This paper examines efficiency of hardware realizations of DES cracking engines implemented in contemporary low-cost Spartan-7 devices from Xilinx, Inc. The engines are designed for the known plaintext attack scheme and find the secret cipher key through brute-force exhaustive search of the entire key space. In order to comprehensively evaluate potential of the selected FPGA family in this task three architectures of DES decoders were tested: the standard iterative organization, the fully unrolled i.e. purely combinational one and the fully unrolled pipelined version. Various sizes of individual decipher units based on these three architectures led to evaluation of optimal ratios of unit speeds vs. their number which fit in one chip. The results are compared with other known hardware platforms and illustrate progress in the cipher cracking systems which was made possible by improvements in the new FPGA technologies.
Successful development of technology parks supporting innovations is one of key factors of success of this kind of activity. Technology parks create the favorable conditions for development of manufacturing enterprises of the scientific and technical sphere. At the same time science and technology parks are subject to the risks arising both at the time of their creation, and in the course of their functioning. The main objective of the conducted research is identification of the factors influencing activity of science and technology parks and development of the main actions directed to decrease their negative impact. As a method of identification of risks quantile regression is used. This method is not parametrical, and, therefore, does not assume that distribution size belongs to any parametrical methods. Besides, quantile regression belongs to robust methods, they are steady against emissions. The technology park Academpark was chosen as an object of the research. Following the results of the conducted research authors concluded that the tax burden, the number of the resident companies and number of their employees have the greatest impact on the revenue of science and technology park. The authors offered possible ways for decrease of negative influence of the above-stated factors on the total revenue.
Selected elements impacting the reliability and security of telecommunications networks supporting transport services were presented in the article. It also discusses distinguished methods and mechanisms, which enable ensuring the required reliability and availability level of telecommunications networks in the failure-free and emergency modes of operation in the aspect of telecommunication security. The paper also addresses the impact of the operating and maintenance method on the security of telecommunications networks, as well as interconnections between telecommunications system security with the manners of information security management by the personnel of organization/decision-making departments.
The information and control system (I&CS) of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is considered as a set of three independent hardware channels including on-line testing system. NPP I&C system’s design on programmable platforms is rigidly tied to the V-model of the life cycle. Functional safety and availability during its life cycle are assessed using Markov models. Markov models are used to assess availability function and proof test period. The basic single-fragment model MICS01 contains an absorbing state in case of hidden faults and allows to evaluate risks of “hidden” unavailability. The MICS02 model simulates “migration” of states with undetected failures into states with detected faults. The results of Markov modeling (models MICS01 and MICS02) are compared to evaluate proof test period taking into account requirements for SIL3 level and limiting values of hidden fault probabilities.
In the following article problem of an information sharing in the distributed system is described. Ways of solving that problem with emphasize on Gossip protocol are presented. The main goal of the article is to examine and analyze the operation of Gossip algorithm, taking into consideration chosen mode and values of parameters. In the beginning, problem of exchanging information in the distributed system is presented and different algorithms solving it were shown. Afterward, Gossip algorithm is presented. The principle of its operation, its working modes and models in which Gossip algorithm can work are described. As part of the article, an application in C# language was made, allowing to examine Gossip protocol in the laboratory environment. The laboratory environment contained minimum of six and a maximum of ten nodes. Number of iterations needed to achieve consistency for six, eight and ten connected computers was examined. Research was made for deferent working modes of Gossip protocol. To present operation and scalability of Gossip algorithm, the mathematical model of the algorithm and graph presenting percentage of infected nodes in individual iterations, is shown. In order to describe Gossip algorithm using a mathematical formula, a model known from epidemiology was used. At the end analysis of research’s results was done. As well problems related to the Gossip algorithm and the method for solving them were described. The application of Gossip algorithm in commercial solutions was also presented.
This paper presents the next stage of research into the registration and analysis of a pilot’s attention during the take-off and landing procedures. This is a continuation of the research, which the authors conducted using the static SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI) Red500 eyetracker on a group of pilots applying for a pilot’s license. Because static eyetracking introduces a series of restrictions on the properties of the observed scene, a system using Tobii Glasses Pro mobile eye tracker was proposed. Using the mobile system and a training simulator, a measurement stand was prepared for the flight of the aircraft configured as follows: Seneca II airplane with a three-point hidden chassis, location: EPRZ airport - Rzeszów Jasionka. An aviation task was prepared, which was carried out by participants in the experiment. A Tobii project was developed to define several Area of Interests (AOI) for key instruments in the cockpit of the used aircraft. It was observed that for the implementation of an exemplary task, there is no possibility of smoothly modifying coordinates of areas of interest of AOI in subsequent frames of the recorded video stream. Authors designed in the Matlab environment, the Smart Trainer application for a smooth analysis of attention using the characteristic points tracking mechanism. A fuzzy AOI contour is proposed using a modified form of the Butterworth 2D filter for individual instruments, which allows more effective registration of fixations. During the measurement it is possible to observe fixation histograms for a defined set of instruments.
