Foliar micro nutrition is the application of micronutrients to plants by spraying directly on to their leaves. Though it is not economical to spray macro as well as micro nutrients through foliar spray, researchers prefer soil application of macronutrient and foliar application of micronutrients. Several researches have demonstrated that the method which is used to deliver the required micronutrient in appropriate concentration to improve nutrient status along with increased yield and quality potential are adapted by combining applications of FeSO4 @0.2%, Calcium nitrate@0.2%, Boron @0.1% and ZnSO4 @0.2% has revealed a 51% increase as compared to control in potato. Application of ZnSO4 0.4% and ZnSO4 0.6% provides significant impact on growth and yield characteristic of Chilli; Zinc Sulfate (0.5%) and Borax (0.5%) also shows better result on the number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and yield per plant in Eggplant. Applying ZnSO4 (0.5%) shows better results on plant height, weight of head, yield of head in cabbage cultivations. Combined application of Boron 100 ppm+Molybdenum 50 ppm along with 60 kg/fed of Nitrogen shows 38.02% increase on curd yield of cauliflower over control. A study reveals that application of (0.5%) Zn+(0.1%) B along with 75 kg/ha potassium in combination showed 31.73% increases yield of watermelon. Boron application @0.25% and Zinc 0.5% showed 31.17% increase in total yield of Onion. With combined application of MgSO4 (0.5%), MnSO4 (0.5%), FeSO4 (0.5%) and ZnSO4 (0.5%) has increased yield of okra 31.8% over control. In general this critical review lays an emphasis from the review point of that micronutrients have been found to show satisfactory results than control conditions and has an immense potential in vegetable production to increase yield attributes.
Anchote ( Coccinia abyssinica ), is a perennial climbing, monoecious root crop, endemic and indigenous to Ethiopia. It is the richest in protein, iron, calcium and phosphate contents with minimum anti-nutritional content as compared to other root and tuber crops. Despite its importance the production and productivity is hampered by biotic and abiotic factors. Among the abiotic factors drought stress is the most serious threat to world food security. Therefore, understanding the extent of drought stress and assessing the mechanisms of drought tolerance in plants is very crucial to devise different coping mechanisms with the stresses.
A field experiments were conducted on a topic Stropped soils of Pondicherry by adopting the inductive cum targeted yield model, and fertiliser requirements were quantified for bhendi based on soil test and yield target. The basic parameters viz. Nutrient Requirement (NR), contribution of nutrients from soil (Cs), fertilizer (Cf) and farmyard manure (Cfym) were computed from field experimental data. Using these basic parameters, the fertiliser prescription equations were developed under Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) and nomograms were formulated for the desired yield target of bhendi for a range of soil test values. The quantity of fertilizers that could be contributed for bhendi were evaluated as 50, 28 and 43 kg fertilizer N, P and K respectively, when applied along with the NPK fertilizers as per soil test and desired yield target.
Horticulture produce includes fruits and vegetables, flowers, herbs, etc. but not cereals because it includes only crops with lesser shelf life, perishable nature and active metabolism. The post-harvest fruits and vegetables require special measures to ease the conveyance with preservation of nutritional value. By the introduction of packaging for transportation of perishable horticulture products from farms to consumers, reduces the wastage to one- fourth and save billions. Most of the packaging materials used are polymers because of its light weight, high strength, transparency and potential to be converted into any form. Due to the substantial availability and economical advantage of polymeric packaging material, they have reduced the cost of packaging. They are also highly recyclable and hence reduces the waste generation and prevent atmospheric pollution. Polymeric packaging has widely replaced traditional packaging materials such as wooden and corrugated paper boards. This has also led to a reduction in deforestation which again makes it an effort in the direction of a better world. With the advancement in research andtechnology in the fields of agriculture and packaging, many technologies have been developed such as MAP (modified atmosphere packaging), EMAP (equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging), CA(controlled atmosphere), micro-perforated films, particle films, biodegradable and edible packaging systems.
