요 약황산용액에서 코발트와 니켈을 마그네슘으로부터 분리하기 위해 추출제로 Cyanex272, PC88A 그리고 Versatic acid 10를 사용하여 추출실험을 실시하였다.코발트, 니켈 및 마그네슘의 추출거동을 비교 실험한 결과, Versatic acid 10이 가장 우수하다는 것을
In this study, the selected waste plastic waste logistics used for cement sintering were classified into two types through the process of sorting and crushing, analyzing the characteristics of each, and analyzing the correlation of the strength after cement manufacturing.The experimental variables were classified into soft and hard waste plastic waste, and the correlations between calorific value, chlorine, and moisture were analyzed.In addition, some of each waste was selected and melted, and the basic characteristics were evaluated by analyzing the structure and calorific value.The results of the experiment showed that it was evaluated that it is suitable to obtain a heat source by separating soft waste plastic wastes and sintering them with materials having similar properties.As a result of examining the wastes by strength after cement manufacturing, it was analyzed that the use of hard plastics greatly contributes to the compressive strength on the 1st and 28th, and the use of soft plastics contributes to the compressive strength on the 28th.However, these characteristics are evaluated by collecting only a part of the waste, and since the deviation of the waste occurs, continuous management is required, and a follow-up study on the environmental problems caused by the use of waste is required.
소다배소 처리한 탈질폐촉매의 수침출 잔사로부터 TiO2 회수를 위하여 황산침출과 가수분해 반응을 실시하였다. Ti 성분의 황산침출은 70 ℃, 3 시간, 교반속도 500 rpm, 슬러리 농도 100 g/L로 고정하여 실시하였고, 황산농도는 4~8 M로 변화시키며 진행하였다. 침출액으로부터 Ti 성분의 침전회수는 가수분해반응을 이용하였으며, 실험조건은 100 ℃, 반응시간 2 시간으로 고정하였고, Ti 성분의 침전율은 침출액과 증류수의 혼합비와 침전반응 Seed 혼입유무에 따라 비교하였다. Ti의 침출율은 6 M에서 최대 95.2 %까지 도달 후 점차 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, Si의 침출율은 황산농도 증가에 반비례하여 급격히 감소하여 91.7 %에서 8 M 조건에서는 3.0 %까지 억제되었다. 침출액을 이용한 가수분해는 부성분인 Si의 함량이 가장 낮은 8 M 침출액을 이용하여 진행하였다. 침출액의 혼합비에 의한 Ti의 침전회수율은 반응시간에 비례하였고 혼합비에 반비례하였다. 또한, 침전반응의 가속화를 위해 TiO2(#325~#400 mesh, 0.2 g) seed를 첨가하였을 경우에 모든 혼합조건에서 침전회수율이 상승하였으며, 혼합비(침출액:증류수) 1:9~3:7 구간에서 98.8~99.8 %의 침전율이 달성되었다. 회수된 TiO2의 순도는 침출액 혼합비 1:9~3:7 구간에서 혼합비가 낮을수록 증가하여 최대 99.46 %까지 상승함을 확인하였다.
When the multi-stage combustion process is applied to the cement kiln to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions in the cement industry, oxidation/reduction section that can increase combustion efficiency by reducing NO x to NO and completely burning unburned materials is essential In this study, when applied the oxidation/reduction system of the cement kiln preheater and calciner, the optimal oxidation/reduction calcination crisis that can secure the quality stability of the final product, cement clinker, was to be observed macroscopically, and the mass change of raw materials according to the burning conditions, decarbonation rate, and calcination rate were investigated.The results showed that the thermal decomposition of raw materials tends to be promoted in the oxidation condition rather than in the reduction condition, and that the thermal decomposition of limestone, which has a relatively high CaO content, is carried out later than that of cement raw meal, which is thought to be caused by the CO 2 fractionation in the kiln.The thermal decomposition properties of raw materials according to oxidation/ reducing burning condition showed a relatively large difference in temperature range lower than normal limestone themal
This study aimed to develop a foam concrete material for a ground repair system that has low strength and low fluidity by using an eco-friendly binder, which substitutes industrial by-products for more than 90% of cement.Basic properties were evaluated after substituting a small amount of calcium sulfo aluminate (CSA) for the binder to improve the sinking depth rate and volume change, commonly found when it had a large amount of industrial by-products.The substitution rates of CSA for the eco-friendly binder used for the foam concrete were 2.5, 5, and 10%.Fresh properties, hardened properties, pore structure, and hydrates were analyzed.Experimental results showed that using only 2.5% of CSA could improve the deep sinking depth which occurred when using an eco-friendly binder.As a result, the weight difference between the upper, middle, and lower parts of cast specimens was improved even after being hardened.The addition of CSA also contributed to the formation of small, uniformly sized closed pores and improved initial strength.However, when the proportion of CSA increased, the long-term strength decreased.However, it satisfied the target strength when 5% or less of CSA was used.The results of this study revealed
