In the process of screening of lipase producing bacteria from the soil of vegetable oil industries, a particular gram negative, rod shaped lipase synthesising bacterial strain, Burkholderia cepacia SS-16 was obtained. The maximum lipase activity of the bacteria was obtained after 72h of growth. The optimal temperature at pH 6.5-7.0 and the optimal pH at a temperature of 35°C were 60°C and 7.0, respectively. The lipase was stable to a temperature of 70°C and a pH of 8.0. The bacterial lipase was most stable in water miscible solvent isopropanol and cleaved triacylglycerol in a random manner.
Determination was made of surface tension, polarity of intramicelles, mean aggregation number, hydrodynamic radius and 1H-NMR of binary mixed micelles of bile salts, such as sodium glycochenodeoxycholate (NaGCDC) and sodium glycoursodeoxycholate (NaGUDC) and nonionic surfactants, such as α, ω-ditetraethylene glycol dodecyl ether (C122E4) and octaethylene glycol mono-n-decyl ether (C10E8) for the following four systems; (1) NaGCDC-C122E4 system, (2) NaGCDC-C10E8 system, (3) NaGUDC-C122E4 system and (4) NaGUDC-C10E8 system.Micellar composition for each system was noted to change from nonion-rich to bile salt-rich with mole fraction of a bile salt and the microenvironment of intramicelles for C10E8 systems became more hydrophobic compared to C122E4 systems. Mean aggregation number of mixed micelles for C10E8 systems abruptly decreased with increase in mole fraction of bile salts in the range of the low mole fraction, while for C122E4 systems, was essentially constant. From the results of 1H-NMR, NaGUDC molecular orientation in mixed micelles differed from that of a NaGCDC molecule. Schematic models of the mixed micelles were established based on the present results.
Matured human milk from healthy mothers was studied for Trans and conjugated fatty acid (CLA) and prostaglandin E2 content. Average fat content was 2.74g/100ml, somewhat less than that reported for milk in Japanese mothers. Cholesterol and phospholipids showed essentially average values. In total fatty acids, trans acid was 1.18% on the average (0.61 to 2.22%), which is slightly less than for Western countries. The content of trans acid was unrelated to that of PGE2. CLA was approximately 0.3% of total fatty acids, but varied marked from 0.1 to 0.7%. Raw cows milk contained 0.3% total fatty acids as CLA (about 12mg/g fat) and the particular strain of cow and time of milking appeared determinating factors. Values for city milk was comparable to those of raw milk.
Hydrolysis of soy phosphatidylcholine (S-PC) to lysophosphatidylcholine by using phospholipase A2 was conducted under various conditions without stirring. The degree of hydrolysis was determined based on the amounts of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC was simple, rapid and reproducible for quantitative analysis of PC and LPC in S-PC hydrolysate.The hydrolysis of S-PC depended on reaction temperature, reaction time, CaCl2 concentration, and buffer.S-PC was more easily hydrolyzed by Tris-hydrochloric acid than by H3BO3-KCl-NaOH, NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4 or Na2HPO4-citric acid as buffer.Optimum S-PC hydrolysis conditions were as follows : Tris-hydrochloric acid buffer; pH 8, CaCl2; 0.3 wt%/S-PC, 60°C, S-PC/aqueous medium; 1/2 (g/mL), phospholipase A2; 10IU.
Natural material extracts are presently used as cosmetic ingredients. Physiological effects were examined, using trans-anethole (1) from Foeniculum vnlgar MILL as starting material. Eight derivatives were synthesized by oximation (N, N-diethyl hydrazonation, methylation and elimination reaction), LiAlH4 mediated reaction, with chloroacetyl chloride and condensation with four terpenyl amines to confirm efficiency as whitening agents, inhibitory activities towards tyrosinase, superoxide scavenging activity or hyaluronidase activity. Compounds (9a), (9b) and (9c) derived from (4) were found to be inhibited by ca. 5561% in tyrosinase (Dopa) activity. The inhibitory rates exceeded that of arbutin used for commercial cosmetics (Arbutin), (9c) or (10b), and the superoxide scavenging activity was noted to be inhibited by more than ca. 33%.
Lipid microspheres (Lipid emulsions) should prove useful colloidal drug carriers in various therapeutic applications and as parenteral delivery systems owing to their ability to incorporate lipid-soluble drugs in dispersing phases. Lipid microspheres are o/w emulsions similar to commercially available fat emulsions. The oil droplets in the dispersing systems function as drug containing reservoirs. Surface modification of oil particles in emulsions adjust drug release rate and affinity for target sites. Recent advances in the development of lipid microspheres are discussed and comparison is made with conventional preparations.
