Rare diseases represent a significant global healthcare challenge due to their low prevalence, delayed diagnosis, limited treatment options, and high treatment costs. Orphan drugs have emerged as an essential therapeutic approach to address these unmet medical needs; however, their development and market authorization require specialized regulatory pathways and supportive incentives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of orphan drug development, global regulatory pathways, market authorization processes, and regulatory incentives across major regulatory authorities, including the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), and Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO). It further discusses the major challenges associated with orphan drug development, including clinical, regulatory, manufacturing, and market access barriers, while highlighting emerging opportunities such as artificial intelligence, gene therapy, precision medicine, and international regulatory collaboration. Overall, strengthening regulatory harmonization, fostering innovation, and enhancing global collaboration are essential to improve the development, approval, and accessibility of safe and effective orphan drugs for patients with rare diseases worldwide.
Background: Obesity is a multifactorial disorder linked to dysregulated energy balance and heightened cardiometabolic risk. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is a pivotal regulator of appetite, lipid handling and thermogenesis, and imbalance between central and peripheral 5-HT pools favours weight gain. Neolamarckia cadamba, a Rubiaceae plant rich in indole alkaloids, is traditionally used for metabolic ailments, but its anti-obesity potential via serotonergic pathways is not well defined. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a standardized N. cadamba extract on central and peripheral 5-HT signalling and related metabolic outcomes in high-fat-diet (HFD) induced obese rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were rendered obese by HFD feeding and then treated orally with graded doses of N. cadamba extract; lorcaserin served as a 5-HT2 C agonist reference. Body weight, food intake, adiposity index, oral glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and serum lipid profile were recorded. Serotonin levels in hypothalamus and peripheral tissues were quantified, alongside expression of 5-HT2 C–POMC axis genes and TPH1-linked thermogenic markers. Liver and adipose tissues were examined histologically. Results: N. cadamba produced a dose-dependent reduction in body-weight gain and food intake, approaching the effect of lorcaserin. The extract improved dyslipidemia and glucose homeostasis and reduced visceral fat deposition. Mechanistically, treatment enhanced hypothalamic 5-HT activity and 5-HT2 C–POMC signalling, while suppressing peripheral 5-HT and TPH1 expression, a pattern consistent with enhanced satiety and activation of brown-adipose-tissue thermogenesis. Hepatic steatosis and adipocyte hypertrophy observed in HFD controls were markedly attenuated in extract-treated groups. Conclusion: These findings indicate that standardized N. cadamba exerts anti-obesity effects through dual serotonergic modulation—stimulating central 5-HT2 C-mediated anorectic signalling while concomitantly dampening lipogenic peripheral 5-HT synthesis. This dual-axis action, together with favourable metabolic and histological outcomes, supports N. cadamba as a promising plant-based candidate for safer obesity interventions. These preclinical data warrant isolation of active alkaloids and longer-term safety evaluation in models.
Introduction: Environmental concerns associated with petroleum-based packaging have driven the development of biodegradable and active alternatives. Aim/Objectives: This study investigates sorghum starch–silver nanoparticle (AgNP) nanocomposite films for antimicrobial dairy packaging. Materials and Methods: AgNPs were synthesized via citrate reduction and confirmed by UV–Visible spectroscopy (SPR: 450– 500 nm). Sorghum starch was extracted and used to prepare films (3.5–6.5%) plasticized with sorbitol and incorporated with AgNPs (1–5%, w/w). Films were evaluated for thickness, swelling, and antimicrobial activity. Shelf-life studies were conducted on paneer at room temperature and 4 °C. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA. Results: Synthesized AgNPs showed strong antimicrobial activity (16–22 mm). Film thickness (0.10–0.34 mm) increased with starch concentration, indicating enhanced matrix density. Swelling behaviour varied across formulations, with optimized films showing controlled water uptake. Antimicrobial activity was concentration-dependent, with 5% AgNP films showing inhibition against Gram-negative bacteria. In paneer, coated samples exhibited up to 3.19 log CFU/g reduction in coliforms at room temperature (p<0.001), with additional reduction under refrigeration, demonstrating synergistic effects. Reduced microbial growth kinetics confirmed sustained antimicrobial activity and shelf-life extension. Conclusion: Sorghum starch–AgNP films exhibit promising antimicrobial and physicochemical properties, offering a sustainable alternative for dairy packaging.
