Watersheds provide important ecosystem services to humanity and also maintain the physicochemical and biological processes that occur within the watershed. The study was conducted at Dabo Hana district in Barite micro-watershed with the identifying, prioritizing and analyzing constraints and opportunities of barite watershed at Dabo Hana district of Buno Bedele zone was selected purposively from zone based on potentiality of watershed and Barite sub-watershed was selected randomly. A total of 63 sample sizes were selected by employing Probability Proportional to Size (PPS). Data collection tools such as interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), key informants’ interviews, field observations and document analyses were used by developing questionnaire and checklist. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.survey result discovered that mixed farming systems were taken place in the watershed. The major cropping systems in the study area are mono cropping, intercropping and crop rotations systems. Results of survey study revealed that the main crop production constraints were disease and pest problem, soil fertility problems, high cost of fertilizer, shortage of improved varieties and weather fluctuation. Similarly, livestock production in study area is constrained by disease, shortage of animal feed and improved forage, lack of improved breed, shortage of veterinary service and lack of grazing land. Declining of soil fertility, soil erosion, deforestation and climate change were main constraints to natural resources. Therefore, there is need for research, development and institutional interventions to alleviate the identified constraints to crop, livestock production, natural resources and socioeconomic in the study area through holistic approach.
Fruit tree based agroforestry system has great roles to play in the livelihood improvement and it provides multiple contributions of household income and supplementary food for smallholder farmers. However, there is limited quantitative empirical evidence on the contribution of fruit based agroforestry system. Therefore, this study was initiated to examine fruit tree based agroforestry system and its contribution of household income for livelihood improvement in Dale District. Data was collected through a combination of focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household survey and field inventories. A total of 145 respondents from three kebeles were interviewed and data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and econometric analysis. The results revealed that the status of fruit based agroforestry in the study area varies with land holding size. Fruit trees such as; Musa acuminate, Persea americana and Mangifera indica were the major types of tree species grown in the system in the study area. The contribution of fruit for poor, medium and rich households was 3166.8 Birr, 3713.8 Birr and 1380 Birr respectively. The fruit tree contributes 24.75% for poor HHs, 23.34% for medium HHs and 5.16% for rich HHs from the total income. The average income earned from fruit trees was 2754 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per year. Besides, the result from the econometric analysis indicates that access to extension service, family size, land size, and the number of livestock influenced the income from fruit trees. Further studies of examining of the market value chain, areas of intervention along the chain and economic value of the fruit tree based agroforestry system including environmental function served by the system is needed to fully understand the contribution of fruit tree based agroforestry system and livelihood improvement
An experiment on stimulation of rooting of six Bougainvillea species using three different rooting hormones was conducted in the nursery, department of crop soil and pest management of the Federal University of Technology Akure, March to June, 2013. The experiment was laid out in Completely Block Design (CRD) and replicated three times. Data were collected on number of days to sprouting, plant height, stem girth, stem length, wet root weight, dry root weight, the number of leaves per cutting and length of longest roots and subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the level of significance and Tukey Test was used to separate the means. The results showed that the Indole -3-butyric acid and the coconut water had significant effect on the root emergence and root growth of Bougainvillea species compared to the other hormones used and the hard wood cuttings enhanced the rooting of the Bougainvillea compared to the semi –hard wood. Therefore root initiation in cuttings of Boungainvillea could be enhanced with Indole -3-butyric acid (IBA) or dipped in coconut water for 5 minutes and growth was also enhanced using the hard wood cuttings.
Rhizoctoniasolani on green beans has been chosen as one of the best pathosytems to evaluate root rot diseases as well as to determine the effectiveness of potential of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma species (ssp.). In this study we investigate the effective use ofthe pathosystem model; Rhizoctoniasolani-green beans to reveal bio control efficacy of three Trichoderma spp.; T. afro-harzianum, T. reesei and T. guizouhense, isolated from Moroccan soils. In greenhouse conditions, root-dipping approach was involved in revealing bio control potential of localTrichoderma spp. by suppressing root diseases in Rhizoctonia-green beans pathosystem. Interestingly, T. reesei (T9i12) a breaking cellulose succeeded in suppressing disease incidence in root units (DI-RU) = 0.0% in green bean cultivars infected with Rhizoctoniasolani.
