The pan baroj (betel vine) found in the South of West Bengal are considered as rural household bank, as a very small pan baroj can at least secure the survival of the marginal and small farmers were boro paddy cultivation and daily laborer job is the main occupation. As betel leaves could be extracted throughout the year in a moderately maintained baroj of small area, it secures revenue earning of the farmers in their crisis period, when paddy cultivation is seized. This cultivation involves a huge number of female agricultural workers of West Bengal and involves the participation of female farming community in strengthening of local economy. The vines are deteriorating due to improper management practices and a huge wastage of surplus leaves. In this paper a simple and efficient solution is given for the rejuvenation of the dwindling betel vines (pan baroj) of South Bengal.
The agrosilvopastoral model is as an application which can utilize a potential in some sub-sector agricultural in a district efficiently and sustainably. In the husbandry development sustainability by using the agrosilvopastoral model which it can have been realized if the husbandry development is regionally oriented and based on a nature source in the district. This study aims to analyze for the husbandry development potential by using it in West Sumatra. This research is a spatial analysis method. The data is quoted from a secondary special data at the Central Statistics Agency in West Sumatera Province. This research will result a nature source readiness to build the farms by using the agrosilvopastoral model to get through the data exploration based on the locations where have been displayed in the Geographic Information System (GIS).
Phosphate fertilizer is easily transformed into sparingly soluble phosphorus which could not be directly utilized by plant, thus, the phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) is considered as one of environment friendly methods to relieve the problem. In this study, a highly efficient phosphate dissolving fungus strain, Penicillium oxalicum S1 was isolated from the farm soil in South China. Its ability to dissolve phosphate in medium and liquid containing Ca3(PO4)2 was measured. Results showed that the phosphate-solubilizing index (PSI) was 2.1 after 7d, the clear area diameter was 5.5 cm after 20d and the P-solubilization reached to 3384 mg/L in the liquid medium during 96h. In addition, we also found that the Penicillium oxalicum S1 could promote the seedling plant height, fresh weight and dry weight in cucumber contrast with control. Together, our work could offer a good strain with potential application value in bio-fertilizer development.
The Agrosilvopastoral model application can transform an agricultural development system efficiently and sustainably. This model can integrate a potential for some agricultural sub-sectors s a region. This study aims to analyze farmers’ perceptions and supporting factor for a livestock development by using the Agrosilvopastoral model. The research was being conducted by smallholder farmers in Tanah Datar district of West Sumatra province. They were asked to fulfill out the relative questionnaires with that research. The obtaining data was analyzed by using a Likert Scale and Structural Equation Modeling. Thus the research results are obtained from farmers ’perceptions for applying the Agrosilvopastoral model, it is included a good category. Significantly, the factors only encourage the farmers to apply for it in West Sumatra. Those are as the aspects of economy and social. On the other hand there are also the insignificant and environmental technical aspects to encourage them as application in the Agrosilvopastoral model. Therefore, it's an obligation to increase knowledge and skills to raise and create the livestock population, the business scale, the income and farmers’ welfare. The environmental awareness is a need increased to realize the sustainable livestock development.
Salinity has severely affected agricultural productivity and the damaging effects of salt accumulation have influenced both ancient and modern civilizations. Morning glory spinach (Ipomoea aquatica L.) is the semi-aquatic plant that grows in water or damp soil but it rarely cultivates in salt stress, in this study, morning glory treated in salinity and salicylic acid also combined. Salicylic acid is a signaling molecule known to participate in defense responses against variety of environmental stress including salinity. The objective of this study was to evaluated the performance of morning glory seed treated with different concentrations of saicylic acid (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.3%) under 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl. Morning glory showed reduced germination percentage, shoot and root length. In addition, α-amylase and phytic acid contents were decreased when increasing SA concentrations under 50 and 150 mM of NaCl. We found that SA could be improve low phytate contents but not stimulate germination and growth rate on spinach.