A common standard while working with convolutional neural networks is using an RGB color space as an input of the network. All popular benchmarks datasets use this standard with three channels (red, green and blue) and with 8 bits per channel. We can modify images and use lower bits size per channel or use different color spaces standards like HSV, CMYK or YIQ. The main contribution of this paper is testing the influence of an image color space on convolutional neural networks. In our experiments we use DenseNet - a state of the art model and CIFAR 10 - a image benchmark dataset. Our experiments show that choosing proper color space have an impact on the final efficiency of the network and using the most popular RGB color space might not always be the best choice.
Transport is an area for which there are numerous studies devoted to the assessment of the occurring risk. Data collected for risk assessment depend on many factors. The demand for information to carry out the required analyses depends on the type of transport, the type of transported products, the objectives set for the tasks being performed, as well as the requirements for the implementation of the process itself. It is therefore reasonable to present the differences that exist in the information demand for risk assessment, which is carried out for the road transport process by different decision-making bodies. The purpose of this article is therefore to present the results of research on the identification of information needs of decision-makers in the risk assessment at the strategic and operational level. The information needs for strategic risk assessment were determined based on a literature review. The information needs for operational risk assessment were determined based on research conducted among managers, who plan road transport in a selected company. Finally, the performance measurement system for managers was determined based on the identified information needs.
Topic modeling is a method for discovery of topics (groups of words). In this paper we focus on clustering documents in a topic space obtained using the MALLET tool. We tested several different distance measures with two clustering algorithm (spectral clustering, agglomerative hierarchical clustering) and described those that served better (cosine distance, correlation distance, bhattacharyya distance) than the Euclidean metric for k-means algorithm. For evaluation purpose we used Adjusted Mutual Information (AMI) score. The need for such experiments comes from the difficulty of choosing appropriate grouping methods for the given data, which is specific in our case.
In this paper we focus on overcoming a common belief that accurate subject classification of text documents must involve high dimensional feature vectors. We study the fastText algorithm in terms of its ability to find and extract well distinguishable characteristics for a text corpora. In research we compare the achieved accuracy in the task of subject classification with various size of feature space selected. Finally, we attempt to discover the foundation behind fastText’s well performance.
Electronic equipment and systems are operated in intelligent buildings in specific environmental conditions. When operated in these environmental conditions, they should most often stay in a state of fitness. This is the basic operation process state, also guaranteed by the application of redundancy of the technical solution. All electronic equipment and systems operated in this should exhibit electromagnetic compatibility – both externally and internally. The appearance of strong electromagnetic field pulses, generated by an interference source, can lead to a catastrophic damage to electronic elements, devices, subsystems and systems, which are used to control the living functions in an intelligent building. This elaboration contains basic considerations in the field of a reliability-operational analysis of electronic equipment and systems, which can be operated in an environment exposed to the impact of strong electromagnetic pulses. A radiation source of strong electromagnetic pulses uses directional and omni-directional antennas, which allow to appropriately direct the energy in order to incapacitate the aforementioned technical objects. A relationship graph was suggested for specified antenna characteristics, which made it possible to formulate a set of Kolmogarov-Chapman equations. This enabled the calculation of the probability values of staying in the states of: full fitness, safety hazard and safety unreliability.
Fulfilment of reliability requirements for ‘electrical components’ of wind farm internal collection grid with combination of good wind resources assure the satisfactory performance of a farm. Concerning on-shore farm the feeder section faults lead to the loss of energy served from either all downstream turbines or all turbines in the farm. The failures of protection systems in terms of failures to trip and false tripping increase the incidence and extent the losses of energy served in greater degree as compared to other designs. Achievement of satisfactory performance (in terms of accepted amount of energy not served) in relation to reliability issues, requires the fulfilment of the reliability requirements. They should be obtained relying on quantitative reliability models and take into account: reliability parameters of the components, the topology of collection grid, quality of renewal action and false tripping of protection systems. In the paper the original approach to reliability modeling of on-shore wind farm internal collection grid is presented in details. It relies on semi-Markov model and takes into account the faults and failures of components, the combinations of the components faults and failures that lead to particular number of generators on outage, and the quality of renewal action and false tripping of protective relays. The reliability measure is expected energy not served by farm within specific period of time. The example of reliability model application is presented in details as well.
