The general mathematical model for sediment transport refers to a model established based on theory of non-uniform and non-equilibrium sediment transport.Although it has a solid theoretical foundation and high simulation accu-racy,there remains a significant gap compared to international advanced levels in terms of system integration,general applicability,user interface,as well as development tools,platforms,and databases.To address this,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research developed the general mathematical model system for sediment,a cross-scale,multi-dimensional simulation platform for water-sediment-habitat processes.Based on a digital twin architecture,this system integrates database,pre-processing,multi-dimensional sediment modelling,and post-processing modules,and combines GIS and cloud technologies to achieve dynamic mapping and real-time interaction between physical rivers and virtual models.It supports coupled 1D/2D sediment simulation,multi-source data integration,online updating,and 3D visualization,enabling full digital representation of water bodies.Successful applications in the downstream area of the Three Gorges Dam and the confluence region demonstrated high consistency between simulated and measured results,confirming its reliability and potential for digital twin projects.
Wuxi County in Chongqing is characterized by its numerous mountainous areas,rugged and steep topogra-phy,and complex geological and hydrological conditions,which contribute to the high incidence of geological disasters.Wuxi County has well-developed rivers,including the Daning River that runs through it from north to south,as well as several parallel tributaries that are distributed in a comb-like pattern from east to west.Therefore,this study delineates the research area along a 400-meter zone on both banks of the water system to conduct a susceptibility assessment of land-slides in Wuxi.The paper selects nine factors including elevation,slope,aspect,terrain roughness,curvature,topo-graphic wetness index,engineering geological rock group,distance to faults,and distance to water systems as suscepti-bility evaluation indicators.Using 70%of the landslides in each evaluation area as training samples,the study constructs susceptibility evaluation models for the entire Wuxi County and two sub-regions based on the GIS platform and informa-tion quantity model.The remaining 30%of landslides are used as test samples,and the models' evaluation accuracy in Wuxi County is verified through the ROC curve(AUC value).The results show that the AUC values for the entire region,sub-region 1,and sub-region 2 are 0.880,0.930,and 0.899,respectively,indicating that the sub-regional evaluation model is more suitable for landslide susceptibility evaluation in areas with developed river systems.
In the construction of pumped storage power stations,dams can be built upstream and downstream of the Ω-shaped river bend to form a reservoir,and then the open channel can be excavated by cutting off the bend to ensure the flood safety of the river outside the reservoir.After cutting and straightening,the steep slope open channel features high flow velocity and intensified bank erosion along the course.Additionally,the mainstream bending causes water flow to undercut both banks,leading to severe river regime changes.This study,based on practical engi-neering projects,conducts physical model experiments research on the longitudinal velocity and erosion-deposition variations along steep slope open channels in mountainous rivers following meandering cut-offs,and proposes a tech-nical approach that combines flexible protection at the bottom of the channel with a group of bank spur dikes.The study demonstrates that employing gabion flexible protection along the open channel allows the bed elevation to natu-rally adjust with erosion-deposition changes until equilibrium is achieved.A series of oblique dikes are set up at the upstream of the open channel where the main flow is about to deviate,gradually adjusting the flow direction in a relay manner,which can avoid local scouring caused by the main flow refracting on both sides,and maintain the stability of the river regime.By appropriately reducing the height of the dikes and allowing some water to overflow,the depth of the dike foundation can be reduced,achieving the best protective effect.The upstream spur dike group has a global effect on downstream flow patterns and erosion-deposition changes.For different protection design standards,the number and spacing of spur dikes can be appropriately adjusted,but regional removal is not allowed.The above tech-nical scheme also provides physical basis for further constructing aquatic habitats and fish migration passages in the future.