These studies of the reproductive growth and harvesting index of Japanese grapes cultivars in the tropical area, Chiang Mai, Thailand was carried out at altitude approximately 300 m above sea level. ‘New Pione’ and ‘Gold Bailey A’ grape cultivars were planted on the structure as T-shaped and uniform cane under the plastic roof at Division of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture Production, Maejo University, Chiangmai, Thailand. The two cultivars were adapted to grow on the structure very well in high-temperature conditions. Also of reproduction period was especially for both cultivars that can be harvest 2nd corps per year (grapes in Japan only 1st crop). That both cultivars were not different the period time to promote the bud burst at 7-8 days after pruning and flower at full bloom at 15-21 days after bud burst. For the harvesting index of ‘New Pione’ cultivar was measure from full bloom to harvesting at berry ripening times were 96 days for the first crop and 97 days in the second crop respectively. While the harvesting index of ‘Gold Bailey A’ cultivar will be 99 days both first and seconds crops. However, the reproductive of both cultivars showed significantly difference was in both second corps such as ‘New Pione’ and ‘Gold Bailey A’ cultivar shown that in the second season was higher cluster weight, berry number, berry length, and total soluble solid than the first season and titratable acids in the second season was lower than the first season. For ‘Gold Bailey A’ cultivar shown that Therefore, this study demonstrates the possibility of producing more than one crop per year in tropical areas.
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose threat to agricultural production and food security globally. They cause major crop losses by damaging the roots and causing plant diseases. Various PPNs species require adequate attention since they damage and limit production in citrus. Their taxonomy is very important for management strategies. A two-year survey in 2018 and 2019 was conducted in all citrus-growing regions in Kenya to assess the abundance,distribution,and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes from the soil rhizosphere. Nematode population in 200cc of soil and 5g of roots was determined by extraction using modified Baermann’s technique and identification by morphological features. The findings indicated that four genera were encountered in different citrus growing county regions in Kenya. The PPNs species identified were Meloidogyne incognita,Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Helicotylenchus dihystera and Pratylenchus brachyurus. The most predominant species in all the surveyed localities was Tylenchulus semipenetrans. Factor regression analysis results showed that modest rainfall amounts favored highdensity counts of PPNs on citrus root where soil types of Rackers in Baringo and Luvisols, Ferralsols, and Cambisols in Machakos County were dominant. Species of Tylenchulus, Meloidogyne, and Helicotylechus were most abundant in Kitale, Taita-Taveta, Kilifi, and Kwale. The results presented here show how possible the population density of PPNs in varied soil types, rainfall amounts, and prevailing temperature would be influenced by abiotic factors therein. Hence appropriate approaches to manage the PPNs species damaging citrus roots are important.
Canopy management practises in mango may be helpful in sustaining the quality fruit production in high density mango orchards and to achieve potential yield per unit area without having any deteriorating effect on quality attributes. Ideal canopy for efficient light utilization for better photosynthesis and the leaves inside the canopy will no longer act as parasitic for leaves of top and peripheral branches. Further, more availability of light in canopy will also reduce the chance of pest and diseases, which will ultimately reduce the cost of cultivation and by this way socioeconomic status of orchardist will be automatically improved.
Innovations in plant breeding can achieve advances toward plant improvement by simplifying selection procedures and allowing rapid consolidation of advantageous gene systems. A gamete selection, dihaploid induction approach is being investigated for tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (syn=Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh)) that can provide for rapid nutritional improvements in the forage profile of the species. Grass tetany or hypomagnesemia causes severe losses from death or reduced performance in livestock throughout the world. Dietary Mg supplementation adds to the annual cost of labour and production of grazing livestock and does not always ensure that all animals receive adequate amounts of Mg. The research presented here reviews the outcome of the implementation of a new dihaploid breeding and selection approach that can stabilize the complex genetic mineral characteristics of Ca, Mg and K of tall fescue into a homozygous, dihaploid state. Results of the study suggest the application of a dihaploid selection approach will be an efficient and advantageous methodology for future tall fescue cultivar development and reducing livestock losses due to hypomagnesemia.
