Existing image steganographic methods lack in the complexity, which can be utilized by the radical to decode the images and neutralize the operations. Several methods have been proposed in order to combat this. Perhaps the most efficient method is Block-based Edge Adaptive based on Least-Significant-bit Matched Revisited (LSBMR) approach. It is a famous type of steganographic methods in the spatial domain. In this paper we are reviewing the latest Steganography algorithm — Block-based Edge Adaptive based on Least-Significant-bit Matched Revisited (LSBMR) approach. The proposed technique takes into consideration 3 directions instead of 1. Then LSBMR applied on the selected regions.
Wireless sensor network are widely used in different area application, especially in the field of surveillance and monitoring tasks. So for the implementation in practical life many constraint and challenge arise. In the present paper we are focused on one of main such constraint called deployment of sensor node for better coverage. In this paper we review on the different techniques on deployment like artificial bee colony, particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm, artificial immune system and compare them on different aspects like complexity, scalability, region of interest, suitability to static or mobile wireless sensor network and applicability to multiple objective etc. We also present pseudo codes for each planned algorithm.
The paper introduces an adaptive gain algorithm in which the introduced gain is adaptive to noisy speech signal and frequency channels. The adaptive gain algorithm is a cascaded version of Signal-to-noise ratio based gain and insertion gain. In this paper two combinations of adaptive filtering and adaptive gain algorithms are put forward namely single channel cascaded NR scheme and multi channel cascaded NR scheme. The adaptive filter is implemented using either wiener or Kalman filter. Multi channel cascaded NR using Kalman filter shows consistent performance under all input and test conditions. Hence it can be considered as a practical solution for noise removal in monaural hearing aids.
Inspired by open source software development model of utilizing intelligence and memory of mutually sharable human resources at almost negligible financial cost we develop framework to use perception and cognition of crowd. The paper presents a survey of recent such approaches, associated limitations and scopes of impoverishment. Using inclusive design framework, we design web and android applications while taking care of needs of varied user base. We also propose application for low end phones to cover lower economic and geographic strata. These platforms felicitate both reporting of possibilities i.e predictions/alerts and events occurred in past or ongoing with each event associated with a geo-tag and a point on time line along with other fields. We propose design modifications in platforms for easy and low cognitive tagging.
The task of achieving depth control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is rendered complex by its coupled non-linear dynamics. The paper deals with depth control of a REMUS AUV, for which different types of control strategies have been presented. Specifically, control strategies like PID, LQR, MPC have been discussed, which are quantitative controllers. The time consuming online optimization problem with traditional PID, LQR and Model Predictive Control(MPC) can be overcome by proposed Linear Matrix Inequality(LMI) based Control to ensure controlled behaviours in an uncertain environment. Comparative analysis and simulation results for proposed LMI control have been validated and robustness property has been tested by incorporating input gain parametric uncertainties.
In this paper, implementation and comparisons of Nearest Vector Control and Nearest Level Control modulation techniques for 27-Level with 3-Cell Asymmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter is presented to analyse the performance and application oriented complexity. Asymmetrical type of multilevel inverters is familiar in the view of attaining more number of levels with lesser number of cells. Hybrid Asymmetrical Multilevel Inverter gives higher levels than other asymmetrical inverters with no redundant switching states for the entire operation. Modulation Strategy takes foremost involvement in the conversion process, but the selection of strategy is based on the type of application and topology of inverter. This paper reviews the comparative performance parameter analysis to choose a suitable modulation technique for different applications. The adoptive nature of Nearest Vector Control and Nearest Level Control strategies are analysed through Simulation and Experimental results.