This study characterized the ripening and storage response of Actinidia chinensis ‘Chiu Tsui’, A. deliciosa ‘Chung Hsing No.4’ and A. deliciosa ‘Abbott’ kiwifruits. Soluble solid contents (SSC), flesh firmness, titratable acidity, and organic acid contents of kiwifruits were measured. Kiwifruits were stored at 1°C for 150 days, then 20°C for 20 days. The SSC of ‘Chiu Tsui’, ‘Chung Hsing No.4’ and ‘Abbott’ increased at 20°C. The highest SSC values at 1°C were 15.00 ± 0.00–15.90 ± 1.73°Brix. Kiwifruit softened and accumulated SSC faster when ripened at 20°C than at 1°C. The flesh colors (L, a, b) of most kiwifruits differed significantly. Ascorbic acid, quinic acid, malic acid and citric acid contents declined during ripening. Quinic acid content was higher in ‘Chiu Tsui’ than in other varieties, indicating that ‘Chiu Tsui’ matures late. ‘Chiu Tsui’ and ‘Chung Hsing No.4’ had the longest storage lives and have potential for breeding and commercial production.
Mustard brassica is a nutrient-rich plant and can be used to cure many illnesses, especially its seeds have the application of biodiesel production in the future. The significant changes in climate regarding drought and saline soils have a big effect on crop productivity. In this experiment, we want to examine MeSA mutagen with concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1mM) on mustard brassica under salt stress with concentrations of NaCl (50; 100; and 150 mM). After several observations, we recognized that MeSA reduced the germination rate while increases the plant's tolerance to saline which was shown in proline content and physiological-biochemical parameters (length of sprouts, chlorophyll content, and carotenoids). Especially at a concentration of 1mM, mustard brassica had a relatively high tolerance. The results of this project will provide useful information for the breeders in creating a new genotype for selective breeding of plants.
The field experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of 30 turmeric genotypes on growth and yield. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design replicated three times. The investigation results revealed that, among various cultures, the genotype cv. CL-147 recorded longer plant (294.70 cm), higher number of leaves (7.30), tillers (3.10), longer leaf (47.80 cm), leaf width (14.30 cm) compared to other genotypes. Pertaining to finger traits, among genotypes, cv. PTS-59 registered higher number of primary fingers (6.80), secondary fingers (9.30), longer length of the mother rhizome (7.30 cm) and width of mother rhizome (8.00 cm). In yield attributing parameters, highest clump weight (194.40 g/plant), mother rhizome weight (34.50 g), fresh rhizome yield (10.10 kg/3 M2) and fresh rhizome yield (29.90 t/ha) was recorded in cv. PTS-59. Among all cultivars, cv. CL-147 for growth and PTS-59 was excelled with respect to enhanced fresh rhizome yield in turmeric.
This work studied the effect of different doses of TDZ and 2iPon Sultani fig cultivar during proliferation and rooting stage to have healthy plants. The effect of different doses (2.27, 4.54 and 6.81μM) of TDZ and (2.22, 4.44 and 6.66μM) of 2iPwere tested for their ability to induce shoot multiplication, while the active charcoal, IBA and IAA were tested for rooting. The results revealed that the best medium for shoot length shown in the medium supplemented with (0.5 or 1 mg/l) 2iP. The highest number of shoots was obtained when using 1 or 1.5 mg/l TDZ or 1 mg/l 2iP. The highest shoot thickness was obtained when used MS medium supplemented with 1.5mg/l TDZ. However, adding 1 or 1.5mg/l 2iP gave highest number of leaves. On the other hand, lowest concentration of 2iP (0.5mg/l) gave the highest leaf area. The best medium for chlorophyll content shown in the medium supplemented with 1mg/l TDZ or 1.5 mg/l 2iP. The highest percentage of roots, number of roots and root length were obtained when using half strength MS medium supplemented with 1mg/l IBA+ 0.1mg/l IAA or 0.1 mg IAA alone.
