Finite element analysis can research the change of the structure and the interior field intensity of human and animal body organs and tissues through simulation experiment. We use finite element analysis software to analyze the spinal cord surface potential and research the transmission feature of signals generated by interneurons in spinal cord which are related with body motion control and sensory processing. A three dimensional model of electrical source in rat's spinal cord was built, the influence on potential distribution on spinal cord surface caused by position changes of electrical source in transverse direction and dorsoventral direction was analyzed and calculated. We obtained the potential distribution curves of spinal cord surface and compared the results with data from animal experiments, verifying the feasibility of scheme of locating the excitatory through potential distribution on spinal cord surface.
Electric Vehicle (EV) battery is large capacity, which is equivalent to two days of home power consumption, and cheaper than household battery. Therefore, it is important to utilize as home backup power to reduce home electricity charges. In this paper, we propose a new EV battery demand/response control method, which consists of three items; a new Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries ownership virtualization technique realized by “deposited power concept”, a huge virtual battery pool to enable charge/discharge at any time, and a genetic algorithm to control demand/supply of EV batteries. Center controller named EVNO (Energy Virtual Network Operator) has a huge virtual battery pool which is aggregated by “deposited power” of each EV, and controls demand/supply of each EV by the genetic algorithm. Since EVNO controls the deposited power among their EV batteries, EV users lose ownership of the deposited electric power in their EV batteries. At this time, EV owner does not use the electric power in his EV physically. The computer simulation result shows that the proposed method can reduce electricity charges by average 11%, and can reduce power demand curve by average 13% per day compared to conventional scheme under the real-time pricing (RTP).
Due to the continuous change in the topology of ad hoc networks and the lack of a central directory for publishing web services, makes the process of finding web services a very difficult challenge, several approaches have been proposed, all these solutions are based on either a keyword or ID representing the service to be searched, or using a specific scenario of discovery, all this with trying to respect the constraints of ad-hoc networks such as energy, bandwidth ... etc. In this work we proposed a model for measuring the cost of the overall energy consumption in ad hoc networks depending on the mechanisms proposed by the approaches and protocols for discovering web services.
In the present digital world, digital images and videos are the main carrier of information. However, these sources of information can be easily tampered by using readily available software thus making authenticity and integrity of the digital images an important issue of concern. And in most of the cases copy- move image forgery is used to tamper the digital images. Therefore, as a solution to the aforementioned problem we are going to propose a unique method for copy-move forgery detection which can sustained various pre-processing attacks using a combination of Dyadic Wavelet Transform (DyWT) and Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT). In this process first DyWT is applied on a given image to decompose it into four parts LL, LH, HL, and HH. Since LL part contains most of the information, we intended to apply SIFT on LL part only to extract the key features and find a descriptor vector of these key features and then find similarities between various descriptors vector to conclude that there has been some copy-move tampering done to the given image. And by using DyWT with SIFT we are able to extract more numbers of key points that are matched and thus able to detect copy-move forgery more efficiently.
One of the most important authentication approaches is the iris recognition system (IRS), which is based on the iris of aperson for the authentication.In this paper, we propose a new iris recognition system using a novel feature extraction method. The proposed method, Neighborhood-based Binary Pattern, compares each neighbor of the central pixel withthe next neighbor to encode it by 1 if it is greater or 0 if it is lower than the central pixel. The obtained binary code is converted into a decimal number to construct the NBP image. In order to deal with the rotation problem, we propose an encoding process to obtain a rotation-invariant image. This image is subdivided into several blocks and the mean of each block is calculated. After, the variations of the means are encoded by a binary code. The obtained binary matrix is considered as feature descriptor of the iris. In the evaluation part, the CASIA iris database [10] has been used to evaluate the performance of the proposed IRS. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method gives better recognition rate compared to the LBP method. Experimental results show also that the proposed system especially the feature extraction method gives promising results.
Energy efficiency of DC distribution systems is researched in this paper. Efficiency calculation models of feeders and loads are established, efficiencies of AC/DC, DC/DC and DC/AC are analyzed. Moreover, energy efficiencies of an AC system and two DC systems, monopole and bipolar, are calculated and compared. The efficiency improvement of office building supplied by DC power system compared to supply by AC power system is demonstrated. From analysis, it is showed that the energy efficiency is higher in DC distribution system than AC distribution system.
