Just transition has moved from the sidelines to the core of global climate governance. However, current narratives largely reflect the experiences of developed economies. Mainly focusing on labor compensation and fossil fuel exit, these frameworks fail to address the Global South’s needs for industrialization, energy access, and poverty reduction. To bridge this gap, this study introduces a Development-Decarbonization-Structural Transformation (DDST) Framework. It defines climate just transition as a dynamic process of optimizing development paths under multiple constraints. Setting development as the baseline, decarbonization efficiency as the constraint, and structural transformation as the driver, the model seeks a long-term equilibrium through synergies and trade-offs among the three dimensions. This study shows that priorities vary significantly across various economies of different development stages. Therefore, just transition must shift from a single-target goal to differentiated policy mixes. Based on this, this study proposes a restructuring of international cooperation, which includes reshaping transition narratives, reforming climate finance, removing green trade barriers, and strengthening South-South cooperation. The theoretical contribution of this study lies in moving beyond the “compensatory transition” paradigm. It redefines just transition as a structural strategy that balances development with climate goals. Ultimately, just transition becomes a substantive force in climate governance only when it accommodates the developmental aspirations of the Global South.
郭永怀是中国卓越的力学家、应用数学家，是中国近代力学事业的重要开拓者和组织者之一。他是23位“两弹一星功勋奖章”获得者中唯一一位在导弹、原子弹（氢弹）和人造卫星三大领域都作出重大贡献的科学家。他在发展我国的国防事业方面，在发展空气动力学、气体动力学、爆轰学及新兴的力学学科方面，以及培养科技后继人才方面都作出了杰出贡献。文章回顾了郭永怀的生平和他的学术成就，考察了他对开拓我国力学事业所做的大量工作，研究了他在重大科技攻关项目中作出的杰出贡献。最后，简要探讨了郭永怀作为战略科学家的贡献与影响。
20世纪50年代，国务院制定了《十二年科技规划》和“紧急措施”，电子计算机也从一个科学学科变身“国之重器”。文章回顾了国家决策发展电子计算机的经过和军事科技部门的建立，计算机在从核物理到卫星测控中的作用与贡献。在这类有关国家重大科技工程中，电子计算机的研制、生产和应用得到同步发展，一支有理想、有精神、有能力的计算机队伍迅速成长起来。
从决议重点发展原子能事业到原子弹、氢弹的成功爆炸，中国在此项尖端科技上取得了高效且突出的成就。文章关注新中国成立后中国原子能科研和生产建设队伍的组建和调整，及形成自主体系的过程，尝试梳理原子能事业建制化的历史脉络，探析国家高层和最高科研机构提出的学科规划、国防任务对原子能事业发展的重要影响，并分析以原子能为代表的中国科研事业发展中“举国体制”、学科与产业系统攻关的重要特点。
法国核科技的路线选择是由核能发电的民用技术所决定的。从1955年下半年开始，以法国原子能委员会为主导，在军方的协助下，形成了法国核科技军事应用的主导力量。法国原子能委员会由此成为兼具民用和军用研发功能的“民-军复合体”，并成为法国重要的战略科技力量。法国先后解决了核科技军事研发的主要科学技术问题，并创新性地设计出了外部中子源与效率更高的内爆系统。1960年法国的“蓝色跳鼠”试验是核国家首次核试验中当量最大的。这段历史表明法国走出了一条与美英不同的道路，实现了在核科技领域的自立自强与技术创新。
High-quality agricultural development in China’s subtropical region is critical for national food security and ecological sustainability. This region encompasses 16 provinces covering approximately one-quarter of China’s land area and home to nearly half its population. Characterized by abundant hydrothermal resources with synchronous heat and precipitation, it serves as a traditional agricultural hub contributing 40% of grain output and over 54% of meat production of the nation. However, the region faces mounting pressures: Underutilized potential in hilly and mountainous areas, disconnected crop-livestock systems leading to resource inefficiency and pollution, and insufficient systematic research on regional agricultural development. Addressing these challenges requires an innovative agroecological framework oriented toward the “Big Food Concept,” integrating efficient resource utilization with ecological conservation. This paper examines the characteristics, challenges, and pathways for sustainable agricultural transformation in China’s subtropical region, proposing strategies for optimizing agricultural layout, promoting crop-live-stock integration, and strengthening scientific innovation platforms to build a “southern defense line” for national food security.