India has ratified the Paris agreement and also committed in its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions(INDC) that it will reduce it's emissions intensity of its Gross Domestic Product by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from its 2005 level. Indian Railways(IR) played a lead role in the Conference of Parties held in Paris on climate change in December 2015. As a part of Railways' INDC, IR has committed to reduce its emission intensity to the extent of 32% by 2030 by taking series of energy efficiency initiatives [1]. India being the 4th largest green house gas emitter has made a commitment to reduce its Green house Gas emissions in its National Action Plan on Climate Change. National Mission on Energy Efficiency (NMEE) has been instrumental in managing the Energy related efforts towards sustainability. Perform, Achieve and Trade(PAT) is the flagship scheme of NMEE where improvements in Specific Energy Consumption of identified Designated Consumers is contributing to reduction in the Energy in the demand side. Indian Railways is also one of the sectors identified to participate in PAT Scheme. Indian Railways consumed over 17.5 billion kWhr which accounts to 1.8% of total Indian Electricity consumption. Indian Railways paid about Rs 10,000 crore towards electricity charges. Traction constitutes 85% and non-traction constitutes 15% of the energy consumption. In 2014–15, Railways consumed about 2.5 billion units for non-traction electric power with average cost of power of about Rs 6.50 per unit. The initial assessments have brought out that on non-traction side lighting consumes about 25–40%, water pumping 30–35%, fans about 15% and air-conditioning about 10–15% energy. This paper is an in-depth analysis of the Best Available Energy Efficiency options for implementing in Indian Railway stations. Effort is made to provide a library of Energy Audit recommendations applicable to non-traction energy use.
A cryptographic system uses two dissimilar keys — a public key known to all and a private key known only to the receiver of the message. Encryption of the data uses public key while decryption uses both public and private keys. So in this method all parties need a key pair for conversing with any other interactive parties. RSA is a generally known asymmetric cryptography algorithm. Modified RSA is the improved version of RSA, enhancing better security. To advance the security of RSA, this paper is proposing a new cryptography algorithm called Binary RSA Encryption Algorithm (BREA). In BREA, the security is further improved by converting the cipher text which is encrypted by MREA into binary code format. The first section of this paper is the introduction and second section contains the literature survey of various modifications of RSA. Section three describes about the Modified RSA Encryption Algorithm that we have selected. The fourth section is details about the Binary RSA Encryption Algorithm (BREA). The fifth section is the comparison between RSA, MREA, and BREA. The sixth section is the conclusion and seventh section is the References.
P2P (Peer-to-Peer) network has extensive functionality in variety of fields. Accordingly, P2P users share huge amounts of data. The widespread usage of P2P systems can make it a potential truck for worms. The attractiveness of a particular P2P group can be reduced by widely spread malicious peers. Now internet community has concentrated more on its security. One of the solutions prevailing to prevent security attacks is trust based reputation management. A Hybrid Reputation Model is one proposed solution in this category. The model differs from existing solutions in such a way that the peers which want to join the group undergo a classification based on their functionality. This paper summarizes the various steps drawn in the completion of this proposal. The proposal is implemented with a custom made simulation framework that provides a tool to visualize the various steps involved in the proposal.
A worm is a standalone program, which is self-replicating malware that distributes itself to other computers and networks. An Internet worm can spread across the network and infect millions of computers in very little time. Damages caused by such attacks are considered very high. Worms affect the network packet and its performance. In this paper, different methods are analyzed to detect Internet worms. Algorithms like Bayesian Network, Back Propagation Neural Network etc., were used to develop some detection techniques. These techniques led to a better understanding of the spreading of worms and are also successful in identifying the internet worms. They were found to be effective in preventing network attacks with high accuracy. The proposed techniques are low cost and provide counter measures to control the spread of internet worms.
To increase the safety of the passengers, modern transport system is transforming into an Intelligent Transport System, adopting several components like Road Site Units (RSU) and Warning Light Devices (WLD). The On-board unit in the vehicle will transmit Basic Safety Messages (BSM) periodically to other vehicles and RSUs to prevent collisions and improve traffic flow. WLDs are embedded into road to alert a speeding vehicles by communicating with RSUs. Out of several available short range communication protocol options, it is important to pick the most efficient and reliable one between WLDs and RSUs as they perform critical operations. In this paper, reliability of short range communication protocols such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi and DSRC are analyzed with respect to the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) infrastructure. Consequently, the reliability of the chosen protocol topologies are evaluated in this paper.
