Introduction: This study was prompted by the eagerness of adolescents to gain information concerning the physical and physiological changes they observe in their bodies and aimed to help adolescents understand these changes. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among students in Kofai Government Secondary School in Jalingo between February 2021 and November 2021. Two hundred thirty-three students were selected by stratified and simple random techniques. Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire and analyzed using the special package for social sciences (SPSS) 23.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago II, USA). Results: The results obtained were summarized by frequencies and percentages. The demographic characteristics revealed that male students comprised 51.5% of the respondents, while female students comprised 48.5%. Students within the age range of 16-20 formed more than half (52.8%) of the respondents. Additionally, 53.2%, that is, more than half of the respondents, were in junior secondary school. The students had a high (more than 80%) understanding of the changes that take place in their bodies. A moderate (< 80%) understanding of `what sexual intercourse is' was also revealed in the results, in addition to a high (> 90%) understanding of their sexual emotions/feelings. Conclusion: It is therefore recommended that sex education be made a compulsory subject so that the concept of sexuality will be explored fully and to enable students/adolescents to obtain accurate and current information.
Introduction: Co-infections during Tuberculosis infection are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These infections are a major public health problem among patients in most developing countries, including Cameroon. One of the important public problems in coendemic areas is co-infection with TB in humans. Moreover, there is no adequate research hitherto that provides information on the level of co-infection in Tuberculosis patients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and intensity of co-infections in newly diagnosed Tuberculosis patients prior to their enrollment to the Direct Observed Treatment (DOT) program in Buea, Limbe and Douala Tuberculosis treatment centers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from March to November 2020 using a purposive sampling technique. A fresh sputum sample was collected, processed, and examined through a smear microscopy and culturing technique. Blood samples were collected through finger pricking for the detection of blood parasites using thin and thick blood smears. Stool samples were also collected and processed using a direct wet mount, and Kato-Katz and Modified Ziehl Neelsen staining methods. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. A Chi-square test was done to assess the prevalence of co-infection among all TB patients recruited for this study. Results: A total of 200 newly diagnosed TB-positive patients were recruited from the three study sites. Out of the total participants recruited, 29.0% were diagnosed positive for blood parasites, 2.0% for intestinal parasites and 15.0% for viral infections, bringing the overall prevalence of co-infection to 46.0%. When specific infections were considered, malaria, filaria, intestinal parasites, HIV and HBV constituted 28.0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 14.5% and 0.5% respectively. When dual-infection was considered, the results were 0.5% malaria/filaria, 1.5% malaria/intestinal parasites and 2.0% malaria/HIV. The mean parasite densities for all samples diagnosed positive for malaria, filarial and intestinal parasites were 107.0 ± 338.8 parasites/uL, 25.7 ± 356.4 mf/mL and 85.0 ± 85.4 EPG, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate that there is an overlap of co-infections in TB patients with their interactions expected to lead to complications and difficulty when managing the TB patients, calling for more research and recommending more assessment for co-infection in TB patients before starting treatment.
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a slew of mental illnesses due to a lack of cures and vaccinations, as well as concerns about students’ well-being and satisfaction with life, resulting in psychological symptoms and dissatisfaction with their lives. As students are highly susceptible to mental health issues, researchers discovered that perceived SWL and MWB decreased. The present study investigated the prevalence and determinants of mental well-being and satisfaction with life among university students in Bangladesh.Methods An e-survey based cross-sectional study was carried out from February to April 2021 among 660 students. A purposive sampling technique was utilized in the study. Self-reported mental well-being and satisfaction with life psychological tools were also used. The e-questionnaire survey was conducted with informed consent and questions were related to socio-demographics, satisfaction with life, and mental well-being scales. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were performed. The data were rechecked and analyzed with the R programming languageResults The prevalence estimates of mental well-being and satisfaction with life were 27% and 13%, respectively. In a total of 660 participants, 58.2% of them were male and the rest of them were female (41.8%). Among the participants, 22.5% suffer the worst conditions regarding their financial conditions, and 16.5% badly seek a job for livelihood.Conclusion The present findings revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic and longtime educational institution closure significantly affect the students mental health. Students’ mental well-being was in vulnerable conditions and their satisfaction with life was extremely poor. A comprehensive student psychological support service should be expanded to help students’ mental health.### Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.### Funding StatementThis study did not receive any funding### Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by the respective Ethical Review Committee of Uttara Adhunik Medical College[Ref: UAMC/ERC/27/2021].I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors.