现代数学是自然科学与工程技术的基础，主要分为纯粹数学与应用数学两大领域。作为应用数学的代表，计算数学诞生于人类历史上的重大军事工程——“曼哈顿计划”。计算数学在中国的创始也与国防工程密切相关。在国防工程与工业建设的战略导向下，受《十二年科技规划》的强力推动，中国顺利地完成了计算数学的创建与发展，填补了我国在应用数学领域的空白。
日本是较早进行原子能开发的国家之一，但其战时面向军事利用的原子能开发工作并未取得较大进展。战时的工作很大程度上来源于日本科学家对于继续在原子核物理领域开展基础研究的追求。二战后，日本学界在同盟国占领结束后很快重启了原子核物理的研究工作，而原子能开发则基本由日本政府和产业界主导。尽管自主开发和引进吸收两条技术路径并存于日本的原子能开发，但从结果来看后者在日本核电领域占据了绝对优势，这反而对日本在原子能开发中的技术自立造成了一定障碍。对核武器的直接体验及其造成的影响使得日本的经历有相当特殊性，但从原子能开发在各国科技发展历程中的重要地位来看，日本原子能开发机制的变迁也能够为中国相关事业的历史语境和意义提供参照。
Northeast China hosts one of the world’s four major black soil regions, accounting for approximately 36 million hectares of cultivated land. Producing one-quarter of China’s total grain output and one-third of its commercial grain transfers, this region serves as a vital cornerstone for national food security. However, unsustainable land use and climate change have driven severe soil degradation, manifesting as thinning topsoil, declining organic matter, and increased bulk density—collectively threatening sustainable production. To address these challenges, we conducted a five-year intensive study, and proposed an innovative degradation control theory centered on “enhancing inherent stable soil fertility”. A targeted technological system was developed, with emphasis on the incorporation of multi-source organic materials and optimized tillage practices, to overcome key technical barriers to soil restoration under intensive farming. Furthermore, in light of regional variations in environmental conditions and soil constraints, locally adapted models for black soil conservation—such as the “Longjiang Model”, “Lishu Model 2.0”, and “Da’an Model”, have been established. In core demonstration areas, these approaches achieved notable outcomes: Soil organic matter increased by 13–17%, soil erosion intensity decreased by more than 80%, and crop yields improved by 5.4–14.2%. This study provides robust scientific support for national strategies aimed at conserving and sustainably utilizing black soil resources.
当前，世界进入新的动荡变革期，科学技术，尤其是带有全局性、战略性的重大科技项目日益成为大国角力的焦点。第二次世界大战时期，核武器研制曾在各国间掀起竞争浪潮并产生重大影响，有关历史经验对于我国当前谋划和实施重大科技项目、加快实现科技自立自强、决胜国际科技竞争挑战具有一定的参考价值。文章以纳粹德国“铀计划”（Uranprojekt）的项目治理为主要研究对象，尝试从战略定位、时间表、路线图、资源投入和管理支撑5个方面分析其在与“曼哈顿计划”的竞争当中落败的原因，在此基础上为我国当前重大科技项目治理建言献策。
冷战初期，由于中美敌对，人员交流受阻，美国政府搜集情报的手段和能力有限。为探查中国核计划的发展状况，美国情报部门大量依赖U-2侦察机和“科罗纳”侦察卫星进行监视。尽管技术上的进步带来更清晰的照片，但是先入为主的认知，却导致美国对中国首次核试验错判不断。
2024年是中法建交60周年。因1964年中国在尖端科技领域发展上的里程碑式事件，同年的中法建交也因此被称为新中国在外交领域的“核爆炸”。法国在第二次世界大战之后力图通过核科技研究的独立自主实现大国地位的恢复，并挑战美苏两个超级大国在冷战期间对该领域的垄断。因相似的处境与发展道路，中国成为法国在这一国际政治问题上的“盟友”。依托法国自身核科技研究与相关力量建设的经验，法国对中国在尖端科技领域的发展进行了不同于美日等国的解读。尽管法国的分析与中国当时的情况存在较大差异，但法国认可了中国当时科技的巨大进步。同时，中国在尖端科技领域的自立自强为法国挑战冷战两极体系提供了有力的政治支撑。
As global coastal ecosystems face compounding challenges from climate change and anthropogenic pressures, long-term ecosystem observation and integrated research are increasingly vital. The Shandong Jiaozhou Bay Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, the only national field station for marine ecosystem observation and research in China’s temperate seas, has built a comprehensive platform for ecological observation and interdisciplinary research. This paper discusses how the Station leverages its long-term observation platform capacities to support both national marine strategies and global sustainability goals, through technological development, scientific research, public engagement, and international cooperation. This case study provides a replicable example for global coastal ecosystems in terms of management and sustainable development.
Biodiversity mainstreaming remains among the most persistent gaps in global environmental governance. China’s national park reforms provide a large-scale empirical test of mainstreaming in practice. By unifying fragmented protected areas, consolidating governance mandates, aligning cross-sector policies, and formalizing inclusive stewardship, the reforms have delivered measurable gains in flagship species recovery, ecosystem service resilience, and community participation. Yet its transformative potential is constrained by limited penetration into non-conservation sectors, uneven adaptive capacity, and incomplete social integration. We distill three transferable principles—coherence, consolidation, and co-production—and outline instruments to embed biodiversity imperatives beyond protected areas into infrastructure, agriculture, and regional planning. Achieving the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework will require moving beyond isolated conservation enclaves toward integrated policy ecologies that can durably reconcile biodiversity outcomes with equitable human well-being.