In recent years, considerable development of water supply system is observed, which, unfortunately, do not protect against the failure occurrence of the water network. The water network constitutes a large part of water company assets. Failures are inseparably related to costs of their removal. Water companies are obliged to deliver potable water according to existing regulations. As to ensure water supply to every recipient at any time, they have to regard the costs of investment of failure network removal. If failure removal costs are not too high, appropriate action should be taken, which will improve safety by reducing the risk of the failure occurrence. Therefore in the paper, the detailed cost analysis was presented, based on real data regarding water network functioning.
The reliability-operational analysis of ICT equipment (i.e. used in transport) shows that they function in varying, often extreme conditions. In the course of operation, they should be in the state of fitness. It depends not only on the reliability of ICT subsystems but is also impacted on rational operational management. When conducting operational analyses, it is also important to take into account the vulnerability and resistance of ICT equipment to strong electromagnetic pulses. Therefore, we need to, i.e., determine the functional safety levels of ICT equipment exposed to the impact of strong electromagnetic pulses. This will enable rational application of solutions (e.g. design, organizational), which would lead to increased probability of equipment being in a state of fitness. This elaboration contains considerations in the field of reliability-operational analysis of an ICT device, which is operated in an environment exposed to strong electromagnetic pulses. Next, it proposes a relationship graph for the device in question, which makes it possible to develop a system of Kolmogarov-Chapman equations. Another step may be the determination of relationships that would allow to calculate the probability of a device being in the states of: full fitness, safety hazard and safety unreliability.
Passwords are still the most widespread method of authentication. It is well known and very common for users to create weak passwords. We decided to check the strength of passwords of real systems by cracking MD5 hashes. The results have dismayed us given that 94,94% of passwords were cracked within just a few days. In order to understand the results of cracking better, we asked students about their password conventions, and the strength of selected passwords. We report herein on the most interesting findings as well as their recommendations.
The choice of the most appropriate activation functions for artificial neural networks has a significant effect on the training time and task performance. Nowadays the most widely-used activation function is the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU). Despite its “dying ReLU problem” and many attempts to replace it with something better, it is still considered as default choice to begin with creation of network. Two years ago a new, promising function has been described formulated by Google Brain Team. The proposed function - named Swish - was obtained using a combination of exhaustive and reinforcement learning-based search. According to the authors, simply replacing ReLUs with Swish units improves top-1 classification accuracy on ImageNet by 0.9% for Mobile NASNet-A and 0.6% for Inception-ResNet-v2. This paper describes an experiment on CIFAR-10 image set where Swish appears not to outperform ReLU.
In this paper a modification of the parallel machines scheduling problem with machines capacity for the purpose of running software tests in a cloud environment is considered. The goal function to minimise is the sum of the makespan and the time needed to obtain the schedule. The processing times of tests are unknown, but can be estimated with the use of the history of execution of previous tests. A mathematical model of the problem is presented and two solving methods, adapted Largest Processing Time algorithm and Simulated Annealing metaheuristics are implemented and compared in a computer experiment using real-life data. The results indicate that the Simulated Annealing method is better up to around 14 000 tests despite its longer running time. Results also show that, when paired with a simple method of estimation of software tests duration, both solving methods are fairly robust, providing schedules with similar quality to the ones obtained without estimation.
The main purpose of the article is to answer the question about meeting the operational requirements of the railway through the GSM-R cellular communication system. The first part presents the basic features of the radio interface (subscriber access) to GSM-R. Next has been carried out an analysis of selected railway interoperability requirements of the CCS TSI. In the main part, the theory of telecommunications traffic was used to calculate the probability of call blocking in the area of generic cell in the network. The article ends with summaries and conclusions from the analysis.
The main goal of the work is to support the marketing strategy using the characteristics created on base of the game theory and uncertain knowledge. In market strategic games we create presumed players who embody the current or upcoming threats in a given economic sphere. Different classifications are therefore subject to these rules. In addition, criteria and parameters are created for the assessment of the scale or intensity (called features across the work), such as the level of certainty, coverage, credibility, believing function, plausibility, suspicion (mistrustability), possibility, etc. In the case of threats, we usually use their range, making them measurable values. Due to the specificity of each of the threats, their basic parameters will be defined differently. For example, the threat of competition resulting from the reduction of prime costs is obviously dangerous when they fall below our costs, and the opposite may be true for marketing expenditure. Many parameters are associated with each other and partly overlap, which can also be included in the parameter definition and estimation. The subject of the analysis partially presented in this article is to pay attention to the advisability and effectiveness of using measurable components (parameters, criteria) in creating the structure of strategic games, i.e. in the assessment of the scale of payoffs of individual players representing the threats as well as our assets. The consists of introduction, four sections and conclusions. In Sects. 2 and 3 we have propositions of characteristics functions which support marketing decision making and in Sect. 4 we have example exploiting proposed strategic.