Background: Recurrent spontaneous abortion is a health issue that occurs in about 1 — 5% of all women of reproductive age. Experimental evidence suggests that COX-2 plays an important part in blastocyst implantation but rarely is the role of COX-2 recognized in recurrent spontaneous abortions. Methods: This is a descriptive analytical case-control hospital study that was carried out at the Research Laboratory of the National Center for Neuroscience in Khartoum, Sudan from April to September 2021. The study intended to detect cyclooxygenase-2 gene polymorphism among Sudanese women with RSA. Women with more than three recurrent miscarriages were included in this study as the sample cases and women with no history of abortion at child-bearing age were included as the controls. From each of the subjects, three ml of venous blood was gathered in sterile containers with Ethylene Diamine Tetra-acetic Acid (EDTA). The DNA was isolated using the standard phenol chloroform extraction method. The COX-2 gene was amplified using conventional PCR. The products of the PCR were sent to the Macro Gene Laboratory for sequencing. Results: In the current research, 230 bp of C0X-2 gene was disclosed using gel electrophoresis after PCR. The results for the detected gene from all subjects were analyzed. The X2-test showed that there were significant differences in the gene expression and distribution between the case and control groups (p value 0.001). The sequence results analysis showed that there was a change in C>A at Location 1:633149 (Rs1481253765) and a change in G> T cDNA position 427 at Location 1:633183 (Rs1232472838). Conclusion: This study showed that there was a consequential difference in the COX-2 allele between the case and control groups. The mutant gene is a potential new clarification point regarding recurrent spontaneous abortion in several cases.
The end of the first quarter of the 21st century will be known as when there was a deadly pandemic due to COVID-19 infection. The four subfamilies of a, b , △, g have a genetic variation ranging between 26 to 32 kb. Patients with COVID-19 have more than 140 inflammatory cytokines activated and this relates to the disease severity, progression, and the hyperactivation of T cells. In viral diseases, an abnormal pro-inflammatory factor release damages the lung physiology and causes oxygen deprivation. This is primed by the unregulated fabrication of a high risk of inflammatory factors like interleukin members, as well as also increasing the level of CRS and chemokines. Cytokines activate the JAK-STAT and Ras-MAPK pathways and stimulate the CRP value, the clear marker used to show infection in the body. On the other hand, for cytokines, an interleukin member is required for lymphocyte growth and development. Treatments which have been shown to effectively reestablish lymphocyte count in a variety of viral infections have been safely delivered to septic shock patients with lymphocyte abnormalities comparable to those seen in COVID-19. Many therapies have been approved and some are under trial for the effective treatment of viral infections including Tocilizumab and Siltuximab.
The viral infection (SARS-CoV-2) COVID-19 has played havoc on the health of the human population globally. In late December 2019, the first case of COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan city, China. Its destructive effects like acute respiratory distress syndrome then began to be globally reported. Many treatment options such as remdesvir and dexamethasone were used to treat and reduce the hospitalization rate among COVID-19 patients. Numerous scientific studies have reported the use of nutraceuticals as a therapy for COVID-19 patients to enhance immunity. Differently formulated multivitamins that are water and fat-soluble (A, B complex, D, and C) and minerals like Mg and Zn minimize the virulence of COVID-19, oxidative stress, C-reactive protein, as well as boost the immunity.