The internal flow characteristics within bifurcated pipes significantly influences the efficiency and stability of water conveyance systems.This study implements the Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM)combined with Large Eddy Simulation(LES)and Single Relaxation Time(SRT)models to investigate flow patterns and energy dissipation near bifurcations across varying Reynolds numbers.Experimental validation confirms numerical accuracy,demon-strating Reynolds number's governing role in flow evolution and energy loss mechanisms through inertial-viscous interactions.Under the dual-pipe splitting condition,increased Reynolds numbers(Re)promote breakdown of large-scale vortical structures through strong shear at the rib plate tip.This significantly reduces both the vortex area and intensity in the main pipe,resulting in a smoother flow pattern.The hydraulic loss coefficient decreases substantially by 0.26,with a corresponding significant reduction in the peak reverse flow ratio.These changes indicate that at high Re,energy is efficiently transferred to smaller scales through a cascade process and ultimately dissipated by viscos-ity,while backflow is effectively suppressed.Under the single-pipe merging condition,increased Re significantly alters the effective flow area ratio in the bifurcated pipe and enhances vortex intensity.This is accompanied by migra-tion of vortex cores toward the wall and an increase in the number of vortex structures.The hydraulic loss coefficient decreases markedly by 1.64,accompanied by a reduction in the peak reverse flow ratio.The spatial consistency between high-dissipation zones and flow separation regions confirms that flow separation dominates the energy loss mechanism.
Termite nest systems,with their complex spatial structures and diverse morphological characteristics,may act as water collection and conveyance channels when reservoir water levels rise,thereby triggering seepage and piping phenomena that pose a serious threat to the safe operation of earth-rock dams.Therefore,based on a typical cross-section of a certain earth-rock dam,a numerical simulation model of an earth-rock dam incorporating a termite nest system was established to analyze the impact of various termite nest structural configurations—including those without termite nests,without termite tunnels,not penetrating the dam,direct-through,siphon-type,series-type,and combined-type—on the distribution of the seepage flow field,as well as the effects of the geometric parameters of the termite nests(diameter,burial depth,and spacing)and the soil loss caused by the termite nest system on the sta-bility of the dam.The results indicate that the type of termite nest structure significantly alters the seepage characteris-tics of the dam.Compared to conditions without termite nests,the through-type and combined-type termite nest struc-tures cause local seepage velocity to increase by more than 90 times.In the upstream region of the combined-type ter-mite nest structure,the maximum decrease in pore water pressure is 5.38%,while in the downstream region,the maximum increase reaches 9.73%.As the diameter of termite nests increases,pore water pressure within the influ-ence zone of the termite nest system exhibits a decreasing trend.Both rising reservoir water levels and increasing ter-mite nest diameters lead to the expansion of the plastic zone toward the termite nest area and the overlying soil.Soil loss caused by the termite nest system gradually reduces the safety factor of earth-rock dams;moreover,the lower the strength of the dam body soil,the greater the reduction in the safety factor.
Comprehensive water pricing is a powerful guarantee for the sustainable and stable operation of hydraulic projects and serves as a foundation for High-quality Development in the Water Sector.As the water network projects become increasingly complex,there is an urgent need to establish a comprehensive water pricing model suited to the characteristics of Water Network Project.In this study,we couple a natural-social dual water cycle model and develop a regional comprehensive water pricing model for water networks(SkyWasm-WP),achieving unified simula-tion of both water allocation and comprehensive pricing.The model is applied to major water network projects in Shan-dong Province.Results indicate that pricing based on different water sources leads to significant disparities,under-mining the healthy operation of water network projects.While comprehensive pricing at the unit(gate)level can inte-grate differences in water sources and transmission costs,it may result in high terminal water prices.In contrast,regional comprehensive pricing effectively distributes water supply costs,enables coordinated management within the network,and supports regional collaborative development.Under this model,the comprehensive water price is 3.49 yuan/m3 downstream of Songzhuang and 1.69 yuan/m3 upstream of Songzhuang.The SkyWasm-WP model provides scientific and technical support for water pricing formulation,water fee management and allocation,and smart water management within the water network framework.
Groundwater numerical simulation models are core research tools in the fields of groundwater science and engineering,yet their applications have long been dominated by foreign-developed models such as MODFLOW and FEFLOW,with domestic development in China still relatively underdeveloped.SkyCoMuS is the first publicly released groundwater numerical simulation model in China,developed by the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research.Its main features include:(1)over 38,000 lines of source code,all independently devel-oped;(2)object-oriented programming in C++with a highly modular and reusable design,facilitating maintenance and the development of new simulation modules;(3)a unique groundwater flow algorithm that addresses the long-standing technical challenge of simulating drying-rewetting processes in grid cells and achieves excellent accuracy;(4)a built-in under-relaxation iterative scheme that greatly enhances convergence in highly nonlinear simulations;(5)an enhanced river-groundwater coupling algorithm particularly suited to China's hydrological conditions;and(6)a simple interface designed for ease of model use.Several key features have been verified through an analytical solution test case,a highly nonlinear test case,and a seasonal river-groundwater coupling test case.