Mites are tiny arthropod, biologically most varied and universally adopted in all types of habitats. Mites of family Stigmaeidae are well-known predators of phytophagous mites, lepidopteran eggs, and small soft-bodied insects. An arbitrary study was planned to discover mite fauna of the family Stigmaeidae from Punjab province (Pakistan). The said species (Pseudostigmaeussolanumus) is considered here as new which was collected from the city Muzafarghar, Punjab from (Solanummelongena). Twelve (12) paratypes females were collected from the same locality and three (3) from bitter gourd crop from the city of Jhang, Punjab. The specimen (collected mites) was mounted on glass slides with aid of solution of Hoyer’s. The sketches of mite body were organized with the help of optical microscopic grids. The report and drawing of idiosomal parts, host ranges and evaluating comments are also agreed in this document.
Background: Mangroves can be beneficial natural barriers to be used in design to mitigate climate change issues such as sea level rise, tropical storms and chronic flooding.Utilizing ways for mangroves to grow with the sea level can be useful to protect the coast from erosion, as well as to protect from greater inundation.This research was done in conjunction with a graduate architectural design studio at the Syracuse University School of Architecture focused on changes in the built environment due to climate change.The studio was focused on St. Petersburg, FL which has significant concern for climate change issues and have made regulations to protect their mangrove population around the peninsula.
Endophytic fungi that live inside the tissues of living plants are under explored group of microorganisms.1,2 reported endophytic bacteria from Nicotiana tabacum L. and their biocidal effect on plant pathogenic fungi. Estimated that there may be at least one million species of endophytic fungi alone. Recently they have received considerable attention after they were found to protect their host against insect pests, pathogens and even domestic herbivores.3 Almost all the plant species (400,000) harbor one or more endophytic organisms.4 To date only a few plants have been extensively investigated for their endophytic biodiversity and their potential to produce bio-active secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi generally live peacefully with their host, while these fungi under different conditions may act as facultative pathogen. One of the important roles of endophytic fungi is to initiate the biological degradation of dead or dying host-plant which is necessary for nutrient recycling.5 Such nutrient recycling helps in maintaining ecological balance. Charles and White6 reported intercellular infections in certain plant species that lead to a symbiotic relationship between the host and its endophytic microbes, demonstrates the ability of many types of endosymbionts, acting as a unit with hosts to better survive, compete and reproduce. Practical applications of such endophytes are also discussed, for example, pharmaceutical developments and agricultural management. Dominance of fungi in the phyllosphere of tobacco and colonization patterns of fungi on different growth stages of tobacco leaves revealed that some fungi occurred at all stages while others restricted representation.7
Since ancient times, beautiful skin, firm nails and shiny hairs which look good and live young, has had a strong desire for humans. To maintain health and natural beauty as long as possible and to delay the aging process, continuous supply of some nutrients is necessary in the body. Our metabolism is reflected on the skin, which is sensitive to any change that happens. From inside of a body, the right amino acid mix acts like a repair treatment for skin infection, allergy, coarse –pores and sagginess. Studies stressed the importance amino acids to keep the hair healthy and the skin firm were confirmed by different researchers [1-3]. Apart from giving anti-oxidant to cells, amino acids supply nutrients to nourish the skin, hair and nails within the body which strengthens higher connective tissue and keeps the skin smooth and elastic, the nails firm and the hair strong and paved the way for attractive looking for men and women and finally retards aging.
and it is not considered comprehensively for the understanding of relations and phenomena.Based on this idea, soil is not considered as a living and dynamic entity, which contains a collection of living organisms and biological, physical and chemical interactions, but rather as a mere non-living physical environment, which humans are allowed to manipulate its structure and function by means of using machinery, fertilizers, chemical pesticides and other inputs.In this view, that reflects the basic principles of agricultural economics, natural resources have always been valued in the right way as other sources such as inputs and labor, and in this way, the values and functions of life and the ecology of nature is far from over.The result of such a view was the human invasion of natural resources and the reduction of ecological reserves.