Introduction: The latest variant of SARS COV-2 has been identified in South Africa for the first time and was subsequently reported to the World Health Organization on 24th November 2021. A couple of days later, the WHO named this variant Omicron as well as declared it to be a Variant of Concern (VoC). This variant evolved during a crucial phase of the current pandemic where vaccination-induced immunity development has been kept as the topmost priority to combat the current scenario. Areas Covered: Approximately 50 genomic mutations have rendered this variant as more transmissible with larger replicating potentiality, as well as acquiring an immune escape property with additional features of vaccine-based innate immunity and a monoclonal antibody neutralizing capability. Information on its disease transmissibility as well as the disease severity caused by this new variant is still limited. Heterogenous data is available regarding its vaccine neutralizing capability as well as the impact on the clinical outcome by treating the variant with monoclonal antibodies. All leading vaccine manufacturers are putting in their best efforts to introduce new versions of the available Covid vaccines at the earliest point possible to counteract this new strain. Commentary: In spite of this, all international health regulatory bodies believe that Covid Appropriate Behaviors (CAB) still remain the most important step in reducing the mortality, morbidity, and further spread of this new variant.
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of education on the attitude, knowledge, and perception of emergency medicine interns about patient safety principles. Methods: This was an education-oriented interventional study conducted on emergency medicine interns in Mashhad. The subjects were divided into intervention and control groups using a random number table. In the intervention group, education was based on the national patient safety protocol in the form of a group 4-hour meeting on the first or second day of introducing the interns to the ward. Results: A total of 163 individuals participated in this study in the educational intervention (n = 80) and control (n = 83) groups. The post-intervention results showed that the interns' perception of management and the causes of errors relatively improved in the intervention group compared to the control group (P value < 0.05). In addition, the interns in the intervention group had a higher awareness of the occurrence of errors and the error reporting systems compared to the control group (P value < 0.05). On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the interns in both groups in terms of their attitude and skills related to the patient safety principles (P value < 0.05), showing the interns' interest in learning and reporting regarding said safety principles. Conclusion: The results of this study show that teaching patient safety principles to emergency medicine interns had a significant positive effect on their knowledge, perception, attitude, and skills. Most of the interns acknowledged the possibility of avoiding the occurrence of errors.
Tracheobronchial foreign body (FB) aspiration is a life-threatening condition that is more common in children than in adults. They are often diagnosed immediately and the foreign body is extracted as soon as possible. However, cases of neglected foreign body aspiration where it is unknown to the patients or they have forgotten the history of aspiration have been reported in the literature. The symptoms depend on the site of the FB impaction ranging from chronic mild wheezing, through to a cough, a complaint of discomfort, general shortness of breath, recurrent pneumonia, or mimicking asthma. In this article, we intend to illustrate two cases of forgotten bronchial foreign bodies that were successfully treated via the process of bronchoscopic extraction in Hanoi Medical University Hospital.
Background: Cyclin D1 plays a vital role in cancer cell cycle progression and it is overexpressed in many human cancers, including colorectal cancer. This study aimed to detect cyclin D1 in colorectal cancer patients and to correlate cyclin D1 expression with different pathological changes in the colorectum. Methods: Tissue microarray paraffin blocks with 48 colorectal cancer samples were retrieved from the archives of Elrahma Medical Center. Cyclin D1 was analyzed. Results: Cyclin D1 did not correlate with pathological alterations or with a particular tumor grade. Conclusion: The results indicate that cyclin D1 does not correlate with pathological alterations in colorectal cancer.
This review aimed to highlight the historical perspectives focused on histological stains and their application in teaching and research. While early histologists used indigenous substances like alizarin, carmine, and saffron to stain tissues, modern histologists utilize techniques that study cellular organelles and substances within tissues. Despite the advent of new staining techniques, the modification of old ones, and decrease in the use of natural dyes in the 20th century, some of the stains used in the past are still very much in use. These techniques are used in teaching and research for the demonstration and display of the different substances within tissues. These include the Giemsa stain for parasites and fungi, the Trichrome stain for collagen, oil red O stain for lipids, periodic acid Schiff for glycogen, Crystal violet for Nissl granules, Golgi stain for neuronal cells, as well as routine hematoxylin, and eosin (H&E) for a general histology. Histological stains can be used to teach histology, cellular pathology, microbiology, and parasitology. They can also be used to study the rate of progression of disease or the healing process of diseased conditions.
