In this article, the authors describe the development of a web service to optimize the work of the operator of the Traffic Management Center (using the example of Krasnodar), which automatically detects traffic situations that reduce intensity and promptly transmits a signal to the operator, offering options for actions in a specific situation, predicting congestion situations before they occur, depending on the time of day. The authors have developed a web service that automates the work of a data center operator, allowing, with the help of an intelligent assistant, to make recommendations to the operator on preventing congestion on public roads. The goal is to optimize the work of the data center operator to improve the quality of public road use. Purpose. Optimizing the work of the traffic management center operator to improve the quality of use of public roads. Method and methodology. The article used the methods of field research, modeling of traffic flows. Results. Accounting and analysis of the current work of the data center operator was carried out, methods of automating the operator's work, calculation of the optimal traffic light cycle and consequences of redirection of traffic flows were studied. Scope of application of the results: research activities to improve the capacity of public roads when automating the work of the traffic control center operator and digitalizing document flow processes.
Background. Intelligent transport systems (ITS) represent one of the most significant and relevant topics in the field of modern transport and logistics. With the rapid growth of the urban population, an increase in freight traffic and a constant increase in the number of cars on the roads, the need for efficient and reliable transport solutions is becoming more and more obvious. ITS, as a set of technologies and methods aimed at optimizing transport processes, can significantly improve the efficiency of transport systems, improve road safety and reduce the negative impact on the environment. Purpose – a comprehensive study of intelligent transport systems, their effectiveness, problems and prospects, which will not only deepen understanding of this topic, but also contribute to the development of transport infrastructure. Materials and methods. The main research method is theoretical and practical. The article is based on a set of sources provided by regulatory legal acts, office work, statistical and reference materials. Results. This article discusses in detail intelligent transport systems and artificial intelligence, which are a powerful tool for improving the efficiency and sustainability of transport systems. Their successful implementation will require an integrated approach that takes into account all aspects, including economic, environmental and social. It is necessary to continue research in this area in order to identify new opportunities and solutions that will help overcome existing problems and make transport systems more efficient and safer for all users. The data obtained can be effectively used by government agencies and citizens, which will accelerate the implementation of ITS in Russian cities, thereby creating a more sustainable and secure future for all.
Background. Modern gasoline stations face a number of challenges related to data management, inventory accounting, and customer service. Traditional accounting and management methods are often inefficient, resulting in increased time spent on processing information and an increased likelihood of errors. The lack of a centralized system for storing and processing data makes it difficult to analyze sales and manage inventory, which negatively affects the overall efficiency of the station. Creating a database for a gas station solves these problems by providing automation of accounting, inventory management and customer service processes. The database allows centralized storage of information on sales, customers, fuel and financial transactions, which greatly simplifies data access and processing. Purpose. The objective is to develop a tool that will provide automation of accounting and management at a filling station, including storage of information on customers, fuel and transactions, as well as support for analytics to make informed management decisions. This will increase the efficiency of the station, improve customer service and reduce the likelihood of accounting errors. Method and methodology. To develop the gas station database, the Java programming language was used to create the interface and application logic, and PostgreSQL was used to store and manage the data. The approach was based on the use of a relational data model, which ensures the reliability, integrity and scalability of the system. Results. The database supports storage of customer, fuel, sales and financial transaction information. Data is centrally managed in PostgreSQL, allowing easy operations for creating, editing and deleting records. The system also includes functions to analyze the data to facilitate informed management decisions. The database architecture provides modularity, allowing new functions to be added without significant changes to existing code. Scope of the results. The developed database can be used in the management of gas stations, for automation of accounting and customer service processes, as well as in analytics to improve the efficiency of business processes. Conclusions. The created database significantly simplifies data management at the gasoline station, reduces the probability of errors and increases the overall efficiency of work. Automation of accounting and customer service processes saves time and resources.
