Free, fair and ethical process of conduct with the assigned responsibility to completed it with given resources, schedule and environment is called accountability. It is also a confession of an employ to admit an error made in assigned obligations. United State Agency for International Development (USAID), the federal agency, administers civilian foreign aid, defines measures of government accountability by some key factors including a free and fair political justice system; protection of human rights; a vibrant civil society; public confidence in the police and courts, and security sector reform. So, accountability is about employees taking responsibility and ownership for their decisions, actions, performance, and behavior. That also covers the intention, dedication, trust, and commitment to do the right thing for a particular project, institution, state, or business. Unfortunately, corruption is embedded within the health systems. Throughout my academic and research career, the Ministry of Health, public health professionals, and provincial health departments have been able to see deep-rooted dishonesty and fraud. So, the magnitude of the problem of corruption can be outlined, how it happens, what are potential contributing factors and how it is started. We can also describe the people's fears around the topic, methodologies to address the corruption, and responsibilities of communities irrespective of their level of involvement. Policymakers, funding agencies, and researchers are needed to get involved in the discussion as an important component
The importance of herbal medicines in treating various ailments or diseases is phenomenal and cannot be denied due to their safe use and efficacy; Trachyspermum ammi commonly known as ajwain belongs to the family Umbelliferae and a commonly used spice in home cooking. It contains various phytoconstituents which have several pharmacological effects against a number of diseases.
As we know that allergies all over the world is the utmost medical problem and in Karachi, Pakistan, every 2nd person is complaining of allergy due to pollution. Antihistamines are considered as one the most widely used and abused medications after analgesics. Antihistamines are generally used in the palliative treatment in allergic condition like hay fever urticaria. Some of pruritus, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, mild asthma etc
The special hereditary cosmetics and momentous competency of Vibrio cholerae are the key factors that help the cholera microorganism adjust quickly to unfavorable natural conditions and oppose the adverse impact of antimicrobial specialists. Over the most recent couple of many years, V. cholerae that causes intense watery diarrhoeal illness cholera has arisen as a famous multidrug safe (MDR) enteric microorganism. Albeit chromosomal changes can add to antimicrobial obstruction (AMR), the continuous obtaining of extrachromosomal portable hereditary components (MGEs) from intently/indirectly related bacterial species are significant parts in V. cholerae drug opposition. Entire genome grouping examination of clinical and natural V. cholerae strains uncovered that the genome of the greater part of the new disengages harbor coordinating conjugative components (ICEs), plasmids, superintegron, transposable components and inclusion successions, which are the critical transporters of hereditary characteristics encoding antimicrobial obstruction work. Distinctive antimicrobial opposition qualities recognized in V. cholerae can contribute in antiinfection obstruction by working with one of the accompanying three systems; (I) diminished penetrability or dynamic efflux of the anti-toxins, (ii) adjustment of the anti-microbial focuses by presenting post-transcriptional/translational changes and (iii) hydrolysis or compound alteration of anti-infection agents. Here, we present an outline of the current bits of knowledge on the rise and instruments of AMR in V. cholerae.
Pharmacists play vital role in health care system; they help to prevent medication errors. At discharge from health care facility 20% to 70% patients have at least one medication discrepancy. Pharmacist has direct impact on reducing readmission in hospitals as well as emergency visits. There is substantial reduction of 67%, 28% and 19% in adverse drug event-related to hospital revisits, (ED) visits and hospital readmissions.
Immunizations are quite possibly the main instruments in general wellbeing and assume a significant part in irresistible illnesses control. Inferable from its exactness, safe profile and adaptable assembling, mRNA immunizations are arriving at the stoplight as another option in contrast to traditional antibodies. Indeed, mRNA immunizations were the innovation of decision for some organizations to battle the Covid-19 pandemic, and it was the main innovation to be supported in both United States and in Europe Union as a prophylactic treatment. Furthermore, mRNA immunizations are being concentrated in the center to treat various infections including disease, HIV, flu and surprisingly hereditary problems.
Objective: Aim of the current investigation is to screen the hepatoprotective activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Allophylus Cobbe (EEAC) leaves against Paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: EEAC was administered to the rats for 7 days (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) and hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of PCM (3 g/k day . After 24 h of toxicity induction, the blood samples were collected by retro orbital plexus method and different serum and tissue biochemical parameters were analyzed. Livers of the animals were isolated and were studied for histopathological changes. The extract treated animals were compared with Silymarin (100 mg/kg). Results: Treatment of animals with EEAC at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed dose dependant significant decrease in Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Acid Phosphatase (ACP), Creatinine and Lipid Peroxidation (LPO) levels and significant increase in protective enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH) and total proteins levels in serum and tissue biochemical parameters when compared with the PCM treated rats. In histopathological study of liver, animals pretreated with EEAC showed minimal liver damage with distinct protection of structures and the architectural frame of the hepatic cells as observed by the liver section showing mild degree of liver damage, sinusoidal congestion, and mild inflammation. Allophylus Cobbe showed the presence of bioactive components having antioxidant potential; which might be responsible for hepatoprotective activity of the EEAC. Conclusion: The present study showed that EEAC restored the levels of altered biochemical parameters and prevented the liver from the toxic effects of PCM concludes that Allophylus Cobbe possess hepatoprotective activity.