Introduction: The most important cause of mortality in the world is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dysfunction of the endothelium is the initiating and exacerbating cause of atherosclerosis. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to a higher mortality and severe disease course. Methods: The research design included 120 patients: Group 1 – AMI patients and concomitant DM type (n = 70) and Group 2 – AMI patients (n = 50) without concomitant DM type 2. 20 practically healthy persons were part of the reference groups. All patients were treated using instrumental and laboratory examinations in compliance with the current orders of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Results: The average level of ADMA on the first day of the AMI in patients of Group 1 was 1.57 ± 0.11 mmol/l; Group 2 – 0.61 ± 0.06 mmol/l; reference group – 0.17 ± 0.023 mmol/l (p1;2 < 0.00001, p1;3 < 0.001, p2;3 < 0.01). The average level of troponin I on the first day of the AMI in Group 1 was 4.89 ± 2.46 ng/ml; Group 2 – 2.67 ± 2.06 ng/ml; reference group – 0.06 ± 0.04 ng/ml (p1-2 < 0.00001, p1-3 < 0.00001, p2-3 < 0.00001). The direct marked correlation between ADMA and troponin I levels was revealed in the course of the correlation analysis (r = 0.687; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Asymmetric dimethylarginine is concluded to act as a marker of endothelial dysfunction. This has a high diagnostic value in cases of the acute myocardial infarction, especially where the patients have diabetes mellitus type 2. The research revealed the hyperactivity of troponin I in patients with the examined comorbid pathology. In the course of the correlation analysis, a direct marked correlation was revealed between the levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine and troponin I (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis between the marker of endothelial dysfunction and the marker of myocardial damage in the patients in Group 1 as per the form of diabetes mellitus type 2 demonstrated a direct marked correlation in the case of a mild form of carbohydrate metabolism disorder and a strong correlation in the case of moderate and severe forms of carbohydrate metabolism disorder.
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health concern that can cause both acute and chronic liver infection in humans and cause hepatitis B. The main purpose of our investigation was to show the changes in peripheral hematological parameters as a diagnostic biomarker in hepatitis B patients due to HBV compared to healthy controls. Methods: Blood samples from HBV patients already diagnosed by clinicians and healthy subjects were collected from various hospitals in Punjab. The complete blood count (CBC) test and t test were applied to these samples. Result: The hemoglobin (HB), hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) of patients and controls showed great differences. The white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils in hepatitis B patients showed no association. Conclusion: Our primary results indicate a promising biomarker to monitor HBV infection by using information from hematological parameters. Further large cohort investigations are required for more accurate results.
Background Human health is largely affected by self-medication in both ways, adversely and favorably, as evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The fear of spreading COVID-19 among health workers and hospital environments has led many Bangladeshi people to practice self-medicate for as a preventive strategy against this disease. Consequently, this practice entails an improper and injudicious use of medicine to cure self-recognized symptoms. To date, the COVID-19 has no effective treatment. The lack of a cure for COVID-19 and the continual progression of the diseases in educational settings induce a substantial population to practice self-medication. Therefore a study of self-medication practices is necessary for the framework of the pandemic. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with self-medication to prevent or manage future COVID-19 infections among recovered COVID-19 patients. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to February 2021 using an e-survey along with 360 participants. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-reported questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and correlations analysis were performed in the study. Results Among 360 participants, males were 69.7%, and females 30.3%. The prevalence of self-medication is 11%, and monthly family income, residence, education, occupation, and previous history of SM are the associated factors. Among the participants, 29.7% use antibiotics, and 30% use herbal products or drugs as medication. Conclusion The present study found SMP is moderately prevalent among COVID-19 recovered patients. To minimize the rate of SMP, adequate health care access systems and public education should be introduced, and media & community should be engaged in rational use of medication.