Background. Integrated development environments, have limited ability to automate repetitive tasks, which leads to increased development time. Creating a software templating tool solves this problem by automating routine processes and reducing errors. Purpose. Development of a program providing automation of creation and editing of template files, their integration with the database, as well as support for viewing the content of the files. Method and methodology. Using Java programming language for program implementation and PostgreSQL for data storage. The approach was based on the use of universal tools to ensure compatibility and scalability. Results. This paper details the development of a templateizer program that supports creating, editing, viewing, and updating template files. Templates are stored in PostgreSQL, which provides centralized data management. The program supports the principle of modularity, which ensures the expansion of the program functionality by adding the necessary flags. In this case, the program code will require minimal intervention due to the changes made. Scope of the results. The solution can be used in industrial automation, educational testbeds and in the development of projects that require standardization of processes. Conclusions. The developed program significantly reduces the development time and increases the accuracy of repetitive operations when creating programs in the integrated development environment for programmable logic controllers.
Background.Currently, issues of motorization have become widespread in large cities of Russia. This is due to its rapid development and significant impact on the functioning of urban transport systems. The process of motorization is one of the factors determining the development of urban public passenger transport, the state of the environment and the economy of the city. However, the rapid development of motorization generates a number of problems of the urban environment, which directly affect the decline in the quality of life of the population and the attractiveness of the city. As a result, a study on the development of motorization in Russian cities seems relevant. The aimis to determine the degree of influence of motorization on the development of Russian cities and to explore the experience of developing mechanisms for its regulation. Methodology.The study uses the method of analysis, the method of systematization of data. Results. The specifics are considered and the author's definition of the concept of "motorization" is given. The prerequisites, stages, positive and negative sides, determining factors, as well as the current state of development of motorization in Russia are studied and described in detail. The article examines the experience of developing mechanisms necessary to curb the process of motorization in order to ensure safety, preserve the health and social well-being of the population, reduce the burden on the road network and reduce the harmful effects of transport on the environment. The scope of application of the results obtained.The results obtained can be used by scientists, as well as experts in the field of transport, to form management decisions in the process of urban passenger transportation. Conclusions. Motorization is one of the factors determining the functioning of a modern city. However, the uncontrolled process of motorization has a negative impact on the urban environment. It is important for local governments to choose levers to regulate motorization, depending on the specifics of the city.
This article introduces novel computer software designed to optimize maintenance schedules for traction rolling stock (TRS). The software analyzes TRS failure/breakdown data, considering reliability and cost-efficiency parameters, to recommend optimal inter-repair mileage standards. It analyzes locomotive component reliability indicators, investigates failure distribution hypotheses, and offers cost-effective recommendations for adjusting maintenance intervals. This data-driven approach addresses the limitations of traditional, generalized maintenance schedules by dynamically adapting to specific operating conditions and leveraging statistical models like Weibull, exponential, and normal distributions to predict failure-free operation. The software aims to improve fleet management by reducing downtime, minimizing unscheduled repairs, and lowering overall maintenance costs. Purpose. This article aims to present computer software designed to process traction rolling stock (TRS) failure data and optimize inter-repair mileage standards, considering both reliability and cost-effectiveness parameters. The software analyzes locomotive component reliability indicators, investigates failure distribution hypotheses within locomotive units, and generates recommendations for optimizing inter-repair mileage while minimizing maintenance and repair costs. Materials and methods. Methods and Software Description: The software developed in this study employs a multi-stage analysis process to optimize the standards for inter-repair mileage of locomotives. The core methodology is based on the statistical analysis of reliability indicators, including failure rates and the time between failures for individual components. Data collection is performed by sorting failures according to their type and nature, allowing for the identification of recurring patterns and failure modes. Results. This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of a software-based approach for optimizing inter-repair mileage standards for locomotives. By leveraging statistical failure analysis and integrating economic cost models, the software reduces both the frequency of unplanned repairs and overall maintenance costs. The improvements in locomotive reliability and operational efficiency underscore the value of this tool for railway operators. Furthermore, this software, optimizing inter-repair mileage norms with consideration for reliability indicators and calculating economic impact aimed at reducing downtime, offers significant potential for practical application. Its ability to analyze failure data and predict potential issues allows for proactive maintenance scheduling, minimizing disruptions to operations and maximizing resource utilization. This contributes directly to improved cost-efficiency by reducing the need for reactive repairs and associated expenses.