High concrete dams already built in southwest China are facing severe challenges from strong earthquakes during operation period.A scientific and rapid post-earthquake safety assessment system is of great significance for supporting emergency management decisions by relevant authorities.The bottleneck issue in the rapid post-earthquake assessment system for high concrete dams lies in the lack of a highly reliable safety evaluation model for the dam-foundation system.For the key challenges in the four-tier framework of"analytical model-evaluation indexes-evaluation criteria-emergency decision-making"within the seismic safety evaluation system for high arch dams,the analysis model of a multi-nonlinear coupling system considering dam damage failure and abutment instabil-ity failure is constructed in this study,taking the Xiluodu Arch Dam as example.Multi-magnitude ground motions are generated by using the stochastic finite-fault method.A"four states and three thresholds"classification standard with corresponding emergency response strategies is proposed by combining probabilistic seismic demand analysis(PSDA)and the construction of a hybrid evaluation index.Then,a post-earthquake safety status rapid assessment and emergency decision-making support system SkySeisdam based on rapidly readable indicators is established.The research results provide quantitative decision-making support for rapid post-earthquake response of high arch dams.
To support the construction of digital twin watersheds and the development of smart water conservancy,addressing issues such as weak physical mechanisms,limited functionality,poor adaptability of current hydrological models,and the low efficiency of loose multi-model coupling,this research developed a generalized model software system(Runoff Yield and Concentration in Watersheds and Flood Forecast Model,Sky-RyCF)integrating the entire chain of meteorological forecasting,watershed runoff yield and concentration,flood forecasting,and reservoir opera-tion.Based on a self-developed model system from the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,the model takes the"natural-social"dual water cycle theory as its core,and deeply integrates core mod-ules—including numerical weather prediction,distributed runoff yield,spatiotemporal variable source runoff genera-tion,1D/2D hydrodynamic flood routing,social water cycle simulation,and multi-objective reservoir operation—through standardized interfaces.An integrated platform supporting multi-model coupling and visual modeling was con-structed.Application results demonstrate that:during the replay simulation of the"23·7"extreme flood in the Yong-ding River Basin,the forecasted peak flow at Lugou Bridge was 4540 m³/s(measured 4650 m³/s),with a simulated inundation area error in the floodplain being≤2.0%;in the water resources assessment of the Songhua River Basin,the monthly runoff simulation at major hydrological stations achieved Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients greater than 0.7,quantitatively revealing the evolution patterns of water resources.The model system is characterized by strong physical mechanisms,comprehensive functionality,and intelligent generalizability,enabling refined simula-tion of multiple water cycle processes and operational application.It provides core technical support for the"Four Pre-"functions(forecast,warning,pre-run,plan)in water conservancy and the smart water management business.
On 19th July,2024,one flash flood disaster occurred in the catchment of Jinqianhe River Basin in Shan-gluo City,Shanxi province,which let a highway bridge located closed to the downstream to be collapsed.This study proposes a modelling strategy by using the spatiotemporal distributed hydrological model developed by China Institute of Water Resources and hydropower Research(IWHR)to simulate the rainfall-runoff processes and to digitally explain the reason of the disaster.The Jinqianhe model created in the study showed high performance that both the error of flood peak and time meet the accuracy requests(flood peak error<0.1%,flood peak time error<1h).The distribution of rainfall-runoff coefficient of Jinqian sub-catchment is over 0.8;Shechun sub-catchment is in range from 0.2 to 0.4,and Matan sub-catchment is in range from 0.4 to 0.6.The collapsed highway bridge had suffered 2 flood peaks in 19th July(1,295 m3/s at 13:00pm and 1,431 m3/s at 21:00pm).The bridge failure is attributed to the superposition of 2 peaks.From this case study,the proposed strategy has been approved to be able to be applied for improving the understanding of flash flood disaster at mountainous catchments.