Phase transition from a positive to negative-curved self-organized structure was noted to occur in a binary water/polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactant system with decrease in the number of ethyleneoxide (EO) units at constant temperature. Effective cross sectional area per each surfactant decreased with reduction in the EO chain length. The mechanism for phase transition is discussed based on the revised packing parameter theory. The effects of oil type on the surfactant layer curvature are explained as due to penetration and/or swelling of oil. Due to the oil effect, surfactant changes from waterto oil-soluble in a narrow range of temperature or EO-chain length in the presence of oil. This is the reason for the appearance of HLB temperature or PIT in water-oil system.
A method was developed for the synthesis of stigmasta-5, 25-dien-3β-ol from sitosterol, with the direct hydroxylation of the sitosterol side chain with methyl (trifluoromethyl) dioxirane and dehydration of the 25-hydroxylated compound with phosphorus oxychloride as key steps. Stigmasta-5, 25-dien-3β-ol and stigmasta-5, 24 (25) -dien-3β-ol were easily prepared from sitosterol and each was isolated by HPLC using a reversed-phase column.
The effects of added perfume compounds (d-limonene (LN) and linalool (LL)) on the phase behavior of sucrose dodecanoate in water were investigated. Following the addition of hydrocarbon-type perfume, LN, to L-1695 comprised mainly of sucrose monododecanoate, hexagonal-discontinuous cubic phase transition was noted to occur and an excess oil (LN) phase separated from discontinuous cubic phase beyond the solubilization limit. Surfactant layer curvature continued to change from positive to negative with the addition of amphiphilic polar perfume, LL, to the L-1695-water system. LL is thus shown miscible with L-1695 and an excess water phase separates from reversed micellar solution phase in the dilute region. The difference in phase behavior derived from the solubilization mechanism of each perfume in selforganizing structures and this mechanism may be clarified by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurement. LN is thus solubilized mainly deep within surfactant aggregates, whereas LL penetrates the surfactant palisade layer. Based on a comparison of the results for lipophilic sucrose multi-dodecanoates (L-595) and L-1695, considerable penetration of perfume large into a self-organized structure of a lipophilic surfactant may be concluded to occur even if the perfume in question is solubilized.
The acidic glycolipid fraction from whole tissues of the lugworm, Tylorrhynchus heterochetus that inhabits brackish water was resolved into more than seven components each showing positive reaction toward molybdate (phosphate) and/or orcinol-sulfuric acid (sugar) spray reagents on thin-layer chromatography. Two major components (AGL4 and AGL5) were isolated and purified by successive column chromatography on ion exchange-Sephadex (DEAF-Sephadex) and porous silica gel (Iatrobeads). Their structures were determined by ompositional sugar analysis, hydrogen fluoride degradation, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The chemical structures were characterized as : Man (α1-2) Ins (1→) -P-Cer for AGL4 and Man (α1-2) [Fuc (α1-5)] Ins (1→) -P-Cer for AGL5, respectively. Aliphatic constituents of both lipids were primarily palmitic and stearic acids, and C18-sphingoids, octadecasphinganine and octadeca-4-sphingenine.
Squid eye lipids were characterized. The main lipid were found to be free cholesterol (27.3%), phosphatidylcholine (PC; 30.7%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (32.8%). Major fatty acids in squid eye lipids were 22 : 6n-3 (DHA; 33.3%), 20 : 5n-3 (EPA; 15.6%), and 16 : 0 (28.4%) and main molecular species of squid eye PC was 1-16 : 0-2-DHA-PC. Comparative study of oxidative stability indicated squid eye PC to be more stable toward oxidation than soybean PC in liposomes. 1124μg/g lipid of α-tocopherol were found in squid eye lipids, and water soluble extracts showed strong antioxidant activity in liposome and emulsion systems. The high level of tocopherol and the presence of water soluble antioxidants may be essential for protecting squid eye lipids from oxidation.
Studies on counterion binding to ionic surfactant micelles are reviewed. The degree of counterion binding, β, is used as a measure of the number of bound counterions. The ion-selective electrode and conductivity methods and a method for estimating β from the dependence of critical micelle concentration on counterion concentration are discussed. The dependence of β on the particular kinds and concentrations of counterion and surfactant ion, micellar shape, temperature and solvent are demonstrated.
On treating 4-biphenylyl-4'-methyl benzoate (1) with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in o-dichlorobenzene at reflux temperature, 4-hydroxy-4'-methyl-3-biphenylyl phenyl ketone (3) was obtained as a rearrangement product with 4'-methyl-4-biphenylol (5). Then a rearrangement product 4-hydroxy-4'-methyl-3-biphenylyl methyl ketone (4) was obtained with 5 from 4-biphenylyl-4'-methyl acetate (2) under the same reaction conditions. The 4-biphenylyl ester 2 proceeded firster than other ester 1 in o-dichlorobenzene and toluene. A methyl group on 4'-position of 1 and 2 appeared to lose the reaction rate compared to 4-biphenylyl benzoate and 4-biphenylyl acetate. The Fries rearrangement of 1 may possibly proceed via an intramolecular pathway that involved some intermolecularity. Compoud 2 apparently proceeded via intramolecular rearrangement.
