[Introduction]Magnetron sputtering of rose gold film has outstanding environmental advantages over electroplating.However,there are few research reports about etching behavior of target during magnetron sputtering.[Method]Magnetron sputtering was conducted with a planar target made of Au85 rose gold under vacuum condition.The effects of target current,power density,and magnetic field arrangement on the etching behavior of target were studied.[Result]The glow and sputtering process were stable at low target current and power density.The target particles were sputtered preferentially layer by layer along a crystal surface,forming stepped linear stripes.V-shaped grooves were formed on target surface,and the angle between the slope of etched area and the normal direction of target surface was about 75°-76°.With the increasing of target current or power density,arc discharge occurred occasionally during sputtering,and mastoid-like micromorphology was formed on the etched area.The target material melted in a short time when the target current was too high.The depth and width of etching grooves were nonuniform due to the endpoint effect caused by the magnetic field arrangement of target base.[Conclusion]In order to improve the utilization of planar precious metal target,the magnetic field layout should be modified,and the power density should be controlled lower than the threshold of arc discharge.
为探究氧化铝纤维增强铝基复合材料的耐蚀性,进行了模拟浅层海水腐蚀试验.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、维氏硬度计等设备,对不同镀铜氧化铝纤维含量的ZL301基和Al基复合材料的微观形貌、元素成分、相结构及显微硬度进行了研究,着重就含5％镀铜氧化铝纤维的ZL301基复合材料在5％NaCl溶液中浸泡不同时间后的表面形貌及腐蚀产物进行了表征.结果表明:纯铝的耐蚀性优于ZL301铝合金;镀铜氧化铝纤维的加入削弱了材料的耐蚀性,且随着纤维含量的增加,复合材料的耐蚀性逐渐降低.镀铜氧化铝纤维增强ZL301基复合材料的腐蚀可以分为3个阶段:腐蚀性离子的吸附,形成点腐并破坏表面氧化膜,以及基体腐蚀.
Ni-Co-CeO2 composite plating was conducted on the surface of copper mold for continuous casting by adding some CeO2 particles with an average diameter of 20 μm to a Ni-Co alloy plating bath to improve the performance and service life of the mold.The optimal bath composition determined by orthogonal test with microhardness of coating as the index is:NiSO4·6H2O 90 g/L,CoSO4·7H2O 18 g/L,C6H8O7·H2O 110 g/L,and CeO2 3 g/L.The surface and cross-section morphologies,elemental compositions,and phase structures of Ni-Co alloy coating and Ni-Co-CeO2 composite coating were compared by field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The corrosion and wear resistance of the coatings were also compared by electrochemical analysis and friction and wear testing.The results showed that the Ni-Co-CeO2 composite coating had a microscopically rough and cellular surface,but was compact and free of micro-cracks macroscopically.It featured a microhardness of 663 HV,as well as much better corrosion and wear resistance than the Ni-Co alloy coating.
采用化学接枝法将聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)引入含氟乙烯基硅油(F-VPS)中,使用含氢硅油(PMHS)作为交联剂,制得了一种POSS改性含氟防粘涂层(FPS-POSS),考察了硅-氢键(Si-H)与硅-乙烯基团(Si-Vi)物质的量比、氟单体引入量、POSS种类、POSS添加量及涂布工艺对涂层硬度、附着力、剥离力、接触角和透光率的影响.结果表明,POSS的加入能有效提高防粘涂层的各项性能.当FPS-POSS中Si-H与Si-Vi物质的量比为1.1:1.0,氟单体含量为10％(质量分数),八乙烯基倍半硅氧烷(OV-POSS)添加量为3％(质量分数),固化温度和时间分别为120℃和5 min,涂覆次数为2次时,防粘涂层的综合性能最优,其铅笔硬度为3H,附着力为1级,水接触角为117.8°,剥离力为0.028 N/cm,透光率为88.6％.