Invasive plant species represent major ecological threats but may also provide valuable medicinal resources. This review aimed to assess the ecological impact, traditional uses, pharmacological activities, and phytochemical composition of three invasive plant species in Benin: Chromolaena odorata, Hyptis suaveolens, and Leucaena leucocephala. A literature review was conducted using data from scientific databases and ethnobotanical sources. These plants exhibit diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic effects. These activities are associated with bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and essential oils. Despite their ecological harm, they are promising sources of therapeutic agents, highlighting the need for management strategies combining control and medicinal use..
Heart failure (HF) is a major cardiovascular syndrome with heterogeneous pathophysiology, and dyslipidemia may contribute to its development and progression through atherosclerotic, inflammatory, endothelial, and metabolic mechanisms. This narrative review aimed to evaluate the relationship between lipid disorders and HF, with particular emphasis on the potential role of statin therapy in different HF phenotypes. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, and relevant original articles, randomized controlled trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines published in English between 2000 and 2025 were reviewed. Available evidence indicates that the effects of statins in HF are phenotype- and stage-dependent. Large randomized trials did not demonstrate significant mortality benefit in advanced HF, especially in patients with reduced ejection fraction. However, observational studies and meta-analyses suggest potential benefit in selected subgroups, including patients with earlier-stage HF, ischemic heart disease, left ventricular ejection fraction ≥40%, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis. These effects may be partly explained by the pleiotropic anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and endothelial-protective properties of statins. In conclusion, statin therapy does not appear to provide uniform benefit across all HF populations, but it may have clinical value in selected patients, particularly in earlier disease stages and in metabolically driven HF phenotypes.
Bupivacaine is one of the most commonly used local anaesthetics for spinal anaesthesia. Its clinical properties may vary depending on the baricity of the solution, which affects drug spread within the cerebrospinal fluid and the characteristics of the block. The aim of this narrative review was to compare hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine used for spinal anaesthesia in adult patients (>18 years), based on randomised clinical trials. A literature review of randomised clinical trials comparing hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in adult patients was conducted. The analysis addressed sensory and motor block characteristics, haemodynamic parameters, duration of anaesthesia, and recovery time after surgery. In most studies, hyperbaric bupivacaine was associated with a faster onset of sensory and motor block, as well as more predictable spread of anaesthesia. Isobaric bupivacaine was more frequently associated with a longer block duration and prolongedpostoperative analgesia. The effect of baricity on haemodynamic stability was variable; however, vasopressor requirements were comparable between groups in most studies. The baricity of bupivacaine appears to influence the clinical profile of spinal anaesthesia. Both hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine can be used safely, and the choice of formulation should be individually adjusted by the physician to the clinical circumstances and the needs of each patient.
This narrative review evaluates whether the creation or maintenance of a fenestration during Fontan completion influences longterm outcomes in patients with single-ventricle physiology, including overall survival, freedom from Fontan failure, arterial oxygen desaturation, thromboembolic complications, and Fontan-associated liver disease. The screening process yielded 9 studies for narrative synthesis, including 8 primary studies and 1 meta-analysis. Across original studies, fenestration was not associated with a significant difference in overall survival or freedom from Fontan failure compared with non-fenestrated Fontan circulation or later fenestration closure. The most consistent long-term finding was persistent arterial oxygen desaturation in patients with an open fenestration, whereas evidence regarding thromboembolic events and Fontan-associated liver disease was mixed and requires cautious interpretation. Current evidence therefore suggests that Fontan fenestration should primarily be regarded as a strategy to reduce early postoperative morbidity rather than an intervention that reliably improves long-term survival or prevents late Fontan failure.
Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) adversely affects quality of life and frequently results in anemia and hysterectomy. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) offers a conservative, fertility-preserving alternative for the management of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB). Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted from April 2023 to April 2025 at J.N. Medical College, AMU, Aligarh, and included 66 women diagnosed with AUB. LNG-IUS was inserted in the post-menstrual phase. Participants were evaluated at 3 and 6 months. Primary outcome measures included Pictorial Blood Assessment Chart (PBAC) score and hemoglobin levels Results: The mean age of participants was 40.52 ± 5.80 years, with a mean BMI of 28.21 ± 4.68 kg/m². Mean hemoglobin levels improved significantly from 8.96 ± 1.49 g/dL at baseline to 9.97 ± 0.97 g/dL at 6 months (P < 0.001). The mean PBAC score decreased from 288.71 ± 83.38 to 80.27 ± 38.89, representing a 72.11% reduction (P < 0.001). Spotting was the most frequently reported side effect (53.0%), expulsion occurred in 9.1% of cases, and no uterine perforations were observed. Device removal was required in 6.1% of participants. Overall, patient satisfaction was 84.8%. Conclusion: LNG-IUS is a safe, effective, fertility preserving, first-line non-surgical therapy for AUB, significantly reducing menstrual blood loss, dysmenorrhea, and anemia, with high patient satisfaction rates.
Introduction: Ramalina conduplicans and Roccella montagnei represent ecologically resilient symbiotic systems that synthesize diverse secondary metabolites with potent antimicrobial potential. Aim/Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial activities of solvent extracts from Roccella montagnei and Ramalina conduplicans, traditionally known for their therapeutic properties, against clinically relevant pathogens . Methods: Lichen thalli collected from the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu were sequentially extracted using diethyl ether, acetone and methanol via Soxhlet hot percolation. Antifungal activity was assessed against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani using disk diffusion and broth macrodilution methods. Antibacterial activity was determined by agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified spectrophotometrically as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively. Statistical significance was evaluated using two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results: Ramalina conduplicans and Roccella montagnei exhibited notable antifungal and antibacterial efficacy in a solvent dependent manner. The acetone extract of Ramalina conduplicans produced the largest inhibition zones (10–12 mm) and the lowest MIC values (2–8 µg/mL), particularly against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium solani. The methanolic extract of Roccella montagnei showed strong antifungal activity (MIC 2–4 µg/mL) with high phenolic (37.28 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (48.24 mg QE/g) contents. Acetone extracts of both lichens displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, most pronounced against Escherichia coli (21–24 mm ZOI; MIC 4–8 µg/mL). Conclusion: This study highlights R. montagnei and R. conduplicans as promising sources of phenolic rich metabolites with potent antifungal and antibacterial properties. The acetone and methanol extracts demonstrated broad spectrum inhibitory effects, underscoring their potential for developing novel natural antimicrobial agents.
Binge eating disorder (BED) belongs to an eating disorder that occurs in both adult and adolescent populations. The disorder is associated with physical disorders such as obesity. It also touches the psychological sphere including impulse control disorder. Recent years have been associated with the development of new treatment strategies for this disorder. Safety-appropriate pharmacological treatments are still being sought. Substances such as lisdexamfetamine or topiramate initially combined to treat obesity-related BED have proved ineffective or unsafe in this indication. Recent studies report the possible efficacy of combining naltrexone with bupropion in the treatment of BED. The combination of these substances affects the genetic mechanisms that promote the production of leptin, the satiety hormone. Psychological treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), its variant dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT) or behavioral weight loss therapy (BWL) still have a well-established and fundamental role in the treatment of eating disorders, including BED. This systematic review included metaanalyses on the treatment of BED between 2004 and 2025. Only double-blind, placebo-controlled RCTs were included in the study. Databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were searched. Most studies showed no advantage of NB over placebo in reducing the frequency of binge eating episodes and BED symptoms. The main benefit of NB in the treatment of BED is weight loss. Preliminary results showed that combining a pharmacological approach (NB) with a psychological approach (CBT) is most effective in reducing BED symptoms.