自1932年北平研究院镭学研究所成立之后，放射化学就在中国开始了其艰难的发展之路。1950年，中国科学院近代物理研究所成立，放射化学的发展也焕然一新，步入了快车道。随着相关科研任务的开展，放射化学学科建设进入正轨。文章以时间为主线，通过郑大章、钱三强、杨承宗等科学工作者的研究经历，观察放射化学在中国从无到有、从弱到强的进程。
The African Great Green Wall Initiative (GGWI) is an ambitious transcontinental program aimed at halting desertification, restoring degraded lands, and improving livelihoods across the Sahel region. Despite its transformative vision, the initiative has encountered technical, financial, and governance challenges. In recent years, China’s involvement—drawing from its extensive experience with the Three-North Shelterbelt Program and integrated desertification control—has introduced a new model of South-South cooperation. Through adaptive technologies, capacity building, and co-developed community-based strategies in Mauritania, Ethiopia, and Nigeria, Chinese partners have provided tangible contributions to Africa’s ecological restoration. This article documents these collaborative stories and argues that China’s ecological governance framework is shaping a new paradigm for global environmental development.
The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is distributed in the main stream of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, as well as in Dongting and Poyang lakes. Currently, the most crucial conservation approach involves the establishment and management of both in-situ and ex-situ nature reserves. Since the 1990s, seven nature reserves have been established in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, covering nearly one-third of its main stream. Additionally, two nature reserves, one in the Dongting Lake and another in the Poyang Lake, have been set up; and three ex-situ nature reserves have been established in three oxbows respectively in Hunan, Hubei, and Anhui provinces. Through measures such as improving the ecological environment quality within the reserves, regulating human activities, and conducting continuous monitoring, the finless porpoise population showed a slight increase in 2022 for the first time. The ex-situ population has continued to grow, with four individuals being released back into the main stream of the Yangtze River after undergoing reintroduction training in 2023. Based on the population development lasting for over three decades, and predictions of future ecological changes, orderly establishment and scientific management of nature reserves have played a key role in and will remain an important basis for the sustaining growth of the finless porpoise population.
Human-elephant conflict (HEC) poses a major socio-ecological challenge across elephant range states. Since 2015, the National Forest Ecosystem Research Station of China based in Xishuangbanna has developed the Elephant Early-warning System (EEWS), a novel approach that has demonstrably reduced the risk of HEC incidents—particularly those involving direct encounters between people and elephants. By dynamically maintaining safety buffers, this system safeguards endangered elephants while mitigating human safety risks during livelihood activities and ensuring uninterrupted elephant movement. Building upon the C4ISR framework (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance), EEWS integrates key technological and institutional innovations—including the widespread adoption of mobile internet, deployment of camera traps, use of drones, and cross-sectoral governance reforms. The EEWS’s conceptual framework and technical architecture have been already recognized by local government and are now being scaled up from Xishuangbanna to the entire Asian elephant range in China, establishing a replicable “China model” for achieving harmonious human-elephant coexistence. This study reviews the conceptual foundations, development, and field implementation of EEWS, and offers recommendations to guide future refinement and broader application.
With a history of 96 years, the Institute of Zoology (IOZ) is one of the oldest scientific research institutions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Since its establishment, IOZ has consistently served the national strategy and pursued the forefront of science. Since 1978 when China implemented a reform and opening up policy, especially over the past two decades, IOZ has achieved a series of world-leading science and technology achievements, deepening our understanding of mechanisms of cell programming and reprogramming, reproductive and developmental regulation, stem cell and regenerative medicine, integrated management of pest insects and rodents, endangered mechanisms and conservation of species, and animal taxonomy and evolution. In the future, IOZ will strive to seize the science highland by optimizing the layout of its disciplinary development, attracting and fostering talents, and constructing world-class research facilities and platforms, aiming to be a leading institution for the continuous innovation and development of life science both in China and the world.
The Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (DICP) has been involved in energy related innovation for over seven decades. This article highlights DICP’s recent groundbreaking researches in catalysis, chemical engineering, and energy storage, showcasing technologies such as methanol-to-olefins, CO2 utilization, and advanced vanadium redox flow batteries, addressing some critical challenges in energy security and sustainability. DICP’s strong innovation capability has been widely recognized and attributed to the multidisciplinary approach and the deep integration of basic research, applied research and engineering research, which leads to the fast commercialization of the new technologies supporting China’s energy transition and carbon neutrality, and contributing to global efforts in clean energy development as well.