为研究高压直流(HVDC)输电接地极在单极大地回线方式运行时其入地电流对附近油气管道的影响,考虑管道阴极保护在内,针对接地极入地电流,在不同的接地极与管道间距离、土壤电阻率、管道涂层电阻和管道外径的条件下,对管道的干扰情况进行了模拟.采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,基于有限元法建立了HVDC接地极对管道的干扰模型,通过直流干扰实验验证了干扰模型的准确性,并仿真得出管道阴极保护电位受接地极干扰的分布规律.结果表明,管道阴极保护电位的偏移随接地极电流和土壤电阻率增大而增大,随接地极与管道间距、管道外径和管道涂层电阻增大而减小.还对管道的其他防腐措施进行了分析.研究结果可为优化管道阴极保护系统和接地极埋地提供依据与参考.
采用激光熔覆沉积法在汽车活塞销轴常用的40Cr钢表面制备了Ni-TiN涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计、抗剪强度试验机、摩擦磨损试验机等设备研究了激光功率(1.0、1.5和2.0 kW)对Ni-TiN涂层表面形貌、物相组成、显微硬度、抗剪强度及耐磨性的影响.结果表明:当激光功率为1.5 kW时,Ni-TiN涂层组织结构均匀、致密,颗粒细化程度最高,因此其显微硬度和抗剪强度最高,分别约为843.2 HV和802.8 MPa,在摩擦磨损试验中的摩擦因数最小(平均值为0.44).
Metal electroplating is one of the key procedures for printed circuit board(PCB)manufacturing.The cleanliness of semi-product electroplated greatly influences the qualification rate of product.In this paper,the rinsing water used during electroplating of PCB was classified by referring to the water quality of PCB manufacturing in common and outstanding companies,and related standards in plating industry.The surface cleanliness of PCB semi-product was also determined.The effects of drag-in and drag-out of impurity ions with PCB on the water quality of rinsing tanks were analyzed.Some experiments were conducted to study the effect of the quality of rinsing water on the surface cleanliness of semi-product.Some suggestions about the quality of rinsing water used in different steps of PCB manufacturing process were given.
Medium-entropy FeCrNi alloy films was prepared by electrodeposition.A four-factor and three-level orthogonal test was conducted to optimize the electrodeposition conditions by evaluating the deposition rate and current efficiency.The optimal conditions were determined preliminarily as follows:current density 200 or 100 mA/cm2,temperature 30℃,and time 15 min.The microstructure and element distribution of medium-entropy FeCrNi alloy film were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer(XRD)and field-emission electron probe micro-analyzer(EF-EPMA).The corrosion resistance of medium-entropy FeCrNi alloy film was studied in 3.5%NaCl solution by electrochemical method.The results showed that the FeCrNi medium-entropy alloy film was amorphous and composed of plenty of spherical particles with many micro-cracks.Fe,Cr,and Ni were uniformly distributed throughout the film.In comprehensive consideration of the deposition rate,current efficiency,and corrosion resistance of medium-entropy FeCrNi alloy film,100 mA/cm2 was determined to be the best current density for electrodeposition.
在海洋环境下服役的飞机,由于长期遭受海水、盐雾等恶劣环境的影响,极易造成飞机结构的腐蚀.为了提高飞机结构的耐腐蚀性能,采用等离子喷涂与激光熔覆两种技术在304不锈钢基体表面制备了铁基非晶涂层,借助扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、维氏硬度计等仪器考察了涂层的微观组织形态和显微硬度.在模拟海水的腐蚀环境下,通过测量极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱,探究了铁基非晶涂层的腐蚀行为.结果表明,这两种表面技术制备的铁基非晶涂层都具有良好的耐腐蚀性能,可以降低飞机结构的腐蚀速率,从而保障飞行运行安全.