Cotton yield is affected by several factors, some of which are related to soil characteristics, and a few are associated to farmers’ input. This dataset is concerned to the soil chemical and farmers’ related characteristics in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. The main purpose of the data collection was to investigate the characteristics of agricultural land and other important factors in order to enhance the productivity of cotton in Multan, which is the main hub of large cotton producing area. The dataset is composed of two parts i.e., soil chemical attributes that were collected from research laboratory experiment and Farmers’ land characteristics that were collected through survey approach. One acre is considered as a single sampling unit and a sample of size 500 was collected from every fourth acre making use of systematic random sampling technique. The information was collected through a structured questionnaire. The data consists of twenty-six explanatory variables and one response variable which is the cotton yield.
Sixty longmelon progenies/genotypes of three crosses viz., LM 3 × AS, LM 9 × AS, LM 15 × AS along with its parents and check variety was evaluated in F3 generation for quantitative and qualitative traits at College of Horticulture, Kolar, Karnataka. Analysis of variance revealed significant high amount of variability among the progenies for most of the characters studied. The ranges of mean values revealed sufficient variation for all the traits under study. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) value was found to be higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation value (GCV) and narrow differences was observed between PCV and GCV values for most of the characters under studied, indicates less environmental influence. High estimates of heritability coupled with high values of genetic advance over mean (GAM) were observed for characters viz., days to 50% germination, pericarp thickness, duration of harvesting, node at which first male flower anthesis, node at which first female flower anthesis, sex ratio, fruit length, average fruit weight, fruit yield and shelf life. This indicates the characters were governed by additive genes, further crop improvement can be done through simple selection for these characters.
The aim of this work was to construct, using regression analysis, models for predicting Pseudocercospora leaves and fruits spot disease (PLFSD) incidence for the epidemiological risk management on orange, grapefruits and Satsuma tangerine trees. Study was conducted in the large humid zone of Cameroon. Epidemiological and pedoclimatic data were collected from experimental orchards located in Foumbot, Njombe, Ekona and Nkolbisson and citrus growers plots located in Bokito, Boumnyebel, Kumba and Jakiri. Regression analyzes done for each citrus fruit species allowed us to describe the relationships between the epidemiological variables and the characteristic parameters of the sites. Citrus trees located in more acidic soils, with high silt and clay content show a higher incidence of the disease. On the other hand, trees in soils with a high sand content, rich in organic matter and organic carbon, phosphorus and exchangeable bases are less attacked by the PLFSD. The preponderance of the temperature effect on that of altitude has been proven and this climatic variable has proved to be the most important. Production system was ranked among the important variables on the different models and the agroforestry system showed a weak PLFSD development unlike the pure orchard. In sum, the use of low-susceptibility varieties on well-drained soils in agroforestry systems would significantly reduce PLFSD incidence.
Ethiopia is known for potato production, but the productivity of the crop is low due to disease and insect pests. Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most significant constraints to potato production in the highlands of Ethiopia. A study was conducted to assess the integrated effects of a fungicide (Ridomil) and tow improved and local varieties (gudene, jalene and local) on late blight of potato. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with three replications at tow locations at chiliga districts for tow years (2018 and 2019). Both variety, fungicide showed highly significant (P<0.01) differences for all the characters except variety by fungicide interaction. The highest total tuber yield (29.580 t ha-1) and the lowest disease severity (80.2%) were recorded from improved varieties, Jalene. The highest disease severity and consequent lowest total tuber yield were recorded on local cultivar and un sprayed.
Anchote is one of tuber crop grown in western and Southern western part of Ethiopia. It has content of mineral calcium, Phosphorus, Proteins, Starch and Antitoxic compound. It was used also as security crops against crop failure particularly in the western part of the country although it is economically important crop, little research were conducted Agronomic practices of the crop. The paper reviews the agronomic information regarding the production of the crop.