Plant extracts are, nowadays, extensive used as environment friendly ways for biological control of parasitic pests, including the root-knot nematodes, instead of using chemical pesticides.Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze leaf and root extracts nematicidal activities of four selected medicinal plants (i.e., Azaddirachta indica, Moringaoleifera, Lantana camara, and Glycyrrhizaglabra) against the root-knot nematode; Meloidogyne spp.Roots of G. glabra and leaves of A. indica, M. oleifera, and L. camara were collected from different sites in Fayoum Governorate.Roots and leaves were air-dried, powdered and then extracted by ethanol 95% for L. camara and G. glabra or by petroleum ether for A. indica and M. oleifera.The nematode eggs were exposed to the different extracts at different concentrations (i.e., 500, 1000, 2000, 4000ppm) for 24, 48 and 72h.Results showed that all four plant extracts caused significant decreases in egg hatching, but to varying degrees.A. indica extract was the most effective in preventing egg hatching, followed by M. oleifera extract.There was a gradual decrease in egg hatching with increasing the extract concentration and the duration of exposure.As the most effective, the crude extract of A. indica was analyzed by using GC/MS for the effective ingredients and found to be included alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, amides including benzamide and ketones, and others, which showed effectiveness in preventing the egg hatching of the rootknot nematode; Meloidogyne incognita.
In recent decades, the cultivation of grapevines for wine production has been undertaken in the Baltic states and Scandinavia.Its success depends, among other factors, on the climate, the length of the growing season, the soil, and soil temperature.This study measured vineyard soil temperatures in four localities, in Southern Finland, Estonia, and Latvia, from November 2009 to December 2010.During the coldest months of January, February and March, soil temperatures at depths of 25 cm and 45 cm were 0°C or slightly higher, so the roots of the vines did not freeze, nor did the soil temperature prevent grapevines from surviving the winter.In April, in the Southern Finnish locality (Tuusula), the average temperature of the soil was 3.4 to 4.1°C lower than in the Estonian and Latvian locations.This difference grew smaller during the growing season, but remained statistically significant.Soil temperatures in the four localities included in the study reached those of Zlín (Moravia), in the Czech Republic 10-12 days later.It can be concluded from the results that soil temperature differences correspond to differences in growing season, especially in the spring.
Taraba State lies between latitudes 6034’36”N and 9058’51”N and longitudes 90 52’28”Eand120 39’51”E. It occupies a total land mass of approximately 54,473km2 (Figure 1).The State is bordered on the northwest by Gombe State, west by Plateau and Nassarawa States and by Adamawa State in the northeast. It also Shares its southwest boundary with Benue State. An international boundary on the East separates Taraba State from the republic of Cameroon. The state is made up Of three major ecological zones which include Southern guinea savanna located In the south western part of the State, Northern guinea savanna in the northeast And Montane Forest in the south east.9,10
The bioassays were conducted with five insecticides to determine their comparative toxicity to the carp of fresh water fish, Catla catla (Ham.).There was a variation in lethal time of these compounds and the values ranging from 12.57 to 46.24minutes.Of these compounds tested, Oxydemeton-methyl 25% EC was the most toxic followed by Monocrotophos 36% SL, Chlorpyriphos 20% EC and Profenofos 50% EC while Azadirectin (neem formulation) exerted least effect.
The paper expounds the basic premise on the origins of climate science and the predictions of global warming followed by preceding events and studies and implementation of climate treaties.The purpose is to set a foundation for evaluating the progress made by major corporations in conforming to these climate treaties both in their letter and spirit.In the realm of carbon trading and environmentalism today, there are many companies making bold strides toward sustainable business models.This paper reviews the measures taken by five large corporations that profoundly affect the world economy and the environment and examines the goals of each organization, how their methods have yielded results, and whether or not these results have met the aspirations or fallen short.The exploration of how carbon trading markets and the carbon-footprint-reduction efforts of major corporations are implemented to maintain local economies and support small communities is discussed.Integration of greater sustainability and biodiversity in the future carbon trading is an important component to create a low carbon economy.
Directions and fruit distribution on trees plays important role in infestation percentage by B. zonata on guava in current case seems that the peach fruit fly, B. zonata prefer to concentrate on the east-North direction.Where the North side recorded the highest level by B.zonata infestation, so the east-North direction may be the most suitable corner to hanging traps on the trees.