From the seeds of Lagenaria siceraria, a bioactive substance was obtained in a rice lamina inclination test. It was subsequently extracted, highly fractionated, converted to a bismethaneboronate derivative, and analyzed by GC-MS. The brassinosteroid, castasterone, was identified. Sterols in the seeds were also analyzed by GC-MS. Three 24-alkyl-Δ5-sterols and five 24-alkyl-Δ7-sterols were identified based on direct comparison with authentic samples.
This paper reviews the synthesis and applications of DNA/synthetic polymer conjugates. The conjugates have been applied to the separation of DNA-binding molecules and nucleic acids. One principle advantage of conjugates is that an affinity reaction can be carried out in homogeneous solution with high efficiency. The conjugates were used as DNA probes to augment detection sensitivity. Synthetic polymers carrying multiple reporter groups conjugated with DNA. In an antisense and antigene strategy, conjugation of oligonucleotide (ODN) with synthetic polymer may be an effective molecular design. The functions of synthetic polymers in a conjugate are to protect ODN from nuclease degradation and cover the ODN anionic charge. DNA has been found useful in supramolecular chemistry as programmable molecular glue and template for molecular alignment. A hydrogel, polymeric micelle structure and (conjugated DNA/native DNA) -tandemly connected molecules have been constructed through use of DNA/synthetic polymer conjugates.
Sterols and steroidal 3-ones were detected in the seeds of Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link. Twenty sterols were identified by direct GC-MS comparison with authentic samples and the compositions of both free and esterified sterol fractions were determined. Eight steroidal 3-ones were found present in the seeds.
Interactions between L-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 2S, 3S, 4R-2-stearoylamide-1, 3, 4-octadecanetriol (Ceramide 3) in mixed monolayers and bilayers were investigated by surface pressure measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).AFM images for mixed DPPC/Ceramide 3 monolayers (single-layer LB films) deposited at 10mN/m surface pressure on mica indicated elliptical domains. DSC curves indicated the phase transition temperature of DPPC liposomal bilayer membranes to shift upwards with the addition of Ceramide 3 and a sharp DPPC peak to become broad in mixed DPPC/Ceramide 3 systems. A DSC peak was noted to split at higher mole fractions of Ceramide 3.The phase separation was evident in mixed DPPC/Ceramide 3 monolayers and bilayers, and Ceramide 3 may possibly interact with DPPC in the liquid-expanded phase with consequent phase separation accompanied with domain formation.
Intercalation of inorganic materials into organized organic assemblies provides possibility for developing new functional materials possessing superior physicochemical properties. A composite material consisting of Prussian blue intercalated into photo-responsive organic molecules (azobenzene-containing multibilayer vesicles) was made. Photoisomerization of the film was attended with geometrically confined structural change within the vesicles as reflefted by changes in dipole moment and electrostatic field. It was consequently possible to control the magnetic properties of the new material by photo-illumination, as well as magnetic properties of photo-isomerizable nano-film containing iron oxide particle by photoillumination at room temperature.
In water-soluble dye, possessing -SO3- groups and the cationic surfactant (DTAB or CTAB) system, phase separation with precipitation and redissolution of precipitation were observed to result from cooperative-way between the dye and surfactant. On adding cationic surfactant to the dye aqueous solution, insoluble sedimentation occured. With further increase in cationic surfactant, precipitation was completely redissolved in aqueous solution. Flocculation was due to the electrostatic interaction between the dye and cationic surfactant and a hydrophobic layer would be formed on the dye since the tails of surfactant were facing the water phase. Redissolution was the cause for adsorption of cationic surfactant as micelles on the dye.Redissolved solution in dye/DTAB or CTAB/water systems showed high viscosity. The addition of short-chain alcohol (1-propanol) lead to lower viscosity and prevention of aggregation. Surface tension, electro-conductivity and static light scattering measurements clearly indicated 1-propanol to be essential to interactions between the surfactant and dye.
Bis (ammonium bromide) cleavable surfactants each bearing two ester groups were easily prepared by the acid-catalyzed esterification of 1-O-alkylglycerols with bromoacetic acids followed by reaction with amine. The surfactants showed better water solubility, better micelle formation and greater ability to lower surface tension compared to dodecyltrimethylammonium and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromides, and their decomposition occurred more readily than bis (sodium sulfonates) at 0.01M sodium deuteroxide (NaOD). Biodegradability was more extensive compared to conventional quaternary ammonium surfactants. The compounds, obtained by chemodecomposition of cleavable surfactants, underwent greater biodegradability than the corresponding original surfactants.