Research on the Egyptian food security, is a crucial subject of a huge studies and debates. The gap between the Egyptian domestic milk production and consumption is translated into high import costs. Also, all policy analysis and evaluation methods in literature conduct for the current /short-term policies to help policy/decision makers in strategic decisions. The core idea of our research paper is to develop an intelligent recommender system (IRS) to generate more justifiable estimates to evaluate of the suggested long-term policies. In addition, our IRS supports policy/decision makers to reduce the future uncertainty and stimulates the domain experts to anticipate the futures impacts and evaluate their suggested policies. This support deals with providing new levels of awareness situation that may lead to more efficient and effective decision making process. Final, our IRS integrates Trend Impact Analysis, RT-Delphi, Knowledge-Based, Explanation and Mathematical forecasting models to generate large-scale participatory approach to help policy/decision makers for long-term strategic planning.
Nowadays the increasing utilization of alternative energy sources demand three phase power converters capable of delivering high quality energy to the low voltage grid. Good dead time compensation hardware and software are essential to keep low order harmonics at acceptable levels even at light load conditions, at acceptable costs. Low current waveforms with multiple zero crossings within a switching period are still problematic with today's technology. Such operating conditions often happen in PWM inverters and in variable frequency drives at or below 10% load. This paper describes a new method which uses a model for calculating the voltage error caused by dead time for each phase leg. The method is completely software based, but requires fast current measurement. A model splits each half period of the triangular carrier to time segments where the slopes of the currents in all phases, and the output voltage of all semiconductor phase legs are constant. It determines the duration of each of the time segments, and integrates the volt-seconds for a half period of the triangular carrier. The model is capable of handling discontinuous conduction as well. The resulting error voltage can be used to calculate a new, compensated duty factor which can be applied to the PWM modulator. The described algorithm was tested via computer simulation. A comparison was made with other, previous methods using the same inverter model.
Authors present a power flow tracing based method for usage and loss allocation along with FACTS devices. Graph theory is the basis for usage allocation. Modified Kirchhoff matrix is used for this purpose. FACTS devices are used in the system for various purposes such as reactive power compensation; voltage profile improvement etc. hence in this paper Thyristor controlled series controller (TCSC) with voltage source modeling is used for finding the effect of FACTS device on transmission usage and loss allocation. A sample 5 bus is used for this purpose.
An old idea was to stage a school situation in university by the face to face system, a new idea is to stage as the school situation in college, but in an online system designed in terms of didactic engineering, to practices through numerical methods in MOODLE (Module object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment) platform, the theoretical aspect that will support the mathematical object, are the basic ideas of the theory of e-learning [1] (from the English phrase we understand as learning).The central proposal of this investigation is to highlight that in the teaching-learning process traditionally used in the inperson system (face to face), radically changed from the delivered content and necessary practice for learning a system online by MOODLE platform.Then aims in this paper the design activities, according to the theory and practice of online learning and testing every one of the methods that make up a university course on Numerical Methods.In particular consider the case of the gridding of a randomized data set; the mathematical object considered in this report will approach by the method of segmental cubic spline fit [2].So we intend to prove that the staging of content and practices (activities) of numerical methods, appropriate to the learning styles proposed in the theory and practice of online learning [1], which can achieve significant learning. The design strategy practices numerical modeling will support the concepts of the three (or four) basic schools of learning, ie, in the Behavioral Schools, Cognitivist, Constructivist and Humanist.The content in conjunction with practices that correspond to numeric object considered in this work consist of a good description of the mathematical development of splines available in a document, other content element is a presentation where an example of the application of the method is used a case study, a third element is an interactive program that solves numerically, all integrated on the platform and practices are defined by the activities that are available on MOODLE, which may consist of questionnaires, crosswords, letters, memory games, problems involving a process, creating solutions for computer and other activities and resources.The experiment was conducted with students from a public university in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. The test results of a functioning online material will be published in a later article to this ongoing investigation. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Now how to improve the developing efficiency and enhance the scalability of network management system has become a hot issue in the current research. In this paper, according to the actual demands, understanding the functional requirements and analyzing the process of network topology management, we propose the hierarchical network topology management system based on managed object and view mechanism. Using an object-based management method, it achieves the expansion of the three-layer model of network topology management; using the view mechanism, it reduces the dependence on the specific needs for the system and achieves a hierarchical network topology management system.