Background. This study develops a comprehensive approach to traffic congestion forecasting using synthetic data that simulates the dynamics of urban traffic. A hybrid methodology is proposed that combines time series analysis and deep learning, which is highly relevant for modeling nonlinear dependencies and patterns in traffic data. Purpose.The purpose of this study is to develop and test a predictive model capable of accurately forecasting traffic congestion levels while accounting for seasonal and weather-related factors. Materials and methods. To identify patterns in the data, additive time series decomposition, spectral analysis based on the fast Fourier transform, and autocorrelation analysis were applied. The predictive model was implemented using a two-stage approach: the classical ARIMA algorithm was used for baseline forecasting, while an LSTM architecture with two recurrent layers and regularization was trained on 24-hour sequences. Additionally, to compare and validate the results, the ensemble method Random Forest was used, configured with the following hyperparameters: 200 trees, maximum depth of 12, minimum samples per leaf of 2. Results. The results demonstrate the superiority of the LSTM model over ARIMA and Random Forest in terms of predictive accuracy, as confirmed by visual comparison of forecasts with test data and by the mean squared error metric. Key factors influencing congestion were identified, including daily traffic intensity cycles, increased load during precipitation events (up to 30% during snow and 20% during rain), as well as temperature-dependent modulation of traffic flow.
Background. The priority tasks for improving the quality of services in the field of transport, the main problems associated with the organization of route transport and road traffic in the city of Sevastopol are considered. The quality of urban passenger transportation after optimization of the route network in Sevastopol is analyzed. The research considers specific features of Sevastopol, such as mountainous relief, narrow streets of historical buildings, uneven distribution of places of attraction and passenger flows, as well as unstable weather conditions. These factors significantly complicate the process of route network optimization and need to be taken into account in the development of any changes. In particular, we analyze the experience of implementing the system of “seamless” transfers, identifying both its positive sides (e.g., reducing duplication on certain sections) and negative consequences (increased travel time, reduced convenience for passengers). The work is based on official statistics, the results of the route network analysis, as well as on the study of public opinion expressed in passenger feedback and complaints. Based on the obtained data, the study concludes that a more comprehensive approach to the optimization of the transport system of Sevastopol is needed, which should take into account not only economic indicators, but also the level of passenger satisfaction with the quality of services provided. The conclusion offers recommendations for further improvement of the route network aimed at increasing its efficiency and convenience for the population. Purpose - to analyze the quality of passenger transport in Sevastopol, assess the effectiveness of measures taken to optimize the route network, and determine the necessity of further adjustments to the city's transport system, taking into account its specific characteristics. Materials and methods. The study used a systematic approach and general scientific methods - statistical, comparative analysis and logical generalizations. The article is based on statistical and periodic materials. Results. The research employed a systems approach and general scientific methods – statistical analysis, comparative analysis, and logical generalization. The article is based on statistical and periodical data.
Background.The relevance of the article's topic is driven by the need to improve the efficiency of resource allocation in urban transport systems, where the interaction of various transport modes is complicated by their differing sectoral and administrative subordination, as well as the incompatibility of performance metrics, hindering the formation of a unified system with common efficiency indicators. The proposed model, based on the functional-network principle, aims to address these issues by facilitating the integration of transport modes and standardizing approaches to performance evaluation. Purpose. To develop a model of the resource allocation system structure based on the functional-network principle for integrating various public transport modes into a unified transport network. Materials and methods. The methods and materials described in the text include the application of digital technologies and computational power to implement the functional-network principle in transport system management. The focus is on multicriteria tasks requiring specific solution methods, such as consolidating multiple objectives into a single criterion or utilizing multidimensional models. Research materials involve the analysis of management systems based on hierarchical levels (infrastructure, route network, transport operators) and the development of models that account for multidimensional goal-setting and the interaction of various transport modes. Methods include mathematical modeling, probabilistic distribution analysis, and efficiency assessment of resource allocation in complex transport systems. Results. The system representation is based on the formation of morphological matrices for selecting resource allocation scenarios using an evaluation framework of efficiency metrics at the first hierarchical level. Three models of the management system structure based on the functional-network principle were developed, and the necessity of creating a model for calculating weighting coefficients to analyze the entire space of potential solutions was established.