Watershed water resources assessment is key to refined management.Integrating multi-source data(sur-face/groundwater)into hydrological models to improve section and sub-watershed simulation accuracy is a critical challenge.This study proposes a Runoff and Water resources quantity verification(RW)method to enhance synergis-tic characterization of section runoff and water resources,and a 2D4E_Morris method for multi-period,multi-region sensitivity analysis of key parameters affecting runoff,surface/groundwater,and total resources.Using the SkyWasm model to simulate the upper Yellow River(above Toudaoguai)with 1980-2016 data,results show RW calibration yields R²>0.85 and NSE>0.65 for runoff,with Pibas<3%and RMSE<50 for water resources—improving Pibas by>90%and RMSE by>35%vs.original methods.2D4E_Morris identifies maximum hourly infiltration capacity as sensi-tive for runoff,and shallow groundwater recharge coefficient,this capacity,and shallow-to-deep recharge coefficient as highly sensitive for water resources.Findings support model optimization and refined watershed assessment.
由于塔内空气与循环冷却水间蒸发换热产生的水损,自然通风湿式冷却塔耗水是火电厂的主要用水量,因此研究自然通风湿式冷却塔节水方案,促进火电行业节水改造具有重要的社会与经济意义.本文通过搭建热态模型试验平台,研究了水冷型冷凝锥体、气冷型冷凝锥体和空气冷凝器三种节水方案的原理可行性.研究结果表明:三种节水方案均可回收自然通风湿式冷却塔的蒸发损失;增大冷凝体表面积可提高节水方案的节水特性;相比于冷凝锥体,空气冷凝器具有更大的冷凝面积,能够更有效地回收蒸发损失,故具有更广泛的工程应用价值.
我国河流、湖泊众多,历史文化底蕴丰厚,水文化是中华文化的重要组成部分,同时也是我国水利事业发展不可或缺的精神元素,先进水文化更是建设幸福河湖所追求的最高境界.本文对文化之河的概念进行了初步解析,基于保护好、传承好、利用好和弘扬好水文化的原则,建立了文化之河评价的三级指标体系,并将指标体系成果应用于全国十个水资源一级区的文化之河评价中.整体看来,我国文化之河幸福河湖评价等级处于中等水平,长江区的太湖流域文化之河评价得分最高,达到中等偏上等级.文化之河距离实现"大河文明、精神家园"的最高目标尚有较大的差距.
随着我国抽水蓄能电站的大量兴建,超高水头引水隧洞逐渐增多,高压固结灌浆是保证隧洞围岩稳定的一种有效技术措施,其中灌浆参数的取值对于工程设计至关重要.本文利用COMSOL多物理场耦合软件平台,采用蒙特卡洛方法,结合MATLAB进行二次开发生成三维随机裂隙,基于浆液流变理论、流体连续性方程和对流扩散运动方程,以阳江抽水蓄能电站引水隧洞围岩高压灌浆为例,研究了不同水灰比、灌浆压力、灌浆时间对于三维网络裂隙岩体的浆液扩散过程的影响.模拟分析结果表明:水灰比对浆液扩散影响较大,浆液扩散距离和水灰比成正比;灌浆起始阶段水泥颗粒运移距离与灌浆历时呈正相关,但灌浆范围内的裂隙达到饱和后颗粒运移距离不再随时间延长而增加;在灌浆过程中需要逐步提高压力,以保证浆液充分渗透到裂隙内部,当灌浆压力超过一定数值,水泥颗粒运移量受灌浆压力影响较小.本研究可为同类型灌浆数值模拟开发和灌浆工程设计提供参考.
天然渠道中遍布种类众多的水生植被,河道中的植被在改善水质、减少水土流失和生态修复中起到了重要作用,但同时也会产生阻力,影响河流流速的大小以及流量的分布.本文通过对植被化河道阻力系数进行理论分析,分析出相对粗糙度和阻力长度是影响植被阻力系数的两个关键因子.通过收集到的不同学者不同工况条件下刚性植被的实验数据,利用遗传算法获得植被阻力系数的计算公式.最后通过对比实验及验证组的实测数据与公式计算值,验证该公式对于计算植被阻力系数的精确性.结果表明:本文提出的植被化生态渠道的阻力系数公式相对简洁,模拟精度较高,为阻力系数公式在植被化渠道中的应用提供了参考,对植被化渠道的流量预测及生态修复提供了理论依据.