Fruits have a significant role in the diet of human. Wastes are the unconsumed or unused fractions of a fruit and vegetables due to their morphological characteristics. Many fruits as well as vegetables produce up to 25- 30% of waste. The lack of proper infrastructure and methods are responsible for massive losses of important food components, by-products and residues. This review focuses on presence of bioactive compounds of some fruit by-products and possible utilization in various industries. Studies from 1986 to 2018 were reviewed from books, research paper and review articles. Currently, thousands of bioactive molecules have been isolated as well as identified from different fruit waste. The horticultural by-products are good sources of phenolic compounds, pigments, dietary fibers, organic acids, sugar derivatives, minerals and other constituents. These bioactive molecules have beneficial properties like cardioprotective, antibacterial, antimutagenic, antitumor, antiviral properties. Fruit and vegetable wastes can be utilized by isolation potential bioactive molecules and can be utilized in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics industries. Research should be encouraged to explore the therapeutic and toxic effects, pharmacokinetics of bioactive molecules.
Introduction: Post–myocardial infarction (MI) mechanical complications remain catastrophic and require early detection. Conventional 2D echocardiography may be limited in tachycardic or critically ill patients due to inadequate frame rates. Case Report: A middle-aged man aged 55-year-old with hypertension, hypothyroidism, and prior above-knee amputation presented with NSTEMI, evidenced by ST depression in V2–V6 and elevated Troponin I. Initial 2D echocardiography was normal. Coronary angiography showed single-vessel LAD disease with branch involvement, and OCT-guided PCI with two drug-eluting stents and a drug-eluting balloon was successfully performed. Despite initial stability, he developed sudden pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, and a new pansystolic murmur, suggesting a post-MI mechanical complication. Persistent tachycardia hindered adequate echocardiographic visualization. A novel “Frame Rate Control’’ technique using Blender 3D software was applied to generate high-quality slow-motion reconstructions of the echo loops, enabling clearer assessment. This technique confirmed ruptured chordae tendineae with severe mitral regurgitation. Results: The patient’s respiratory failure progressed from oxygen therapy to BiPAP and ultimately mechanical ventilation. Emergency high-risk mitral valve replacement was undertaken, but he could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass and required massive transfusion due to recent antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. He died on postoperative day one. Discussion: This case underscores the need for prompt detection of post-MI mechanical complications and demonstrates the first documented clinical use of Blender 3D software to optimize echocardiographic frame-rate limitations. Such techniques may aid diagnosis when conventional imaging is inadequate, especially in hemodynamically unstable patients.
Aim: The aim of the study is to analyze the marketing strategies adopted by Alkem Laboratories for brand building of PAN-D antacid tablet in the gastrointestinal segment and to understand the role of medical representatives, doctors, and pharmacists in influencing brand perception and prescription behavior. Methodology: The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from 120 respondents in Pune, including doctors, pharmacists, and medical representatives, using structured questionnaires and personal interviews. Secondary data were obtained from company reports, journals, websites, and published research. The collected data were analyzed using percentage analysis to identify key factors influencing brand building and prescription loyalty. Results: The findings of the study indicate that regular visits by medical representatives (96%), Continuing Medical Education (CME) programs (84%), and availability of clinical evidence (83%) play a major role in strengthening PAN-D’s brand image among doctors. Pharmacists’ stocking decisions are largely influenced by doctor demand (80%) and company reputation (60%). The study also identifies challenges such as price competition, limited promotional budgets, and intense market competition as significant barriers to the adoption of new pharmaceutical brands. Conclusion: The study concludes that Alkem Laboratories has successfully built a strong brand image for PAN-D through consistent field engagement, effective medical representative interactions, and ethical, science-based promotion. Continuous doctor education, strong company reputation, and relationship marketing have significantly contributed to sustained prescription loyalty. In a highly competitive pharmaceutical market, maintaining ethical promotion practices and scientific validation remains essential for long-term brand leadership.