The article describes possibility of using the method of unit expense rates to calculate the urban transit self-cost and evaluating the quality of economic operations at urban transit operators. Purpose. The article examines optimization possibilities of the amount of operating costs determining procedure and the self-cost of transportation at urban ground transit operators. Article proposes a methodology that allows increasing the veracity of calculations, while simplifying them. Also, the methodology allows quality evaluation of operation activities at urban transit operators. The proposed categories of unit expense rates are used to determine the self-cost of transport work for trolleybuses, trams, and buses in Minsk, Kazan, Samara, and St. Petersburg, as well as electric battery buses in Minsk. Methodology. The article uses a combination of methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction, as well as the method of unit expense rates, which has become widespread in matters of analyzing economic activity in railway transport. Results. A comparison of information on the self-cost of transit activities obtained from reports of analyzed cities’ transit operators, as well as calculations by proposed methods for determining operating costs, made it possible to identify a number of indicators for which it is recommended to revise approaches to their determination. Practical implications. This article may be of practical interest to urban transit operators, as well as regional (local) executive and legislative authorities exercising powers to budget and organize urban and suburban transit by bus and urban electric transport.
Background. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) play a key role in automation systems across a variety of industries, including industrial manufacturing, transportation, and the energy sector. However, specialized development environments offered by PLC manufacturers often have limited compatibility, tying users to specific hardware and creating additional training and development costs. This has stimulated interest in more universal approaches using open standards and tools. Purpose. The goal is to create a program for PLC control using OVEN equipment as an example, using standard development tools. Method and methodology. The project is based on a development approach that excludes the use of specialized environments associated with a particular brand of controller. Instead, widespread tools are used to ensure compatibility with a large number of devices and scalability of solutions. Results. The created software solution performs reading of discrete input signals (DI) from PLC. Subsequently, the obtained data is written to a time stamped database. Ultimately, the discrete output (DO) control logic is executed based on analyzing the input signals. Scope of the results. The proposed approach can be applied in industrial automation, intelligent control systems, equipment monitoring, as well as for the construction of training stands. Conclusions. The established methodology based on open tools allows to create universal, adaptable and cost-effective solutions for PLC control. This reduces costs and simplifies the support of such systems in the long term.
Background.The main objective of the study was to create a model that allows more accurate assessment of the performance characteristics of roads using data collected over more than 20 years. The rationale for this study is the need to improve methods for assessing the condition of road surfaces, especially in the context of increasing requirements for the safety and quality of transport infrastructure. Assessing the condition of roads is an important task for standardizing and planning their repair and maintenance, which in turn affects road safety and budget savings. Purpose. Practical improvement of methods of working with road infrastructure, increasing its reliability and safety, which is extremely important for all road users. Materials and methods. Based on theoretical and experimental studies, a linear model for calculating the reliability of road surfaces has been developed. This proposed linear model has also received experimental confirmation, as a result of which the calculated correlation coefficients for the distribution law have been established. Results. Based on theoretical and experimental studies, a linear model for calculating the reliability of road surfaces has been developed. This proposed linear model has also received experimental confirmation, as a result of which the calculated correlation coefficients for the distribution law have been established.
