Solid waste generation through various human activities is increasing day by day. A large portion of solid waste contains agricultural and domestic waste. Agricultural waste is increasing rapidly with increase in population as there is hike in the food requirements. Globally, tons of food are wasted from the domestic kitchen and nearly equal amount of waste is also produced. Thus, it is necessary to treat these wastes properly and to use these wastes as a raw material to manufacture the other useful products to reduce the amount of waste generated. These two types of wastes can be utilized to manufacture useful products/energy generation at very low-cost rather than improper disposal [1].
Heat and mass transfer are very important in the petroleum, chemical and biotechnology engineering.For example, the phenomenon like wax deposition can be analysed by heat and mass transfer studies.In Proton exchange membrane fuel cells also, interphase mass transfer investigations have become important.Many investigations are based on the volume-of-fluid model.In many applications, studies on air liquid interphase mass transfer are important.Heat and mass transfer in two phase system is affected by the interfacial phenomenon, bubble sizes, viscosity, density, temperature, pressure and many other system specific factors.Many investigators have carried out investigations on interphase mass transfer.
Transformers has inbuilt dielectric substances and various forms of oils that serve various functions. In addition to transformer metal wares, these oils contain trace amount of various heavy metals which could leak and constitute environmental problems by adding up to the soil’s concentration. Soils have been found to be the major sink for heavy metals when released into the environment. It has been noted that most heavy metals do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation because they are nondegradable and as a result, there is bioaccumulation of their total concentrations after being released to the environment and it affects the food chain [1],[2],[3].
The electrochemical property of paracetamol was investigated at a glassy carbon electrode and activated glassy carbon electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry were used as diagnostic techniques in the determination of paracetamol. The activated glassy carbon electrode exhibited excellent electro-catalytic behaviour for the oxidation of PAR as evidenced by the enhancement of the oxidation peak current and the shift in the oxidation peak potential to less positive values by (13mv) in comparison with a bare GCE. In the present work the activated glassy carbon electrode was prepared by activating 200 s in a time base technique at a potential of 1750 mV. The electrode process of paracetamol was studied and some the experimental parameters which affect the response paracetamol, such as pH, effect of PAR concentration and scan rate on AGC electrode. The analysis of cyclic voltammogram gave fundamental electrochemical parameters including the electroactive surface coverage, the electron transfer coefficient and the heterogeneous rate constant (ks). The variation of scan rate study shows that the system undergoes adsorption controlled process. The equation of the calibration curve was found to be: Ip=0.429C + 6.43, R2=0.993. The LOD and LOQ for the developed method were determined to be 8×10-8 mol L-1 and 2.6×10-7mol L-1 respectively. Phosphate buffer pH 7.0 was selected for analytical purpose.