Introduction: SCPFT is a rare, low-grade mesenchymal neoplasm first described by Carter et al. in 2014. Clinically, it presents as a slow-growing, painless, well-circumscribed mass in superficial soft tissue over lower extremities and trunk of adults. It is characterized by spindle to epithelioid cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, mild nuclear atypia, and rare mitotic activity. The tumor shows diffuse and characteristic strong CD34, while being negative for S100, Desmin, and smooth muscle actin (SMA). Cytological descriptions of SCPFT are scarce in the literature, posing a diagnostic challenge on fine-needle aspiration. Aim/Objective: To describe the cytomorphological features of a rare case of Superficial CD34-positive fibroblastic tumor (SCPFT) and emphasize its diagnostic considerations on fine needle aspiration cytology. Case Report: A 16-year-old girl presented with a slow-growing, painless swelling over the posterior aspect of the right arm for two years. Clinical examination revealed a mobile, well-circumscribed mass measuring 3 cm x 3 cm. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed, followed by histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis for confirmation. Results: Cytology smears were moderately cellular, showing loose cohesive clusters and scattered singly dispersed spindle to epithelioid cells. The tumor cells exhibited moderate to abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, occasional vacuolation, vesicular nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. Focal nuclear pleomorphism was observed, with occasional bizarre and multinucleated cells, but no mitotic figures. The background showed a mixed inflammatory infiltrate. Differential diagnoses considered were solitary reticulohistiocytoma, atypical fibrous histiocytoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, and atypical fibroxanthoma. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of Superficial CD34-positive fibroblastic tumor. Conclusion: Superficial CD34-positive fibroblastic tumor is a rare, low-grade neoplasm of mesenchymal neoplasm with overlapping cytological features. Recognition of its characteristic cytomorphology, along with histopathology and immunohistochemistry, is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate patient management.
Home Sleep Apnea Tests (HSAT) for the home-based assessment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) may constitute a significant alternative to polysomnography (PSG), which is conventionally performed in sleep laboratories. In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for out-of-laboratory sleep testing, driven by improved accessibility, enhanced patient comfort, and economic considerations. In this systematic review, we analyze the available scientific literature published between 2015 and 2025 concerning diagnostic devices intended for home-based OSA assessment, including specific device subtypes and software solutions utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. The results of the analyzed studies indicate that many HSAT devices demonstrate sensitivity and specificity comparable to standard PSG in the detection of moderate and severe OSA. However, persistent limitations must be emphasized, including restricted measurement capabilities such as the absence of full electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), or electrooculography (EOG) recordings in certain devices, as well as overall variability in the parameters recorded across different systems. Although HSAT devices are currently unable to fully replace conventional polysomnography, this review highlights their substantial potential in OSA diagnostics, particularly in settings with limited access to sleep laboratories. We also underscore the need for further research in this field and for standardization, especially regarding device specifications and measured parameters.
Introduction: Giardia lamblia and Plasmodium species are the pathogenic organisms for Giardiasis and Malaria, respectively, both human protozoan infections. Parasitic infections have continued to pose significant health challenges to children, especially in developing countries. Aim/Objective: This study investigated the immunohaematological effects of single and co-infections with Giardia lamblia and Plasmodium species among school-aged children (5–15 years) in Owerri West Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 108 pupils were sampled from 20 randomly selected primary schools across rural, semi-urban, and urban settings. Blood and stool samples were collected for parasitological and immunohaematological analysis. Parasite identification was performed using direct microscopy: Stool samples for Giardia lamblia and thick/thin blood smears for Plasmodium spp. White blood cell (WBC) counts and differentials were measured using standard haematological techniques.