Background. The organization of public transport routes based on individual passenger requests (on-demand routes) using small-class buses in areas with low population density has become a pressing issue due to the necessity of improving the efficiency of transport systems under limited financial and material resources. Traditional regular route schemes often prove unprofitable and insufficiently convenient for residents of such territories, leading to decreased transport accessibility and deterioration of population living standards. Modern technologies and mathematical modeling enable the development of flexible and cost-effective solutions capable of adapting to the characteristics of low-density regions and minimizing costs associated with organizing transport services. The need for optimizing transport flows acquires particular significance in light of global sustainable development and environmental trends. Developing models that reduce operational expenses and decrease the carbon footprint of transport operations corresponds to modern requirements for rational natural resource utilization and energy efficiency. Creating effective mechanisms for managing on-demand routes holds high social significance, contributing to ensuring equal opportunities for all segments of the population regardless of their geographical location and financial status. Purpose. To develop a mathematical model for organizing on-demand routes for passenger transportation using small-class buses in populated areas with low population density, ensuring maximum efficiency and economic viability of transport services. Materials and methods. This study employed a comprehensive approach to developing a mathematical model for organizing on-demand routes. The research was based on analyzing real conditions of bus service operation in regions with low population density. The model considered the following parameters: number of populated areas and their geographic location, passenger flow volume, technical specifications of small-class buses, time constraints, and financial performance indicators of transport enterprises. Route optimization was performed using dynamic programming algorithms that accounted for variable demand structure and resource limitations. Practical testing of the model was conducted using data from a specific region with low population density, enabling the collection of reliable results and drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of the proposed approach to organizing transport services. Results. A comprehensive analysis of existing approaches to organizing on-demand routes was conducted, and key factors determining their effectiveness were identified. A mathematical model was developed that accounts for the specifics of populated areas with low population density, including uneven distribution of demand, large distances between populated areas, and limited financial resources. Various route optimization algorithms were investigated, and the most suitable method was selected for solving the stated problem. Numerical simulation of the proposed model was performed using a specific regional example, and its effectiveness was evaluated compared to existing transportation schemes. Recommendations were developed for implementing the proposed model in the practical activities of transport organizations operating in conditions of low population density.
Background. The article discusses the issue of evaluating the morphometric properties of a polygon in order to form a rating matrix necessary to solve the problem of finding a path in a discrete space. This approach to solving the problem of spatial development of linear objects of land transport will be useful in solving practical problems of camera tracing. Materials and methods.The landfill in question is separated into separate territorial units, each of which has its own rating based on a set of different criteria (anthropogenic load, morphometry, etc.). The rating of a particular territorial unit determines the prospects of its consideration when solving the tracing problem. Such a discrete polygon model is actually a weighted graph, in which the search for a path is carried out by various search algorithms: A*, Dijkstra, Breadth-first search. Since the assessment of a particular territorial unit based on the morphometric properties of an area depends on its size, it is proposed to evaluate the polygon in two stages with different resolutions of discrete space, i.e. enlarging individual territorial units into blocks. As an example, in the work, the initial high-resolution height matrix was programmatically generated, which was later combined into blocks. With respect to the matrix of formed blocks, sensitivity analysis was performed according to 4 criteria: the average slope of the block, the standard deviation of heights, the height range and the roughness index. Results.It follows from the experimental results that the "Height range" criterion has the highest average sensitivity and, as a result, weight. This means that this criterion has a greater impact on the formation of block ratings. At the same time, the graph of rating changes according to this criterion and the color matrix of the weight range allow us to conclude that this criterion is the least informative, since it weakly distinguishes the blocks from each other.
In this article, the authors consider improving the efficiency of public transport using the example of large cities. The structure and composition of the traffic flow has undergone significant changes in recent years. The share of individual vehicles is increasing, and the demand for public transit services remains at the same level. In this regard, the level of traffic congestion increases, which entails a decrease in the speed of communication, a deterioration in the environmental situation, and an increase in financial costs. To reduce the intensity of traffic flow on city streets, it is necessary to increase the popularity of public transit among the population and increase the proportion of residents who prefer to use urban passenger transport instead of a private car. The main condition for the choice of public transport by residents of the city is a higher speed of communication in comparison with a passenger car. In this article, the authors analyze the existing world experience in popularizing urban passenger transport and increasing the speed of its communication. The purpose is to analyze the methods and methods of popularization of public urban transport. Methodology: statistical analysis and synthesis were used in the article. Results. The existing ways of increasing the attractiveness of public urban transport (TOP) for the population were analyzed, the most effective methods of popularization of TOP were identified, an algorithm for popularization of TOP in urban conditions was developed. The scope of the results: research activities to improve the quality of public transport services.