This paper presents the design and parametric analysis of various ENG structures such as CSRR, C-CLL, C-SR, C-Omega and ELC. Depending on the structure and its dimensions, negativity and S-Parameter characteristics of each ENG structure changes. These structures exhibits either pass band or stop band characteristics depending on negative permittivity and hence find applications in microwave circuits. The structures are realized on Arlon AD250A substrate of relative permittivity 2.5 and thickness 0.49mm. The substrate dimension is (4.5×4.5) mm 2 . These structures are individually studied under free space excitation using microwave simulation software Ansoft HFSS.
Photonic Crystal (PhC) comprising of dielectric rods circumjacent by air placed in two dimensions are discussed in this paper. The formed structure of 2D PhC of dielectric rods is compared with another structure of dielectric veins with air holes. If light is forbidden to propagate inside the lattice, it will act as mirror throughout. This property can be used to construct waveguide by introducing defect in the perfect crystal. The defect is created by removing a row of rods (air holes) to design a linear waveguide that operate on a selective wavelength. Optical properties of the formed waveguide are examined for both square and hexagonal lattice. The effect of different optical materials as GaAs, GaP, Si on wave propagation inside the guide at 1550nm is observed. The radius is varied and its corollary is observed.
Increasing demand of multiple functions in a single device or with smaller area leads to more market for devices with System on Chip (SOC). An SOC have multiple Intellectual Properties (IPs) such as Processors, memory, peripherals etcetera on a single chip. These IPs need to have an efficient bus architecture for the communication purpose which further decides the device performance. The most used bus architectures like AMBA AHB, AMBA ASB, AMBA AXI, PCI etcetera uses arbitration algorithms to deal with the data traffic issues between these IP cores on a single silicon chip. Therefore a repository of various resizable and reusable arbitration methods has been presented in this paper for scheduling purposes in various multiprocessor system on chips (SOCs). The library consists of five arbitration methods such as Dynamic first in first out (DFIFO), Circular queue, Priority, Dynamic last in first out (DLIFO), and multilevel queue, which are compatible with various Hardware Design and Verification Languages (HDVL). The repository proposed is independent of platform, target, vendor and tool chain. It is generic and helps in fast implementation of IP cores. Every arbitration method in this library can be molded according to the specification needed or required for the SOC. The results are comparatively observed on the basis of area, power and delay. As the results shows that the proposed Circular Queue Scheduling technique is more proficient arbitration method as it take very less time delay and power. It proves to be a starvation free method. The area utilized by Circular queue Scheduler on Spartan 6 XC6SLX45 FPGA is also minimum amongst the other arbitration techniques presented in this repository.
In this article, we propose a Communicating Finite state machines consisting of co-operative system specification that communicate by binary, rendezvous interactions. Our verification approach unfolds the state machines in consistent to synchronization to generate CMPM (Communicating Minimal Prefix Machine). In this proposal, distributed set of concurrent kripke tree structure is shown by using the unfolded Communicating Minimal Prefix Machines. The component Kripke structures follows their corresponding local identities and a global analysis concurring throughout the environment vectors to annotate each local Communicating Minimal Prefix Machine state of the component Kripke structure. Using the unfolded state transition diagrams, the manner of synthesizing an approximate global time and verifying the safety, liveness and fairness properties of the system have been shown. Thus, we accomplish extensible as well as reduction of state-explosion in our model-checking is performed utilizing distributed branching time logic. Web-frame work is discussed.
Due to the increased market competition increased data management and analysis has landed as in an era that requires further optimization data management and analysis. Big data technologies like apache HADOOP provide a frame work for parallel data processing and generation of analyzed results. MAPREDUCE method is used for analysis of data using various data analysis algorithms like clustering, fragmentation and aggregation. As per the HADOOP architecture the data received from client is distributed to various data node by the name node and it is the responsibility of name node to track the task being performed by a data nodes through a task-tracker, The presented proposal for “Improvising Name Node Performance By Aggregator Aided HADOOP Framework” aims to reduce the burden on name node in the HADOOP architecture by providing the assistance through aggregator node which act as interface between the name node & data node.