The microstructure of NiCrAlY composite coating has a great influence on its service performance.The particle size of CrAlY powder is one of the key factors affecting the microstructure of electroplated NiCrAlY composite coating.It has a significant impact on the elemental composition,adhesion strength,surface morphology,and inner compactness of NiCrAlY composite coating,and finally affects its high-temperature oxidation resistance and wear resistance.In this paper,the adhesion,surface roughness,microstructure uniformity,and compactness of NiCrAlY composite coating electroplated with CrAlY powder of different particle sizes were studied.The microstructure and wear resistance of NiCrAlY-SiC composite coating prepared with NiCrAlY as adhesive layer were also studied.The experimental results showed that NiCrAlY composite coatings with high adhesion and compact structure could be more easily formed when using small-sized CrAlY powder.The NiCrAlY-SiC composite coating electroplated with small-sized CrAlY powder had excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance,and showed better wear resistance when it was rubbed against NiCoCrAlY coating at high temperature and high speed.
The wastewater generated during the electroplating of joint bearings for aircraft was collected in categories and treated by chemical precipitation and biochemical method.After being treated by the given process,the removal rates of total chromium,hexavalent chromium,and total zinc reached 76.7%,100%,and 98.7%,respectively.The quality of effluent meets the demand of the Table 2 stipulated in GB 21900-2008 Emission Standard of Pollutants for Electroplating and the Grade III of GB 8978-1996 Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard.
针对ITO(氧化铟锡)薄膜所制作的触控模组存在明显蚀刻痕迹而严重限制其下游广泛应用的问题,首先根据薄膜光学理论计算得到带消影层ITO薄膜(Nb2O5/SiO2/ITO)在5个特征波长处达到最佳消影效果的膜层厚度,再用TFCLAC光学软件验证该带消影层ITO薄膜在500～780 nm可见波段的光学消影效果,最后通过卷对卷磁控溅射法制造该带消影层的ITO薄膜,继而制成触控模组,以验证其蚀刻痕迹的改善效果.结果表明:最佳带消影层ITO薄膜中Nb2O5、SiO2和ITO层的厚度分别为10、48和42 nm.该带消影层ITO薄膜在蚀刻前后的反射率差在1％～2％之间,色差较小,平均透过率达到85.64％,方阻为84.70Ω.该带消影层薄膜制作的触控模组上几乎看不见蚀刻痕迹,可满足严苛的视觉要求.
风电叶片、电缆等表面结冰会严重影响风力发电机的正常运行,研究有效的防冰和除冰技术具有十分重要的应用价值.本文选用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)溶液和纳米炭黑颗粒,采用简单的喷涂法在陶瓷片表面制备出兼具超疏水性和光热效应的PVDF/炭黑复合涂层,其表面对水滴的接触角高达165.0°,滚动角低至4.1°.通过静态结冰和光热除冰试验发现,该涂层不仅能有效延缓水滴在陶瓷表面结冰,而且在红外光辐射下表面温度迅速升高,展现出优异的防冰和除冰性能.
介绍了薄膜前处理技术在汽车涂装中的应用,分析了在薄膜前处理配套电泳工艺生产时出现"麦田圈"缺陷的原因,对几种整改方案加以论证,最终通过加强进出电泳槽前后的喷淋,提高电泳槽液中氨基磺酸的浓度,以及优化进出电泳槽时的链速解决了问题.
采用有机硅烷和金属锆醇盐为主成分、无水乙醇为溶剂,在TC4钛合金表面制备了溶胶-凝胶转化膜.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、辉光放电质谱(GDMS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术分析了金属锆醇盐含量对转化膜表面微观形貌和成分,以及纵深方向元素分布和氧元素价态的影响.通过电化学阻抗谱(EIS)分析了转化膜的电化学特性和结构特点.最后通过长时间湿热试验研究了金属锆醇盐含量对后续有机漆层结合力的影响.结果表明,制备的溶胶-凝胶转化膜分成有机层和无机层两部分,其中无机层主要是由Ti─O─Zr/Si共价键结构组成,有机层主要由硅烷的有机碳链交联形成.当金属锆醇盐含量为2000 mg/kg时,转化膜具有最佳的结构完整性,能够保证钛合金表面有机底漆优异的结合力和耐久性.