Background. Modern maritime transportation faces challenges related to the need for increased energy efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. These issues have become particularly relevant in the context of global environmental policies and the tightening of international ship energy efficiency standards (EEDI, EEOI, CII). One of the promising solutions is the use of geographic information systems (GIS), which enable vessel route optimization, reduce fuel consumption, and minimize environmental impact. However, the extent of their impact on improving maritime transport energy efficiency requires further research. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of GIS technologies on improving the energy efficiency of maritime transportation and to assess their effects on fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Methods. The study examines key GIS technologies, including satellite monitoring, mapping, modeling, and data analysis, used for vessel route optimization. The methodological approach is based on experimental modeling, comparing three shipping scenarios: traditional routing, dynamic route optimization, and combined route and speed management using GIS. The analysis focuses on evaluating the impact of these approaches on fuel consumption, CO₂ emissions, and overall ship energy efficiency. Results. The modeling results showed that the application of GIS can reduce fuel consumption by up to 20% and decrease CO₂ emissions by up to 21% compared to traditional navigation methods. Optimizing vessel routes and speeds based on GIS data contributes to lower operational costs and improved compliance with international environmental standards. Conclusion. The obtained data confirm the significant potential of GIS in enhancing the energy efficiency of maritime transportation. The integration of these technologies into route planning and vessel operation management enables not only a reduction in fuel costs and carbon emissions but also an increase in the economic efficiency of maritime logistics. Further integration of GIS with artificial intelligence and real-time data processing systems may lead to even greater sustainability and efficiency in the shipping industry.
Background. The study considers the problem associated with the development of a control system for many unmanned aerial vehicles. An analysis of the possibilities of improving the efficiency of control of unmanned aerial vehicle systems is carried out. The role of classification methods in the rating assessment of the system of flying objects is shown. The structure of interaction between the control center and a set of unmanned aerial vehicles is presented. A description of approaches related to the assignment of a rating is given. The control center maintains monitoring of the efficiency of the functioning of aircraft. It is shown how the various stages of rating management of a set of unmanned aerial vehicles are interconnected. The general integral assessment has an impact on the partial integral assessment. If the rating of the aircraft coincides with the maximum integral score, it will be considered as having the highest rating. Purpose. Development of a system on the basis of which many unmanned aerial vehicles are controlled. Materials and methods. The main research methods are related to the use of set theory, rating approaches and expert methods. Results. In this paper, the basic principles and features of the formation of a control system for a set of unmanned aerial vehicles are considered in detail. Depending on the initial conditions, you must specify the parameters that should be taken into account in the model. The results of the work can be used for a wide range of unmanned aerial vehicles.
Background.The article examines the influence of the dynamic properties of the technological module on the process of forming vertical vibrations of the wheel axis when moving along a given bearing surface. The following methods were used in the study: a mathematical model of half of the technological module, a bus model. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the system and spectral densities for vertical displacement and acceleration of the wheel axis for four configurations are obtained when changing the parameter characterizing the dynamic properties of technological modules. Statistical dynamics methods were used to analyze the dependencies. With an increase in the mass of the technological module from 1429 kg to 3929 kg (to transfer the tractor from traction class 1.4 to traction class 2 and 3, respectively), when using 15.5R38 tires, there is a decrease in the natural frequency of the technological module from 24 to 14 rad/s and an increase in the maximum spectral density from 0.5*10-3 to 4*10-3. With an increase in the mass of the technological module from 2343 kg to 4847 kg (to transfer the tractor from traction class 3 to traction class 4 and 5, respectively), when using tires 21.3R24, there is a decrease in the natural oscillation frequency of the technological module from 18 to 12 rad/s and an increase in the maximum spectral density from 1.5 * 10-3 to 6*10-3. The spectral density (characterizing the distribution of process energy) of vertical vibrations of the support surface in the frequency range (0...5 rad/s) coincides with the spectral density of the wheel axis of technological modules of all configurations. Purpose.Obtaining and analyzing statistical characteristics describing the dynamic properties of technological modules when moving along a given support surface. Methodology.In the article were used the methods of mathematical modeling and also statistical methods of the analysis. Results.Statistical characteristics describing the dynamic properties of technological modules when moving along a given support surface are obtained. Practical implications. It is advisable to apply the results obtained to organizations and institutions involved in the development of methods and tools for studying the dynamics of tractors and automobiles.