Objectives: Behavioral conditions contribute to poor clinical outcomes and are not routinely addressed in medical settings in Viet Nam. Few studies focus on the level of integrated care in clinics, the provider ratings of the prevalence of behavioral conditions, the need for a behavioral health consultant (BHC), and patient health risk assessments (HRAs) in Viet Nam. To fill these research gaps, this study aims to explore the level of behavioral health integration in primary care clinics, the provider perceived prevalence of behavioral problems, the need for an expert behavioral health consultant on the primary care team, and the health risks for patients in Viet Nam. Methodology: This study collected first-hand survey data from two healthcare sites, 41 service providers, and 199 patients in Hanoi, Viet Nam. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between HRA behavioral conditions and each of the biometric health risk factors. Results: The healthcare site and provider survey results showed low levels of integrated health services, provider perceptions of the moderate prevalence of common behavioral conditions, and the need for a BHC to assist in care. In addition, the patient’s HRA results showed an elevated risk of sleep apnea, fruit and vegetable intake, tobacco, alcohol use for men, and poor health literacy. Conclusion: The level of integrated care services is low in Viet Nam, the need for the providers to have a BHC to assist in treatment is moderate, and the patients reported elevated health risks in several areas. The findings demonstrated a pressing need for the development of integrated behavioral health care services in Viet Nam.
This article was retracted on 10 March 2022 by author. Background: Acetylsalicylic acid is indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of many cardiovascular diseases. In some cases, it may cause cutaneous adverse reactions. In this case, leukocytoclastic vasculitis was developed due to the use of aspirin. Case presentation: A 70-year-old male patient complained of bilateral lower limb swelling associated with swelling over the scrotum and penis for 3 days. He was suffering from several medical conditions for which he was taking multiple medications. One month ago, he had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and was taken to a private clinic where he was prescribed a combination of aspirin (125 mg) and atorvastatin (20 mg) at bedtime (HS) (no documentation was found). He had a mild renal impairment. During hospitalization, he developed hematuria. On the third day of admission, he was diagnosed with leukocytoclastic vasculitis and admitted to the ICU. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis was suspected due to a combination of aspirin and atorvastatin. This combination drug was stopped, and the patient was monitored. These dechallenges resulted in his recovery from leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Conclusion: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis may be caused by aspirin and showed some reversible recovery of the symptoms after cessation.
Objectives: Dioscorea bulbifera possesses profound therapeutic potential and is commonly used in traditional Indian, African and Chinese medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a hydromethanolic extract of Dioscorea bulbifera on the serum lipid profile, lipase, ghrelin, food intake and body weight of high-fat obese Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty (30) male Wistar rats weighing 200 – 250 g were used for the study. Obesity was induced using a formulated high-fat diet for six (6) weeks. They were divided into six (6) groups of five (5) rats each. The negative control received distilled water, while the positive control received a standard antihyperlipidemic drug, simvastatin. Obese rats were treated with hydromethanolic extract of Dioscorea bulbifera at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for a period of two (2) weeks. Results: The results showed significantly decreased serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), lipase, fasting blood glucose and body weight of experimental animals compared to the negative control (P < 0.05), while serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and ghrelin were found to be significantly higher in experimental animals compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in the food intake of the animals. Conclusion: The antiobesity potentials of hydromethanolic extracts of Dioscorea bulbifera may be attributable to their ability to reduce lipase activity while attenuating the lipid profile in high-fat obese Wistar rat models. Therefore, this study considers Dioscorea bulbifera as a potential natural anti-obesity agent with possible anti-lipase activity.