为研究水利领域知识图谱构建中基于文本的知识自动抽取方法,本文以水文模型的名称、模拟要素、应用流域、计算时段、精度、继承-发展关系、研发人、研发单位等知识抽取为例,以 883 篇水文模型领域中文期刊论文为数据源,构建了BERT-Base-Chinese模型、LAC(Lexical Analysis of Chinese)工具、模式识别联合的多策略水文模型命名实体识别方法.本文采用五位序列标注法(BMOES)方法对期刊论文进行人工标注等处理,建立知识抽取的输入数据集,用于BERT模型训练以及多策略识别方法的性能评价.识别结果显示:多策略识别方法对8 种水文模型领域命名实体识别结果精确率和召回率的调和平均数(F1 值)均达到 90%以上;针对不同实体类别,采取不同的命名实体识别方法较单BERT模型识别方法能有效提高识别性能.本文提出的方法可为水利领域其他场景的知识抽取提供参考,为领域知识图谱构建提供支撑.
为不断提高论文质量和学术影响力, 鼓励为《中国水利水电科学研究院学报(中英文)》撰写高水平学术论文的作者, 根据《优秀论文和优秀审稿人评选办法》规定,经编委会投票, 《洱海水质演变特征及主要影响因子分析》等6 篇论文被评选为2022 年度优秀论文.
Temperature control curve is the key to achieving temperature control and crack prevention of high concrete dam during construction,and its rationality depends on the accurate measurement of temperature stress.With the simulation tes-ting machine for the temperature stress,in the present study,we carried out the deformation process tests of concrete under three temperature curves:convex,straight and concave.Besides,we not only measured the early-age elastic modulus,creep parameters and stress process,but also proposed the preferred type.The results show that at early age,higher temper-ature always leads to greater elastic modulus and smaller creep.However,the traditional indoor experiments have underesti-mated the elastic modulus and creep development at early age,which makes the calculated value of temperature stress too small,thus increasing the cracking risk.In this study,the stress values of the three curves calculated based on the strain and early-age parameters are in good agreement with the temperature stress measured by the temperature stress testing ma-chine,which verifies the method accuracy.When the temperature changes along the concave curve,the law of stress devel-opment is in consistent with that of strength.Under this condition,the stress fluctuation is small and the crack prevention safety of the concave type is higher,so the concave type is better.The test results provide a reliable basis and support for temperature control curve design and optimization of concrete dams.
土壤侵蚀是内蒙古自治区十大孔兑区域最严重的环境问题之一.为该区域生态环境的健康发展,本研究基于多源数据结合多种土壤侵蚀模型对 2021 年十大孔兑区域的土壤侵蚀做出评估,评估结果显示:2021 年十大孔兑区域土壤侵蚀面积为 4398.85 km2,占区域总土地面积的 40.86%,其中轻度、中度、强烈、极强烈和剧烈等级的土壤侵蚀面积分别为 2614.38 km2、1328.74 km2、276.29 km2、194.45 km2和40.15 km2,区域整体以中度和轻度侵蚀为主.基于评估结果本研究总结了十大孔兑区域土壤侵蚀的空间分布特点,并综合多因素对侵蚀特征进行分析,最终得到如下结论:(1)十大孔兑区域的水力侵蚀离散分布于孔兑上游,这是由地形地貌、植被覆盖等多个因素共合同作用导致的,其中地形地貌对侵蚀分布的影响相对较大;(2)十大孔兑区域的风力侵蚀聚集分布于孔兑中下游,中游的库布齐沙漠是孔兑中风力侵蚀最为严重的区域,风力侵蚀的分布受到土地利用类型和植被覆盖的影响较大;(3)十大孔兑区域的土壤侵蚀集中在达拉特旗、东胜区和杭锦旗境内,但由于各县区部分覆盖的侵蚀地貌不同,各县区在水力和风力侵蚀面积占比上有很大差异.