This study was conducted to improve the recycling process of waste fluorescent lamp, and investigate the possibility of using the waste fluorescent lamp glass as a raw material for glass beads, the leaching method of rare earth from the waste phosphor powder, and the possibility of solvent extraction of rare earth from the rare earth leaching solution. The waste phosphor contained 28.9% yttrium oxide, 3.46% cerium oxide, 1.95% europium oxide, 1.76% terbium oxide, and 1.43% lanthanum oxide. As a result of the trial production of glass beads using waste fluorescent lamp glass, it was judged that the production yield and quality were excellent, so that waste fluorescent lamp glass could be used as a raw material for glass beads. The soda roasted waste phosphor was leached in water and thereby the aqueous solution was blown with CO2 to drop the pH to about 7, Then, Al, Si and residual Na2CO3 were dissolved, and NaAlCO3(OH)2 and SiO2 were precipitated in the aqueous solution. In the solvent extraction of cyanex272-hydrochloric acid, cyanex272-sulfuric acid, D2EHPA-hydrochloric acid, D2EHPA-sulfuric acid, Ionquest290-hydrochloric acid, Ionquest290-sulfuric acid, p507-hydrochloric acid using xylene as a diluent, the extraction yield of Y, Eu, Ce, La, and Tb are close to 100%. However, in this conditions, the difference in extraction yield for each element, that is, selectivity is 16% or less.
요 약 강원도 삼척시와 평창군, 전라북도 김제시와 고창군 및 경상남도 고령군에서 채취한 62종의 산림골재와 순환골재를 대상으로 알칼리골재 잠재가능성을 평가하기 위해 화학적 실험법인 KS F 2545와 물리적 실험법인 ASTM C 1260을 수행하였다.화학법 실험결과 규산염계 암석과 탄산염계 암석이 혼재된 경우 알칼리농도감소량이 높게 나타나 알칼리골재 잠재가능성 결과에 교란을 발생시키는 것으로 확인되었다
This study aims to introduce and review on the recovery technologies of rare earth elements(REEs) from coal ash.Many researchers have been carried out by various beneficiation processes, such as particle size separation, magnetic separation, specific gravity, and flotation to recover rare earth elements from coal ash generated from Pulverized Coal(PC) boiler.Through the beneficiation process, it was confirmed that concentration of rare earth elements was much lower than the 4,700 ppm, and that additional enrichment treatment through wet process was needed for the products recovered after the beneficiation process.It was confirmed that the rare earth elements contained in coal ash were applied to the leaching process after pretreatment such as alkali-fusion to improve leaching efficiency.Although beneficiation and leaching methods have been studied, its optimum recovery technologies for rare earth elements not been confirmed up to now, research on the recovery of rare earth contained in coal ash is reported to continue.In case of Korea, the technology for the recovery of rare earth elements from coal ash and coal by-product could not been confirmed up to present.In these reasons, it is urgent to develop technologies such as beneficiation and leaching process continuously.
Titanium sponge is industrially produced by the Kroll process. In order to understand the importance of the emerging smelting and recycling process, it is necessary to review the conventional production process of titanium. Therefore this paper provides a general overview of the conventional titanium manufacturing system mainly by the Kroll process. The Kroll process can be divided into four sub-processes as follows: (1) Chlorination of raw TiO2 with coke, by the fluidized bed chlorination or molten salt chlorination (2) Magnesium reduction of TiCl4 and vacuum distillation of MgCl2 and Mg by reverse U-type or I-type with reductiondistillation integrated retorts (3) Electrolysis process of MgCl2 by monopolar cells or multipolar cells to electrolyze into chlorine gas and Mg. (4) Crushing and melting process in which sponge titanium is crushed and then melted in a vacuum arc furnace or an electron beam furnace Although the apparatus and procedures have improved over the past 80 years, the Kroll process is the costly and time-consuming batch operation for the reduction of TiCl4 and the separation of MgCl2.