Cowpea is an economically and nutritionally important vegetable crop widely cultivated by smallholder farmers both for subsistence and income generation. Uprooting the entire plant as a form of harvest is common in on-field subsistence farming systems. However, little is known about the effect of harvesting regimes on total productivity of cowpea under greenhouse conditions. This study was conducted with an objective of evaluating growth and yield of cowpea in response to different harvest regimes under controlled conditions. Plots of cowpea stands/clusters each with four plants were subjected to three different treatments, i.e., harvest 1 (H1), harvest 2 (H2), and harvest 3 (H3) in a randomized complete block design. Overall crop yield was measured by the number of leaves and Plant Height (PH) at 7-day intervals. Data collection was initiated at week 1 and week 2 after emergence. The results revealed significant differences in both PH and NTL between H0 and H1, H2, or H3 (p≤0.05), implying that cowpea yields can be significantly improved by applying harvesting regimes to vegetable-only production systems. For PH, maximum values were obtained for H1 and H3. Thus, farmers can obtain higher vegetable productivity by harvesting cowpea for consumption or sale at intervals, as opposed to a one-time mass harvesting.
The use of certified tomato seed materials has potential for improving food security due to their vigour in growth, early maturity and high yields. The production of high quality, healthy seedlings require the correct choice of variety and standardized nursery agronomic procedures. Tomatoes have high economic significance thus optimum seedling development techniques should be disseminated to farmers for adoption. Since the crop exhibits lower rates of adaptation to the rapidly changing agroecology, its seedlings have drastically reduced yields and increased total production costs rendering farmers poor. Thus, there’s a need to equip farmers with Climate- smart procedures for sustainable production of clean seed materials for higher yields, income and improved livelihoods. Primary knowledge on the commonly adopted cultivation practices such as preferred varieties, production systems and demand for propagation materials by tomato farmers is very critical in developing climate-resilient tomato seed production models. The aims of this study were, therefore: i) To assess the preference levels of various tomato varieties among smallholder farmers in Elgeyo Marakwet, Kajiado, Garissa and Siaya Counties; and ii) To determine the tomato production systems practised by smallholder farmers in Elgeyo Marakwet, Kajiado, Garissa and Siaya Counties.
Lignocellulolytic enzymes are extracellular biocatalysts secreted by filamentous fungi and are involved in the breakdown of recalcitrant lignocellulose plant materials into useful products necessary for fungal growth and development. Even though several studies on filamentous fungi have reported the impact of different substrates on lignocellulolytic enzymes, there is limited information on how mushroom supplements affect secretion of the enzymes, growth, and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus when using the alkaline treatment method. In this study, we investigated the influence of cornmeal (T1) and coffee grounds (T2) supplements on lignocellulosic enzymes at different growth stages and the production of P. ostreatus. We found that lignolytic enzyme activity was significantly higher in the control (CK) and T2 during mycelial stages, while CK had the lowest hydrolytic enzyme activity during primordia and fruiting. Unlike T1 which had the best biological efficiency, T2 exhibited significantly higher levels of lignolytic enzymes during mycelial stage, whereas CMCase and xylanase activities were higher in supplemented treatments than in the control during primordia and fruiting. Taken together our results demonstrated that cornmeal and coffee ground supplements reduce mycelium growth rate, enhance the production of hydrolytic enzymes during fruiting, and remarkably increase the yield and protein content of P. ostreatus.