The simple codominant expression of the alleles at the self-incompatibility locus ( S) of Solanaceae and their extraordinary spectrum of sequence diversity present an ideal case for understanding the molecular forces that shape the sequence polymorphism of genes involved in recognition reactions. Here, with unprecedented conspecific sequences of 33 Physalis longifolia S alleles, including 27 of their single introns, the tempo-spatial nucleotide substitution patterns were first detailed for the S locus and analyzed in genealogical time scales. Three major genealogical clades of the 33 P. longifolia S alleles were used to divide the genealogical time into the within-clade and the between-clade periods. During the within-clade period, the average nonsynonymous substitution rate was 50% higher than the intron substitution rate but the opposite trend emerged for the between-clade period. A new and simple method developed here was utilized to estimate the selection intensity in the coding regions. The magnitudes and the distribution of these estimates, in conjunction with the spatial substitution pattern among closely related S sequences, revealed an initial short-term action of strong positive selection and a continuous but weaker action of negative selection brought by functional/structural constraints on the S alleles. The two modes of selection can significantly modify the branch lengths of an S genealogy and may be ubiquitous to recognition systems.
Text neck is a syndrome that is described by repetitive stress injury and pain in the neck. It is a health condition that is developed by using a mobile phone or watching any handheld device for a prolonged period of time. It is commonly found in children. The risk factor of developing text neck is abnormally stretching the muscles and tendons of your neck which puts pressure on nerves in your back.
A wound refers to the loss in normal anatomical structure and functional integrity of the skin which is an outermost layer and first line defense of the body. It can be described by different ways based on its etiology, anatomical location, healing time, and level of contamination.
Immunopharmacology is characterized as that piece of pharmacology that manages drugs following up on the invulnerable framework and, moreover, with the pharmacological activities of substances got from the safe framework. To loan more keen definition to the term immunopharmacology the topic has been separated by clinical and logical rules. The division into immunosubstituion, immunosuppression, antiallergic substances and immunostimulation gives the heterogeneous material a more tight design than would any characterization as indicated by inception, compound construction or system of activity.
The novel and development of nanotechnology have brought a term targeted drug delivery system. Targeting a molecule to a specific site has brought a certain pharmacological action. Nanosponge is a part of nanotechnology which is both hydrophilic and lipophilic in nature. They are colloidal carriers which improve the aqueous solubility of the poorly soluble drug by enhancing and improving the physical and chemical stability and improving the permeability and bioavailability in the body tissues. Nanosponge are tiny sponges which are in the size of colloidal sizes and nanosized cavity. There general application can be seen in oral administration, parenteral administration, topical administration and available in the form of hydrogel. The current review discussion various methods of synthesis and application of nanosponges.
Fifth disease is a viral disease caused by parovirus B19, also called erythema infection. It is commonly present in children and pregnant women it can be transferred from mother to fetus, it caused rashes on skin, legs and neck and it seems like “slapped cheeks” on children face. The risk factor increase when the infected person sneezed, coughed or by their blood products. It may cause severe anemia and the may need blood transfusion. An overview on account systemic reviews on fifth disease a survey is conducted. About 150 persons participated by attending our questionnaire.
Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical constituent and antioxidant activity of seven wild mushrooms of University of Chittagong campus. Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed using standard methods while DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to elucidate the antioxidant effect of eight wild mushrooms of University of Chittagong campus. Results: Results found from the quantitative analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins in the methanol extracts of different mushrooms. Both Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma applanatum showed significant (P<0.001) increase in the percentage of scavenging activity at 400 g/ml concentration when compared with ascorbic acid. An increase in the scavenging activity of DPPH radical was found with the increasing concentration of the mushrooms extracts. The methanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum and Fomitopsis cajanderi showed strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 35.33, 38.73 and 39.44 g/ml respectively in comparison with the IC50 value (49.19 g/ml) of ascorbic acid. Daedaleopsis confragosa (IC50: 51.21 g/ml) showed almost similar antioxidant capacity as the positive control. Conclusions: The mushroom species investigated have been shown to be great sources of antioxidants and phytochemical constituents. So, these mushrooms can be used in the management of oxidative stress induced diseases. Graphical Abstract