The process flow for production of tinplate is usually comprising electroplating,reflowing,passivation,and oiling to form a multilayer structure with excellent comprehensive performance.There are some differences between the edge and center of tinplate due to the edge effect during electroplating and passivation.The microstructure and composition of the multilayer at the edge and center of tinplate were compared using scanning electron microscope(SEM),ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer,electrochemical workstation,X-ray photoelectron spectroscope(XPS),and glow discharge spectroscope(GDS).The results showed that the various layers at the edge of tinplate was nonuniform in morphology and composition.As compared with the center of tinplate,the content of each component in the metallic tin layer,tin alloy layer,and passivate layer were higher at the edge,indicating that the tin coating at the edge of tinplate was oxidized more seriously.
Ni-Mo-ZrO2 composite coatings with a thickness ranging from 6.9 to 8.7 μm were obtained by direct-current electrodeposition from a bath comprising nickel sulfate and sodium molybdate as main salts,and ZrO2 nanoparticles as ceramic phase.The effect of mass concentration of ZrO2 on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and corrosion resistance of Ni-Mo-ZrO2 composite coating was studied.The results showed that the mass fraction of ZrO2 in composite coating was increased with the increasing of mass concentration of ZrO2 in bath,while the surface morphology,wear resistance,and corrosion resistance got better initially and then worse,and the nanohardness was increased at first and then decreased.The composite coating electrodeposited with 10 g/L of ZrO2 exhibited the best corrosion resistance,while the one electrodeposited with 20 g/L of ZrO2 featured the best microstructure and mechanical properties.
研究了不同环氧乳液和防锈剂配比对水性防腐涂料主要性能的影响.结果发现:当DER-425环氧改性乳化剂的质量分数为14％,DER-439环氧树脂的质量分数为56％时,合成的环氧乳液的平均粒度为923 nm,黏度为4.1 Pa·s,涂层表现出良好的耐硫酸、盐酸、丙酮和二氯乙烷性能.当采用质量分数为0.6％的石墨烯对环氧乳液进行改性,且石墨烯改性乳液与复合亚磷酸锌铝盐防锈剂的质量比为(6～8):1时,涂料通过了1104 h的中性盐雾试验,最大冲击高度达到50 cm,耐酸和耐有机介质的性能较佳.
The integrated sintering of low-temperature co-fired ceramic(LTCC)substrate and silicon-aluminum shell has mature and extensive applications in aerospace T/R module industry.However,it is inevitable to face the reparation of some LTCC substrates due to unqualified properties of the module in practical production.The failure reasons of LTCC substrate were analyzed in this paper.It was advised that the interspace between different LTCC substrates should be 0.1 mm above for the modules with multiple closely-arrayed substrates.It is better to prepare the nickel coating by electroless nickel plating prior to nickel electroplating for silicon-aluminum shells to be repaired,and the thickness of electroplated nickel coating should be more than 2 μm.
随着人们对健康的重视程度越来越高,尤其是近几年受到新冠疫情的冲击,抗菌材料的研究和应用逐渐成为研究的热点.在材料中添加抗菌剂是最常见、最简便有效的加工方法.抗菌剂的活性对抗菌材料的效果和使用产生很大的影响.光催化型金属氧化物抗菌剂具有抗菌效果高、持效性强等优势.本文阐述了光催化型金属氧化物抗菌剂的抗菌机理、种类及应用,重点介绍了无机抗菌剂中的金属氧化物及掺杂型金属氧化物光催化抗菌剂的研究现状及目前存在的问题,展望了未来光催化型金属氧化物抗菌剂的应用前景和研究方向.