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic in India is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite no convincing evidence that this virus can be transfusion-transmitted, the absolute disruption we have seen in everyday life has dramatically reduced the amount of blood donations. Applying the Patient Blood Management (PBM) method is very useful. It is the scientific use of safe and effective medical and surgical techniques designed to prevent anemia and decrease bleeding to improve patient outcomes. PBM conserves a precious community resource, reduces unnecessary hospital and patient care costs, improves patient safety by minimizing exposure to blood, can reduce the risk of hospital-acquired complications and infections, and increases the consumer interest in safety. Efforts to correct anemia in the general population, as well as the implementation of safe blood drive protocols, must be in place to mitigate the risk of viral exposure. This study aimed to assess the indications and requirements of blood and blood products in Covid-19 cases and to develop safe transfusion practices concerning PBM during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: This observational study was done in the Blood Bank RLJ Hospital Department of Pathology attached to Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College & Hospital. The records of all COVID-19 positive patient's including their history, blood and blood component utilization from the medical record section, as well as the blood bank and requisition forms sent to a laboratory for investigation and collected over a duration of 6 months (March 2020 to August 2020). Results: Out of 200 COVID-19 positive cases analyzed, only 70 (35%) patients received a blood transfusion, in which 64.28 % (45) patients received single unit PRBCs because of severe anemia and pregnancy-related anemia. Additionally, 25.7% (18) patients received a platelet transfusion because of underlying comorbidities, and 10% (7) received FFP. In all COVID-19 positive patients, we observed a raised ESR. A few patients had raised PT and APTT levels. Patients with mild and moderate anemia presented with microcytic hypochromic anemia and normocytic normochromic anemia. We adopted the Cleveland clinic blood management for low hemoglobin to avoid unnecessary blood transfusions. Conclusion: PBM was found to be an important interventional tool to meet the shortage of blood during the COVID-19 pandemic successfully. An evidence-based emergency blood management plan and flexible regulatory policy should be ready to deal with any disaster and to respond quickly in the case of a blood shortage. While pandemics may reduce the blood supply, our study demonstrated that hospitalized COVID-19 patients had a low level of blood usage. Future studies examining the impact of patient factors may help to further elucidate the mechanisms affecting blood utilization in hospitalized COVID-19 populations.
Background: Awareness of your rights and responsibilities as an enrollee of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) is key to fully accessing all benefits of the scheme. It also helps when giving a valid assessment of the healthcare services received through the scheme. This study has assessed the level of awareness of the rights and responsibilities of NHIS enrolled staff from the Federal Colleges of Education in North Central Nigeria. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional investigation in which 165 selected participants completed a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. The data was collated and analyzed using descriptive statistics, specifically frequency, mean, and percentages. Six research questions were raised and answered. Results: Most (79.15%) of the respondents were fully aware of the NHIS objectives but only a few (43.15%) and (52.40%) were aware of the benefits and their responsibilities as enrollees of the NHIS. Similarly, many (47.88%) were not aware of the procedures used to seek for redress when dissatisfied with the services they received. Additionally, 80.4% believed that their healthcare providers operate in a clean environment and 80.8% felt that the doctors and nurses were friendly and cordial, though 62% claimed to have experienced a long waiting period before doctor/nurse consultations. Finally, 73.5% of the respondents agreed that they were satisfied with the quality of the service rendered by their healthcare providers. Conclusion: This study therefore recommends the proper enlightenment of enrollees in order for them to be aware of all of the provisions of the NHIS. The government should employ more medical personnel, especially doctors, in order to reduce the pressure on the few available as well to enhance the patient consultations by making them faster.
Despite the numerous health benefits of food, people today face a variety of health issues because of food adulteration. Food adulteration is the consequence of corporate rampant consumerism which maliciously does so to optimize its benefits. Food adulteration degrades food quality and has a wide range of negative health consequences for humans. An adulterant is a food-depleting toxic substance. Such adulterants can escalate to causing multiple fatal diseases which can have a destructive effect on public health. Food adulteration can lead to slow toxicity and a number of diseases that can cause death. This paper highlights the common scenario of food adulteration practices, as well as the detrimental effects of adulterated food consumption on human health as well as the role of the authorities involved in eradicating it. The purpose of this paper is to inform the responsible authorities about the current situation of food adulteration and to present the implications of meaningful change through proactive measures from these authorities.