Fanleaf virus (GFLV), arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), leafroll associated viruses 1+3 (GLRaV-1+3) and fleck virus (GFkV) are the most widespread and damaging grapevine viruses. The releasing in the culture of a high biological value propagation material requires the selection of healthy genotypes for both propagation and use in new clone/varieties production programs. Thus, virus elimination methods are often needed to regenerate healthy plants. In this study, virus-free grapevine genotypes regenerated by various methods (in vivo and in vitro thermotherapy, in vitro chemotherapy, electrotherapy in continuous electric field, direct stimulation with high frequency electrical currents, electrotherapy in horizontal electrophoresis tank) were several times ELISA retested to confirm the diagnostic. The virological tests revealed the recurrence of viral infection after 5 (GLRaV-1+3 and GFKV), respectively 6 years (GFLV, GVA, viral complexes) in plants regenerated by in vivo thermotherapy. GLRaV-1+3-free grapevine plants obtained by in vitro thermotherapy have maintained their acquired phytosanitary status for 4 years. From the electrotherapy methods, in the case of the stimulation with high frequency electric currents, the viral infection reappeared after 3 years. To date, in vitro chemotherapy offers increased safety, only GFLV infection re-emerging after 7 years. These results highlight the need of periodic viruses testing for the safe establishment of plants phytosanitary status. What is the number of sufficient vegetation periods to establish the viral diagnosis remains to be studied.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.; 2n = 2x = 14), which belongs to the Cucurbitaceae, is one of the agriculturally and economically important vegetable crops around the world. It's appropriate hypocotyl length is beneficial for establishing strong seedlings before transplanting. However, little knowledge is known about the molecular mechanism underlying hypocotyl elongation in the seedling traits. In our study, comparative analysis of hypocotyl transcriptome between long hypocotyl (B80) cultivar and short hypocotyl (JSH) cultivar would unravel novel genetic regulatory mechanisms involved in hypocotyl elongation. Using BGISEQ-500 platform, about 23.74 M reads per sample was averagely generated. The average mapping ratio with reference genome is 95.12% and the average mapping ratio with gene is 58.58%. A total of 20, 861 genes were detected, among them, 1089 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the two samples including 646 up-regulated genes and 443 down-expressed genes and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the main activated genes in hypocotyl development were predominately involved in metabolic processes, biosynthesis of secondary metabolite pathways, catalytic activity, binding protein and other cellular components. In addition, the majority of related transcription factors (TFs) such as MYB, MYB related genes, and AP2-EREBP were identified in transcriptome. Multiple candidate cucumber genes in the hypocotyl development related pathways were also discovered. In all, these results offer specific genotype-dependent genes for genetic research of hypocotyl elongation in cucumber.
Papaya is a major fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The sex of papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants has important agronomic implications, influencing both fruit yield and quality. The sex of individual plants cannot be determined until flowering initiates; however in some breeding and commercial situations it would be advantageous to be able to predict sex-type in seedlings. Papaya has three sex forms, male, hermaphrodite and female. Sexuality in papaya is determined by an XY chromosome system that is in an early evolutionary stage. The male and hermaphrodite of papaya are controlled by two different types of Y chromosomes: Y and Yh. Unisexuality in flowering plants evolved from a hermaphrodite ancestor. Transition from hermaphrodite to unisexual flowers has occurred multiple times across the different lineages of the angiosperms. Sexuality in plants is regulated by genetic, epigenetic and physiological mechanisms. The most specialized mechanism of sex determination is sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes ensure the stable segregation of sexual phenotypes by preventing the recombination of sex determining genes.
In the modern, intensified agriculture, the efficient management of plant diseases is essential. At present the most reliable means of doing this is by the use of fungicides. Fungicides are the toxic substances which either kill or check the growth of the fungi. During the last two decades, fungicide research has produced a diverse range of fungicidal products with novel modes of action which had a significant impact on plant disease control. The need for new and innovative fungicides is driven, among other factors, by resistance management, regulatory hurdles, and increasing customer expectations. Compounds having a novel mode of action are of course of special interest, since they play a key role in resistance management strategies, but equally important are new fungicides with enhanced characteristics such as systemicity, curativity, and longevity of disease control. The technical feature of new generation fungicides are target specific action and safer to non target sites. Over the past few years, however, several truly novel compounds have been launched commercially and have reached an advanced stage of development, which include phenylpyrroles, anilinopyrimidines, strobilurin analogues etc with effects on respiration, cell membrane components, protein synthesis, signal transduction and cell mitosis. Many of the important plant diseases, which were not controlled satisfactorily by the previous traditional fungicides, can now be well managed by the new compounds which are mostly systemic in nature. In view the risk of resistance development with most of the systemic, site specific compounds, there is a need to develop more classes of fungicide with novel target sites.