Cognitive dysfunctions are considered a significant, yet unfortunately often unrecognized, complication of systemic autoimmune diseases. In this systematic review, we have collected and analyzed the available scientific data (using Pubmed and Google Scholar electronic databases) regarding the, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management principles of cognitive function disorders in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), primary Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis. The prevalence of cognitive deficits in autoimmune diseases is high which highlights the scale of clinical challenges. The pathogenesis of these disorders is multifactorial and includes the neuro-inflammatory effects of systemically circulating cytokines, autoimmune neuronal dysfunction induced by autoantibodies, progressive cerebrovascular damage, as well as the indirect impact of chronic pain, depression, fatigue, and medication side effects on cognitive functions. Specific disease entities are characterized by distinct profiles of cognitive dysfunction. Effective therapeutic interventions for the described disorders include the implementation of immunomodulatory therapies, treatment of co-existing depression and pain, and the implementation of neuropsychological rehabilitation programs. An interdisciplinary approach with simultaneous involvement of rheumatologists, neurologists, and neuropsychologists is essential in the treatment process of cognitive function disorders. Future research directions should focus on attempts to identify biomarkers specific for co-existing cognitive dysfunctions, validation of diagnostic tools, and assessment of the impact of modern immunologic therapies and non-pharmacological interventions on cognitive functions, which would allow improving quality of life for patients.
Molecular hydrogen (H2 ), particularly in the form of hydrogen-rich water (HRW), has gained increasing attention for its potential antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and ergogenic properties in physically active populations. The aim of this narrative review was to synthesize and critically evaluate current evidence on the physiological effects, recovery mechanisms, and performance outcomes associated with molecular hydrogen supplementation in sport and exercise science. A literature search was conducted for studies published between 2000 and 2024 using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The review included studies investigating the effects of H2 administered via hydrogen-rich water, inhalation, or intravenous infusion on oxidative stress, inflammation, fatigue, and physical performance. Current evidence indicates that molecular hydrogen may attenuate exercise-induced oxidative stress, reduce inflammatory biomarkers, improve lactate metabolism, and alleviate delayed onset muscle soreness. Hydrogen-rich water appears to confer benefits in both acute and chronic exercise contexts; however, study findings remain heterogeneous. Molecular hydrogen shows potential as a supportive intervention in sports medicine and exercise recovery. Nevertheless, variability in study design, limited sample sizes, and inconsistent performance metrics restrict definitive conclusions. Further well-designed, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to establish optimal dosing, administration strategies, and long-term effectiveness.
Introduction: Individualized Anticoagulants are used for stroke prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and Venous Thrombo Embolism (VTE) prophylaxis. Case Report: We had a Forty-Two-year old male patient who was admitted with history of exertional breathing difficult. Also had pain, swelling and tenderness of bilateral anterior thigh region. Local Ultra Sound examination reported hematoma and hemarthrosis. He was on treatment for Type 2 DM, HTN, Paroxysmal AF and Post DVR (2016) and Redo MVR (2018) with Oral Anti Coagulation (OAC) along with other routine medications. These acute symptoms occurred following self-advised bilateral lower limb massage for myalgia. His preliminary investigation revealed Severe Anemia (Hb - 3.8gms/dl) and INR of > 10. Received 3 units of compatible blood transfusions, IV Vitamin K injections and other routine medications. Hb improved to 9.4 gms/dl. 2D Echocardiography although initially showed increased gradients across prosthetic valves improved after blood transfusions. Symptoms gradually stabilized and discharged with stable hemodynamic conditions. Discussion: Clinicians face increasingly complex decisions relating to appropriate agent, duration of treatment and use in special populations. Newer OACs, like Dabigatran (oral Factor Xa inhibitor) neither requires regular laboratory monitoring nor affected by external factors.
Cancer remains one of the most challenging diseases to treat, necessitating novel and integrated approaches for its identification and management. This review explores the potential synergy between herbal medicine and artificial intelligence (AI) in the realm of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Herbal medicine offers a vast repertoire of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential, while AI algorithms provide sophisticated analytical tools for data processing and pattern recognition. By integrating these two domains, promising avenues for personalized and targeted cancer care emerge. This review critically examines the current landscape, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging herbal medicine and AI in the fight against cancer.