Cloud computing is an efficient technology to improve the performance of organizations by providing flexibility in architecture and reduction in costs. Dynamic resource pooling, virtualization, on demand service and high availability are some of the advantages provided by cloud computing. However, open and distributed architecture as well as internet access, have caused cloud environments to be risky and vulnerable. Privacy, confidentiality, and authentication are some of security concerns which need to be addressed. In this paper we propose a secure mechanism for authentication and session key distribution. For this purpose, we have chosen Kerberos 5 protocol that is one of the best known authentication and key distribution systems. But, this protocol is vulnerable to password guessing attack. Hence, we improve the Kerberos 5 with Strong Diffi-Hellman-DSA key exchange algorithm and the user's fingerprint samples. This approach provides a protocol which is highly secure. We solve the password guessing attack vulnerability using Strong Diffi-Hellman-DSA Key Exchange algorithm. Also, the use of biometric data provides a non-repudiation mechanism that can address the limitation of password-based authentication, such as the tendency of users to choose a simple password. In addition, we implement this scheme in cloud computing systems and use an enhanced approach for fingerprint template protection. Finally, in the last part we show how this scheme can protect cloud computing systems against different attacks.
Pulse oximeters use photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals for measurement of oxygen saturation in arterial blood. They measure volumetric changes in the blood flowing through the body, usually extremities such as a finger or an ear lobe. The peripheral pulse signal obtained by transmitted light through the illuminated body extremity, gets modulated by heart synchronous pulse, respiratory activity and other physiological components. Thus the PPG signals can be used for the extraction of respiratory activity of the patient. Though the method is an indirect method of recording respiratory activity, it has potential advantages such as non-intrusiveness and non-obstructiveness. In the present work, a simple technique, based on adaptive Fourier coefficient estimator (AFCE) is used to extract the respiratory information embedded in the PPG signal. The method is effective in extracting respiratory component and suppressing inevitable motion artifacts (MAs) present in the PPG signals. The method is applied on two sample sets of which one consisting of signals recorded from subjects in the lab, with the help of a designed analog front end and another from MIMIC database of Physionet. The experimental test results were computed both in time and frequency domain. High values of correlation coefficient (CC) (0.89) and magnitude squared coherence (MSE) (0.95) have revealed the efficacy of the method. The evaluated results in terms of accuracy rate (AR) (98%) and mean square error (MSE) (-17.43dB), have shown a close agreement of the extracted respiratory signal with the reference signal. Thus, the extracted respiratory signal can become an alternate to all the cumbersome direct recording methods such as spirogram, capnogram and pneumogram.
In software project management, software effort estimation is an important task. Software effort estimation will be helpful for finding the estimation of cost, duration of the project. In the recent time, many types of model are coming but among all, COCOMO model is widely used model. In past lots of Research have been done for correct and Accurate Effort Estimation. Many Algorithm has been applying for COCOMO model coefficient. In this paper, we are reducing the MMRE (Mean Magnitude Reactive Error) for Organic, Semi-Detached and Embedded model. We propose HOD-COCOMO (Human Opinion Dynamic-Constructive Cost Model) for reducing the MMRE for all three models Organic, Semi-Detached, and Embedded. In the Results, we are comparing the MMRE for proposed HOD-COCOMO along with COCOMO and BAT COCOMO. MMRE is getting reduced by HOD-COCOMO for Organic, Semi-Detached and Embedded model system as compared to COCOMO and BAT COCOMO.
Currency counterfeiting is one of the most important sources of economic anxiety among governments because of its significant threat to national economy. The present work aims at implementing a system to efficiently and accurately distinguish counterfeit Egyptian banknotes from genuine ones. The approach consists of a number of components including image processing, image histogram, color moments, characteristics extraction and texture analysis. Case studies use many techniques to construct benchmarks based on dozens of genuine currencies. And then we used measures of proximity to decide whether the tested paper is genuine. These techniques use the approach of exploratory data analysis which utilizes: histogram, mean and median defined ranges, color moments, Euclidean distance, and texture analysis. Texture analysis uses image segmentation to extract three security features, namely, anti-scan, optically variable ink, and latent image. The proposed approach is proved remarkably success in distinguishing between genuine and even the most elaborate counterfeit currency.