A study was conducted in Floriculture Unit of the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agriculture Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj during 2019-20 to evaluate the growth, flowering and yield of Jasminum nitidum CO-1(Star Jasmine) with the effects of four growth regulators namely Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Gibberellic acid (GA3), Cycocel and Maleic hydrazide (MH) each at 3 concentrations. The experiment comprised of 13 treatments, T1- Control(water spray), T2-NAA(25ppm), T3-NAA(50ppm), T4-NAA (75 ppm), T5-GA3 (25ppm), T6-GA3 (50ppm), T7-GA3 (75ppm), T8-CCC (500ppm), T9-CCC (750ppm), T10-CCC (1000ppm), T11-MH (100ppm), T12-MH (200ppm), T13-MH(250ppm), and was laid out in Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. The results were revealed that plant height with 80cm was superior at GA3 75ppm concentration over rest of the treatments. Cycocel at 750ppm and MH at 250ppm were equally effective in increasing the plant spread in N-S (47.7cm) and E-W (46.3 cm) and closely followed by NAA at 75ppm (47.7 cm and 41.7 cm). MH at 250 ppm increased number of primary branches per plant (5.7) followed by NAA at 75 ppm. MH at 200 ppm significantly increased secondary branches per plant (11.3) followed by GA3 at 75 ppm. Cycocel at 1000 ppm induced early flowering (78.67 days) followed by GA3 at 75 ppm and MH at 250 ppm with 80 days.MH significantly increased flower yield (2.03kg/plant/year) at 250ppm.Based on these studies, it can be recommended that primary branches and flower yield can be increased by spraying of MH at 250ppm in Jasmine CO-1(star jasmine).
As we all know that agriculture play a vital role for establishing agricultural society or country. Agriculture has been the career for people beyond a century however because of herbal aspect of climatic circumstance farmers are going through plenty of issues which might also additionally result in address critical issues in the society. So IoT can be a crucial key to help the farmers automate the whole process and deep leaning algorithms like CNN can be implemented for plant disease detection. This device will assist to govern the diverse environmental situations which include soil moisture, temperature and humidity for the growth of the plant and detect the plant disease. This paper presents the monitoring of the plant through Thingspeak and disease detection through CNN
Within the Lolium-Festuca genome complex there is a need for modern breeding approaches to facilitate the rapid development of improved cultivars. Traditional recurrent or mass-selection methods for population or synthetic development are labor-intensive and time-consuming. The recent development of an approach to produce dihaploid or homozygous lines of tall fescue offers an opportunity to achieve such new and improved cultivars. Dihaploid inducer lines of annual ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. subsp). multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot (syn. Lolium multiflorum Lam.) which exhibit genome loss when hybridized with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. syn. Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) were previously hybridized to an array of tall fescue germplasm which resulted in the generation of numerous dihaploid tall fescue lines. Four of these lines were utilized to perform a preliminary evaluation on the performance of F1 hybrid tall fescue. Results of the performance trials suggests F1 hybrid tall fescue can exhibit heterosis, hybrid vigor and provide forage yields that are superior or competitive to check cultivars. A comparison of F1 forage production to the parental DH was also included in the study to determine the potential for a hybrid vigor and a heterotic response. Preliminary molecular analysis of the DH lines and their pairing for hybrid production also suggests that genetic distance measures may be useful in identifying those DH parental lines which maximize hybrid vigor and display a heterotic response. Though these are preliminary data, utilizing only experimental materials, the results suggest that the gains in production when developing F1 hybrids can be applied to tall fescue improvement programs.
Potato is one of the most imperative food and nutrition security crops in Ethiopia. Poor soil fertility and nutrient imbalances are the major hindrances of potato production and productivity. In view of this, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer rates on growth and yield of potato in Gozamin district during the 2018 rainy season. The experiment consisted of three levels of phosphorus (0, 34.5 and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg K2O ha-1) in a factorial arrangement using RCBD with three replications. Data on phenology, growth, and yield were collected and subjected to analysis of variance using SAS 9.2 statistical software. The result of the study showed that all phenological parameters were significantly affected by the main effects of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer rates but not by their interactions. Growth parameter (plant height), yield components (marketable and total tuber yield); were significantly influenced by the interaction effects of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer rates. The highest marketable (48.32 t ha-1) and total tuber yield (49.14 t ha-1) were attained from treatments received 34.5 kg P2O5 ha-1 with 200 kg K2O ha-1. While, longest plant height (84.80 cm) was recorded on a treatment received, 34.5 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 200 kg K2O ha-1. Likewise, application of 34.5 kg P2O5 ha-1 gave the highest leaf area index (6.86).