Investigation were undertaken at Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab (ARI) Peshawar during 2015 to study the performance of various rice genotypes for yield and yield characters under the agro-ecological conditions of Peshawar.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with having three replications.The genotypes viz., Super Kernel, Kainat, Sadeeq, Komal, HS-98 and Fakhr e Malakand were investigated in the experiment.The agronomic data regarding; Days to panicle initiation, Panicle length(cm), number of branches panicle-1, Plant height (cm), 1000 seed weight (g) and Grain yield (kg ha-1) was recorded.The analysis of data through revealed that maximum Days to panicle initiation (101.67)were noted in Super kernel while minimum (58.67) were recorded in Fakhr e Malakand , maximum panicle length (26.86cm) was recorded in Super kernel while minimum (22.92cm) was observed in Sadeeq, maximum number of branches panicle-1 (11.42) were noted in Komal while minimum (9.50) number of branches panicle-1 were reported in Kainat, maximum Plant height (100.50cm) was reported in Super kernel while minimum (83.17cm)Plant height was recorded in Fakhre Malakand , maximum 1000 seed weight (44.90g) was reported in Sadeeq while minimum (43.22g) 1000 seed weight was noted in Kainat.Similarly, maximum Grain yield (9.30kg ha-1) was recorded in Komal while minimum (4.28 kg ha-1) was reported in Fakhr e Malakand.Hence It was concluded that genotypes: Super Kernel, Kainat, Sadeeq, Komal, HS-98 and Fakhr e Malakand produced maximum yield and were found most suitable for the agro climatic conditions of Peshawar.
There are many terms used to describe and categorize metals, including trace metals, transition metals, micronutrients, toxic metals, heavy metals. Bjerrum’s1 definition of “heavy metals” is based upon the density of the elemental form of the metal, and he classifies “heavy metals” as those metals with elemental densities above 7g cm3. In 1964, the editor of Van Nostrand’s International Encyclopedia of Chemical Science and in 1987, the editors of Grant and Hackh’s Chemical Dictionary included metals with a density greater than 4g cm-3. The fate of various metals, including chromium, nickel, copper, manganese, mercury, cadmium, lead, and metalloids, including arsenic, antimony, and selenium, in the natural environment is of great concern2 particularly near former mine sites, dumps, tailing piles, and impoundments, but also in urban and industrial centers. Cadmium is a naturally occurring trace chemical element with atomic number of 48, having representation Cd. It’s a silvery transition metal with bluish tinge crystal show similarity with mercury and zinc with+2 oxidation state. It has a lower melting point. Cadmium is alloyed with silver to form solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items. Cadmium based solders must be handled with care to prevent cadmium poisoning. Cadmium alloys are also used to make low friction bearings that are highly resistant to fatigue. Cadmium is a soft, ductile metal which is usually obtained as a byproduct of the smelting of lead and zinc ores. The primary use of cadmium is as constituents in alloys and in the electroplating industry. Other uses of cadmium include paints and pottery pigments, corrosion resistant coating of nails, screws, etc, in process engraving, in cadmium-nickel batteries, and as fungicides.3 The average concentration of cadmium in Earth’s crust is between 0.1 and 0.5parts per million (ppm). It will remain present in several places or in different ecosystem on earth, i.e., terrestrial, aquatic and others. Benavides et al.,4 studied that cadmium is one of the most hazardous heavy metals in the atmosphere, soil and aquatic system which is transferred into our food chain and responsible for the serious environmental disturbance cause and leading to the health assets for the living organism, for instance, lung cancer, convulsion, mutagenesis and brain damage.
The diversity in color among fruits and vegetables is immense and the primary reason for such diversification is presence of different types of colorants or pigments.The difference in molecular structure of pigments particularly in conjugation determines the overall hue and generally more the conjugation within a molecule more its color intensity.Chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyanins are major classes of pigments associated with the color of fruits and vegetables, and the presence of latter two is more dominant in fruits.α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, etc. belong to carotene class of carotenoids whereas lutein and zeoxanthin are oxygenated forms of carotenoids.Anthocyanins along with carotenoids are present widely in carrots and by virtue of its presence the roots a lot of diversity in color ranging from white to black & red to yellow.Majorly the molecules of such pigments have been reported to have numerous health benefits due to their radical or atomic oxygen scavenging activity.The provitamin A activity of α-and β-carotene further impart the functionality of carrots.