Management of resource productivity is important for the reduction of natural resources and energy consumption. This is closely linked to circular economy which has recently been stressed worldwidely. Resource productivity is a key indicator which is to be managed in various industry sectors. Especially Korea which is heavily dependent on the natural resources import from overseas needs to give attention to this point. Nevertheless resource productivity related domestic researches and policies are extremely rare. This paper thus presents trends on resources productivities and their management policies of European countries and OECD G7 countries compared to the situation of Korea. In addition, the decoupling phenomenon of DMC (domestic material consumption) and GDP of Europe is analyzed and the resource productivity promotion strategy of Korea is proposed.
증류수 및 염산용액을 사용하여 용해 및 재결정화 공정을 통한 탄산리튬 내 황산이온(SO42-) 제거에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 증류수를 사용하여 탄산리튬 용해 시 용액 온도가 감소할수록 탄산리튬의 용해량이 증가하여 2.5 ℃에서 약 1.50 wt.%의 용해량을 나타내었다. 또한 해당 탄산리튬 용해액을 사용하여 탄산나트륨을 첨가하며 재결정화할 경우, 온도 증가에 따라 재결정화율이 증가하여 95 ℃에서 49.00 %의 재결정화율을 나타내었다. 한편, 염산 용액을 사용한 탄산리튬 용해 시 반응 온도의 영향은 없었으며 염산농도가 증가함에 따라 탄산리튬의 용해량이 증가하여 2.0 M 염산 용액에서 7.10 wt.%를 나타내었다. 또한 이 용액을 사용하여 탄산나트륨을 첨가하며 재결정화를 진행하였을 때 반응 온도 70 ℃에서 탄산리튬의 재결정화율은 86.10 %이었고, 황산이온 제거율은 96.50 % 이상이었다. 이후 수세 과정을 통하여 재결정화된 탄산리튬으로부터 나트륨을 99.10 % 이상, 황산이온을 99.90 % 이상 제거하여 순도 99.10 %의 정제된 탄산리튬을 회수할 수 있었다.
Korea, one of the manufacturing-oriented countries, consumes a large amount of metals in various industrial areas, but should depend on import of most of the metals from foreign countries. Also, global metal consumption amounts are increasing in relation to those of the world's reserve and production. Some metals are limitedly produced from only several centuries, which might lead to instability of the future supply of those metals. In addition, when such metals are hazardous, those may result in various environmental troubles with contamination. To resolve those issues, the recovery and the recycling of hazardous but valuable metals in industrial waste are desirable. However, there are overwhelming numbers of the metal types, waste generators, and amounts of wastes containing the metals, so it can be troublesome even to implement a preliminary status analysis to screen proper metals, wastes with the metals, and waste producers. Therefore, this study introduces the valuable metals for Korean industry, announced by public institutions, Also, a flow chart is suggested to facilitate a preliminary status analysis, using the domestic PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) database, to screen proper waste producers containing some of hazardous but valuable metals such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese.
Microplastics are recognized as critical and serious environmental problem in worldwide. Plastics are inexpensive, lightweight, excellent in processability, and various in material-specific properties. Along industrial development, the production and disposal amount of plastics are also rapidly increasing. In particular, abundant plastic wastes are eventually disposed into marine environment with harmful impacts on the ecosystem. Therefore, lots of relevant studies were recently progressed in various fields. However, many studies are being just conducted due to its difficulty in applying a general treatment method for those small particle sizes and their various characteristics. In the meantime, lots of researches are being conducted on applying methods using physical properties such as specific gravity, magnetic, and electrostatic separation, which are beneficiation processes of minerals. However, since it is still in the laboratory stage, the development of larger scale separation technology for efficient treatment is urgent.
The objectives of this study were to identify the optimal mix of foam concrete with the low-strength and high-flow for the repairing ground subsidence situation emergently by utilizing a large amount of industrial by-products and evaluate the possibility by applying it to the site. The factors of the experiment were the mixing ratio of mixing water and a foaming agent and the mixing ratio of foam over paste volume. The optimal mix identified by the experiment was applied to the field and basic properties were evaluated. The results of the experiment showed that the optimal mixing ratio of mixing water and the foaming agent was 10%. Moreover, when the mixing ratio of pre-foam over paste volume was 170%, it satisfied the target. However, to ensure stable quality when applying to the field, the foam mixing ratio was set 140% for the field application. The field application test of foam concrete with the low-strength and high-flow using an eco-friendly binder satisfied all target performances. Therefore, the possibility of using it as a mixture and construction method for a ground repair system is confirmed. However, there was a quality deviation between the upper part and the lower part due to the separation between foam and paste. Consequently, further studies are needed to improve it.