Onion is one of the important vegetable crops daily consumed in India. In India, it is produced in three crop seasons (kharif, late kharif and rabi). For year round supply of onion in the market, it is imperative to store the onion. Though onion is semi perishable in nature, losses occur during storage in the form of physiological weight loss, rotting and sprouting. The losses depend on the type of variety, pre-and post-harvest management practices and storage conditions. Curing is one of the most important post-harvest management practices that is required for long term storage of onion with minimum losses. Curing can be done naturally on the field or artificially by using hot air. During curing physiological weight loss occurs to certain extent, however proper curing helps in improving storage life of onion by reducing post-harvest losses that occur due to physiological weight loss, rotting and sprouting.
A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of month of planting on flowering behaviour of common onion genotypes at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore during 2014–15. The trial was conducted in factorial randomized block design with four replications. The two factors were month of planting (first week of October, first week of November, first week of December, first week of January and first week of February) and genotypes (NHRDF Red, NHRDF Red 2, Agrifound Light Red (ALR), Arka Kalyan, Arka Niketan, Arka Bindu and Arka Bheem). Observations on flowering parameters were recorded and statistically analyzed. The results of the study revealed significant interaction between month of planting and genotypes on flowering parameters. The genotype Arka Bindu planted in the first week of November recorded the lowest days taken for 50% flowering (23.7) and the highest days (67.5) was recorded in NHRDF Red, planted during the first week of February. The genotype ALR planted during the first week of November recorded the highest length of flower stalk (76.9 cm), widest umbel diameter (6.56 cm), number of flowers per umbel (325) and seed yield per plant (14.2 g). NHRDF Red 2 recorded the highest numbers of umbel per plant (8.03) followed by ALR (7.10) planted during the first week of November. Delayed planting (first week of January and February) showed poor performance in flowering behaviour of common onion genotypes.
Research and development is the backbone of any industry. It is because of research and development that we are able to enjoy new convenient food products which sooner or later become a part of our lives research at regular intervals is the sole reason for the success of the big guns in the industry. Since every product has its own life cycle, improvement in the same and development of the new ones is the main reason why the products available in the national market remain on the market shelves for a longer period of time. The current study was conducted to explore the status of the research and development across food processing industry in the said food park and the status of quality control in the same. The method of data collection is primary in nature and fifty percent of the data was collected from the focused food park. The paper highlights the challenges faced by the unit holders in the research and development sector, poor quality control, lack of food safety trainings in the sector and the suggestions to overcome the same. The status of the food park after keen study was found to be below average.
Studies on various genetic parameters were conducted to assess the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii). Evaluation of 12 genotypes of Gerbera i.e. Sangria, Sunway, Florence, Red Explosion, Salvadore, Intense, Goliath, Dana Ellen, Balance, Kalimpong White, Kalimpong Pink and Kalimpong Yellow was conducted for vegetative and flowering characters contributing to yield. All the genotypes exhibited a wide range of variability for traits under consideration. These traits were also found to be highly heritable. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was found to be greater than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters studied. High heritability was observed for days to bud burst followed by days to first flower opening while flower stalk length gave lowest heritability results. High heritability combined with high genetic advance was shown by days to bud burst suggesting, additive gene action playing a major role in governing these traits and these traits can be improved by simple selection.
An investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farm, Division of Fruit crops, ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru to study the variability in physico-chemical characteristics of selected genotypes of Jamun fruits. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Result revealed that all the genotypes showed considerable variability with respect to the physico-chemical characters. The genotypes Konkan Bahadali recorded maximum fruit weight (11.52 g), fruit length (3.30 cm), fruit diameter (2.36 cm) and pulp weight (9.48 g) and Collection-10 with highest anthocyanin content (178.83 mg/100g) were found promising. The genotypes Kaveri Pattnam-4 having maximum pulp percentage (99.21%), lowest seed percentage (0.79%) and lowest seed weight (0.02 g) could be used as seedless jamun.