This study presents a new algorithm for detecting dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signals. The discrete multi-frequency transform (DMFT) method with optimal phase was employed to reduce the DTMF detection computations. With the DMFT approach, the pass-band ripple is employed as a cost function, and the optimal phase can be obtained using the open-loop search method. Compared to the traditional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) approach, not only is a computational saving of 75% to 83% achieved, but spectrum efficiency is also maintained. These experimental results demonstrate the excellent performance of the DMFT method.
The tracking of players in monocular soccer videos is a challenging task because of numerous difficulties that can occur especially in TV broadcasts, such as camera motions, severe occlusion of players, or inhomogeneous lightning conditions. We propose a new robust method for multi-player tracking, which is based on finding local maxima on a confidence map. This map represents an ensemble of visual evidences, such as colors of the team outfits, responses of a HOG human detector, and grass regions in images. This combination of features allows for a robust online tracking procedure that does not require any further information about the camera calibration or other user input. In the evaluation using four representative datasets, our algorithm shows remarkable accuracy and outperforms a state-of-the-art pedestrian tracker.
In the progression from CMOS technology to nanotechnology, being able to assess reliability of nano-based electronic circuits is fast becoming necessary. Due to this phenomenon, several computational-based approaches have been proposed for the reliability assessment of nanotechnology-based circuit systems. In quantifying reliability measure of the desired circuit system, faulty gates are considered as the most active part of the system. To have reliable circuit system, apart from its faulty gates, the size of error, p, in those faulty gates has to be lesser than a threshold, ɛ*. In other words, for the individual faulty gates to function reliably, the parameter interval of error in those faulty gates has to be 0 ≤ p < ɛ*, based on their respective gate error thresholds. This hypothesized that reliability of the desired circuit system does not only depend on its faulty gates, but it also depends on the error threshold of those faulty gates above which no reliable computation is possible. Therefore, there is a need to compute the exact error thresholds for individual faulty gates above which no circuit made up using those gates can calculate reliably. This paper shows the employment of Probabilistic Transfer Matrix (PTM) model in deriving the exact error threshold for individual faulty gates. The employed methodology provides simple and powerful analytic method to analyze reliability measure of nanotechnology-based circuit systems.
Restructuring of Electricity supply industry introduced many issues such as transmission pricing, transmission loss allocation and congestion management. Many methodologies and algorithms were proposed for addressing these issues. In this paper a graph theory based method is proposed which involves Matrices methodology for the transmission usage, loss and transmission reliability margin (TRM) allocation for generators and demands. This method provides loss and TRM allocation in a direct way because all the computation is previously done for usage allocation. The proposed method is simple and easy to implement in a large power system. Further it is less computational because it requires matrix inversion only a single time. A comparison between proposed method and already exiting methods also presents. Results are shown for the sample 6 bus system and IEEE 14 bus system.
The purpose of the present investigation is the design and implementation of an on line Numerical Methods course for the college level (undergraduate), to students from different areas of engineering.The investigation sets out to prove that the course will give good results in achievement, considering the fundamental theoretical aspects of online learning.Well as classroom courses the main element is the interaction, so too, the treaty course the key element here is the interaction, in its different types: student - teacher, student - content, student - student, teacher-content, etc.Overall, this proposal is based on the theory and practice of online learning [1].The implementation of the educational experience will be held at the Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitlan (FESC by the letters in Spanish of: Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlan) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM by the letters in Spanish of: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico), with students of university degrees in Industrial Engineering, Food Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Technology; university courses where the subject of numerical methods, which is being considered here, is studied.It is noteworthy that the FESC currently there is no curriculum online course, that's why we are proposing an on line course, which can be used to support classroom courses (Face to face) or as a course that conducted online only. It is also important to note that this investigation is a proposal that has been started and is currently in development and expected that the benefits and disadvantages can be registered.Another aspect highlighted is the fact that possibly exist thousands of courses numerical methods, then the justification for this work will be done on the basis that each course will be designed according to the beliefs and needs of the population which is directed in this case refers to a Mexican rural context, corresponding to the city of Cuautitlan Izcalli in the State of Mexico. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
New technological methods to assist percutaneous cryoablation procedures are here presented, namely a planning software and a simulation algorithm. The first has the role to calculate a feasible displacement of the tools to ensure an effective ablation of the lesion, satisfying well-specified procedural constraints. Starting from intra-operative CT scans of the patient, a virtual model of the anatomical site is obtained and uploaded. The displacement of the cryoprobes is computed in order to cover the whole volume of the tumour with the developed iceball, but minimizing the damage to surrounding healthy renal tissue. On the other hand, the simulation algorithm is a graphical tool useful to assess the temperature distribution throughout the evolution of the procedure. A discrete iterative function calculates the heat transfer from the probes to the surrounding tissue within a specified three-dimensional grid: the isolation of significant isotherms can help to assess whether the whole tumour will be frozen or not. By using a real intra-operative dataset of a successful percutaneous cryoablation, the volume of the real iceball has been matched with that generated from the simulator, showing a good accuracy in terms of dimension and shape. Even though been designed to be integrated within a robotic system, this method is usable and extensible for different purposes and adapted to simulate other scenarios or procedures.