마그네슘은 구조용 금속 중 알루미늄과 철에 이어 세 번째로 풍부한 금속이다. 또 마그네슘은 범용 금속 중 가장 가벼운 금속으로, 밀도가 알루미늄보다 33 %, 철보다 77 % 낮다. 마그네슘 1차 지금을 생산하기 위해서는 다량의 에너지를 소비하지만, 마그네슘 스크랩을 리사이클링하면 1차 지금 생산과 비교하여 에너지 및 환경부하를 저감할 수 있다. 그러나 마그네슘 스크랩 중의 불순물 제거가 곤란하여 재생되는 양은 한정되어 있다. 본 논문에서는 마그네슘의 1차 지금 생산 및 리사이클링 공정에 대하여 고찰하였다.
In the present study, gravity separation of speiss (6.74 g/cm3) and limestone (2.7 g/cm3) was investigated using a vibrating 1 mm-zirconia ball (5.6 g/cm3) bed as a medium. The floating ratio and separation efficiency with increasing the number of spiess and limestone granules were examined by changing the vibration frequency from 18 Hz to 26 Hz. During the vibration, the zirconia balls circulate inside the vessel, and the spiess granules sink with the zirconia balls, but limestone granules remain on the surface of the zirconia ball bed. As the number of particles of spiess and limestone granules increased, it was observed that the granules were congested in the path of the granule sinking, so the rate of particle sinking decreased, and that limestone granules overlapping with the spiess granule also sunk. Therefore, the separation efficiency decreases with increasing the number of granules, but when the vibrational frequency increases, there is no more congestion and the separation efficiency increases. When each of the three particles was added, a separation efficiency of 100% was acheived at 22 Hz, which indicates that a dry gravity separation process that does not require a drying process is possible.
본 연구에서는 zinc bath 프로세스에 의한 폐초경합금의 재활용 시 중요한 반응온도, 시간 및 아연의 첨가량 등 반응 메카니즘을 조사하기 위해 기초실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과, zinc bath 반응은 용융 아연(Zn)과 폐초경합금 내측의 코발트(Co)의 반응을 촉진시키기 위해 800℃ 이상에서 가열하는 것이 요구되었다. 또한 폐초경합금의 두께는 800℃에서 0.5~2시간 동안의 zinc bath 프로세스에 있어서 반응시간의 증가에 따라 선형적으로 감소하였으며, 아연의 증발 감소량을 줄이기 위해서는 800℃이하에서 3시간 가열된 후에 2.0x10 torr-2 이상의 진공분위기로 900℃이상에서 1시간 동안 가열하는 것이 적합한 것으로 조사되었다.
This study was carried out to utilize the coal bottom ash generated in a circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler as a treatment agent for heavy metal ions, and experiments were conducted to remove heavy metal ions from the acid mine drainage.The batch experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of dosage of ash, initial concentration of solution on the removal capacity of heavy metal ions (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb).The results of the experiment showed that the total removal capacity of heavy metals was 30.8 mg/L and 46.4 mg/g, respectively, under the condition that the concentration of coal ash was added as 15 g/L of heavy materials and 10 g/L of light materials.After that, a long-term column experiment was performed to determine the maximum removal capacity of heavy metal ions (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, As), and the removal capacity for each metal component was investigated.After approximately 60 days of operation, the maximum removal capacity of heavy metals was 23.6 mg/g at pH 9.25.
최근 미세플라스틱의 발생 측면에서 폐플라스틱의 친환경적 처리에 대한 관심이 증대하고 있다. 이에, 폐플라스틱의 재활용이 폐기물 간소화, 이산화탄소 배출 감소 및 부가가치 제품 재생산의 이점을 제공하기 때문에 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 특히, 친환경적인 폐플라스틱의 재활용을 위해서는 물리적 선별방법을 통해야 하며, 그 중에서도 폐플라스틱내의 재질별 분리가 가능한 부유선별이 물질재활용 측면에서 매우 효과적인 분리방법으로 잘 알려져 있다. 따라서, 본 총설에서는 혼합 폐플라스틱의 효과적인 재질 분리를 하기 위한 부유선별의 연구 동향을 조사하였다. 추가적으로 보고된 연구결과들을 통하여 플라스틱의 원재료인 폴리머로부터 기능성 신소재로서의 활용에 대한 접근방법을 요약 정리하였다.