Background.The relevance of the article is determined by the complexity and dynamism of resource allocation systems (RR systems), which include numerous time-varying elements, both within the system and in the external environment, and require organization into hierarchical subsystems. The uncertainty of the informational component and influencing factors necessitates the use of effective analytical tools based on decision theory under uncertainty for the objective assessment and management of such systems. Purpose. To develop a set of mathematical models for finding optimal solutions in complex resource management systems under uncertainty, required for designing resource allocation structures. Materials and methods. The study employs a combination of mathematical modeling, decision theory, and optimization techniques to address multicriteria problems in complex systems, particularly in resource allocation systems (RR systems) within transport complexes. The classical decision-making approach involves selecting the optimal solution from a set of alternatives formalized through mathematical models representing the problem situation. For deterministic optimization tasks, the model includes a set of feasible solutionsXXand a vector criterionf(x)f(x)to evaluate alternatives. In multicriteria optimization under uncertainty, the lack of a unified mathematical framework requires the use of diverse methods such as combinatorics, graph theory, heuristics, linear and dynamic programming, and search algorithms. The research highlights the challenges of applying these methods in complex systems, where external and internal uncertainties complicate the formulation of constraints and the integration of qualitative and quantitative criteria. The transformation of multicriteria problems into single-criterion formulations with constraints is also explored, emphasizing limitations imposed by unpredictable external factors and the need for experimental validation in complex transport systems. Results. The main challenge in building effective resource allocation systems (RR systems) lies in the large number of qualitative criteria, which are difficult to formalize and integrate into mathematical models. Qualitative criteria, such as scoring or expert judgments, require the use of ordinal scales, where only monotonic transformations are permissible, limiting quantitative comparison. To address multicriteria problems, methods based on binary relations and value functions are proposed, enabling the formalization of preferences and ranking of alternatives. These approaches, including linear aggregations and utility functions, enhance the objectivity of decisions in complex systems, such as transport complexes, where both quantitative and qualitative criteria are present. However, their application requires careful analysis and adaptation to the specifics of the tasks.
Background. One of the important components of the assessment of the public urban passenger transport system is the formation of an initial set of indicators (criteria). To date there is no single set of indicators for the functioning of urban passenger transportation. The author of each study chooses the composition of indicators (often also a single indicator) that he considers the most significant and sufficient in order to quantify the system. As a result, only a part of the transport process is evaluated, while many indicators that could fully reflect the state of the system are neglected. This is due, in particular, to the fact that the formation of a large set of initial data greatly complicates the evaluation procedure. Most often, the indicators that the passenger is interested in improving are selected for evaluation. However, in the system of urban land passenger transport for general use, there are also other participants such as the customer of transport services and the carrier, whose interests should also be taken into account in order to form adequate estimates and develop rational corrective solutions. The goal is to form and substantiate a set of indicators (criteria) for evaluating the public urban land passenger transport system that would reflect the interests of each of the participants in the transport process. Methodology. The method of analysis and the method of data systematization are used. Results. The evaluation indicators of the urban land passenger transport system for general use, proposed by scientists, as well as regulated by normative documents, are investigated. Based on the results of the study, a fairly complete set of indicators was formed and grouped into enlarged blocks for each of the system participants: for the passenger, for the carrier, for the customer of transport services. The requirements for the initial set of indicators for evaluating the urban land passenger transport system are formulated. The scope of the results. The results obtained can be used by scientists, as well as experts in the field of transport, to assess the functioning of urban passenger transportation. Conclusions. The selected indicators take into account all aspects of the qualitative component of the transport process: comfort, safety, contact, reliability, accessibility, information service and efficiency. The generated list can be supplemented or adjusted depending on the objectives of the assessment subjects or the opinion of experts.