An n-channel MOS transistor (nMOST) no matter what low or high voltage processes are often used in I/O pads as ESD protection components. However, the contact spiking is a common caused leakage problems which deeply affect the ESD reliability capability of protection devices. Therefore, in this work, we proposed systematic experiments on the drain side: by adding an n-type Well (nWell) structure in the drain area for 0.25-μm low voltage (LV)/ high voltage (HV) processes. After measurement and analysis, it is found that for this LV process adding the nWell in drain side is bad for the It2 robustness of ESD capability, such as the lowest ESD capability condition (S= 9-μm) as compared with the reference group (none with the nWell) is decreased up to 42%, so in the ESD protection application should be avoided to add this structure; in the same token adding the nWell structure in the drain side of an HV nLDMOS, it was found that can expand an ESD current conduction cross-sectional area, which will not dissipate a lot of heat on the surface of the device led to burn, and then enhancing the ESD capability. Meanwhile, the ESD capability of a DUT with S= 9-μm as compared with the reference group (none with the nWell) is increased up to 8%, so adding an nWell structure in the drain side is good for ESD capability (It2 value) of HV MOS devices.
The modern sports techniques (cars, motorcycles, bicycles) is drove in motion with use of transmissions with the controlled variable transfer ratio. The transmission provides variable speed of movement depending on external loading. The modern transmission has the step transfer ratio (4 - 5 steps). At each step the transfer ratio constant, and speed of movement is regulated by change of engine power. Achievement of the maximum speed of movement demands optimum control of switching of steps and the engine power.Control of steps switching (both manual, and automatic) almost always is not the best. The moment of switching either lags, or advances optimum time of switching which depends on controlled power of the engine. Therefore achievement of the maximum speed of movement substantially depends on individual abilities of the driver. But even the big practical experience of the driver does not allow receiving the greatest possible result.The ideal variant for a drive of sports techniques is not switched stepless transmission which provides the maximum possible speed of movement at any resistance to movement. The driver is controlling only by power of the engine choosing an optimum mode of movement.V-belt self-regulated drive is capable to provide stepless regulation of speed of movement but it is insufficiently reliable and durable.The tooth gearing is reliable and durable but it is not stepless transfer. The automatic gear box provides only automatic switching of steps which is not optimum. Besides, the automatic gear box is heavy and bulky. Such transmission cannot be established on a motorcycle or a bicycle.The modern science about mechanisms and machines has opened essentially new phenomenon - effect of mechanical force adaptation [1, 2 and 3]. According to this discovery the gear closed differential mechanism with two degrees of freedom provides movement of a output shaft with a speed inverse to the resistance moment.Attempts of patenting of the closed differential mechanism with two degrees of freedom as self-regulated mechanism were undertaken earlier [4, 5] but they did not contain a scientific substantiation of adaptation effect. These patents could not be used for creation of concrete designs with the set parameters of movement.The patents developed on the basis of the discovery [6, 7] allow creating self-regulated gear stepless transfer with the set range of the transfer ratio. Such transfer is named by adaptive transfer.The gear adaptive transfer developed on the basis of the discovery has the elementary design and does not require any control. This transfer independently and continuously adapts to variable loading. Absence of management excludes subjective factors and provides ideal conformity to a variable mode of movement. Simplicity of a design allows establishing transfer on any sports vehicle (car, motorcycle, bicycle etc).The concept of a drive of sports technique in 21 century consists in use of an adaptive gear transmission for sports vehicles.In the present report the description of an adaptive tooth gearing, the basic laws of interconnection of parameters, animation model and pre-production model tests is presented (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
