratio of movable skin and fixed horizontal louvers is calculated,which is relative to no skin(enlargement ratio of annual natural lighting effective area,annual glare comfort time extension ratio,annual natural ventilation and thermal comfort time)extension ratio,cooling energy consumption and energy saving rate).It is found that the use of movable folding skins in the south and west offices has obvious performance optimization effects.
Under the background of"Dual-Carbon Goals"(realizing carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060)in China,the low-carbon energy-saving transformation of existing buildings has become an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve energy-saving emission reduction.In order to effectively reduce the carbon emission in the process of building operation,the energy consumption per unit area and energy consumption system of star hotel in hot summer and cold winter regions were analyzed.After preliminary energy audit,on-site investigation and energy-saving retrofit design,six technical measures for energy-saving retrofit of air conditioning,hot water and lighting systems are proposed.The practical application shows that the energy-saving transformation can effectively reduce the energy consumption of star hotels in hot summer and cold winter regions,and the annual energy saving is 813.78 tce,which is 21.5%compared with the total energy consumption of 3286 tce before the transformation.Two most energy-saving measures are lighting LED transformation and adding double evaporative heat pump system to replace hot water boiler to make domestic hot water.Meanwhile,the energy consumption reached the advanced value of reasonable energy use.
Taking the clear sky index as the parameter to represent outdoor temperature and solar radiation,numerical simulation studies the heat gain by heat transfer of the south wall of buildings in Nanchang,Jiangxi Province under different meteorological conditions in summer.The results show that the temperature of the inner and outer surfaces of the south wall rises with the increase of the clear sky index.In addition,with the increase of the clear sky index,the maximum heat transfer and daily heat gain per unit area of the south wall increase,but the growth rate tends to be gentle with the increase of the clear sky index.Showing that there is a nonlinear relationship between the heat transfer of the south wall and the clear sky index.The results also show that the rational function is used to fit the relationship between the clear sky index and the heat gain by heat transfer of the south wall.And the determination coefficient R2of the fitting equation is above 0.99,showing that the fitting model can predict the heat gain by heat transfer of the south wall of residential buildings in Nanchang under different weather.
11 月21 日,由中国建筑节能协会主办的"欧盟SWITCH-Asia促进中国农村住宅可持续能源消费项目RurEnergy年度工作会"在郑州顺利召开. 由中国建筑节能协会和德国伍珀塔尔气候环境能源研究所主导的《农房节能改造和清洁采暖的商业模式》和由中央财经大学绿色金融国际研究院和德国伍珀塔尔气候环境能源研究所主导的《绿色金融支持中国农村开展可持续能源转型》报告正式发布.
Infrared thermal imaging detection test is carried out for common assembled steel buildings to determine whether there are thermal bridge defective parts in steel beam and steel column parts of common assembled steel buildings.The nodes of steel beams and columns with thermal bridge defects are optimized,and the corresponding node models are established through numerical simulation to carry out optimization analysis of nodes without thermal bridges,the temperature distribution and heat flow density are compared under different insulation thicknesses,and the minimum thickness of insulation materials is determined to meet the requirements of assembled steel ultra-low energy buildings without thermal bridges.Using infrared thermal imaging detection method,the nodes of assembled steel structure ultra-low energy consumption buildings are experimentally verified.It is verified that the optimized nodes of assembled steel structure ultra-low energy consumption building have uniform temperature distribution,no serious thermal bridge defects,and meet the requirement of no thermal bridge in the nodes of assembled steel structure ultra-low energy consumption building.
The control of building carbon emission has been considered as a key factor for the carbon emission reduction.Previous studies mainly focused on the carbon emission result between different operation and maintenance(O&M)schemes,ignoring the transition difficulties of different schemes as well as the instability of the same scheme.So a carbon emission benchmark model is established with known variables for a specific scheme to detect the instability brought by unknown variables,and evaluate the carbon emission efficiency from a multi-scale space-time perspective to explore the possible carbon reduction of maintaining stability.The case analysis proves that this method can effectively detect the abnormal carbon emission efficiency,locate the cause of anomaly and is easier to scale up for building carbon reduction.
The expensive sports buildings are important public buildings in the city,integrating sports,culture,perform,entertainment and other functions,as the core components of urban renewal and development.With the diversification of the operation space of the venue and the improvement of the utilization rate,how to continuously reduce the operational energy consumption while ensuring human comfort has gradually become an important topic of many studies around the world.Therefore,sustainable operation has become one of the core goals in the design and construction of the venue.In order to evaluate the indoor and outdoor environment of the venue,validate the building design,and take more targeted technologies to ensure the human comfort,an arena in Qingdao was selected as a typical case to carry out performance analysis,and indoor and outdoor physical environment was simulated based on parametric model.The test and analysis results show that the intuitive analysis diagram and quantitative data have high value on guidance and reference,which can help engineers to do the refined design work and more specific technical selection verification.
