Because of the impacts of human activities and climate change, there are some alterations happened in the hydrological series in the scale of statistics. However, the qualitative analysis of factors that induce the alteration is not enough any longer. When we study on the factors in the view of quantitative analysis, the basic hydrological series have to be conformed firstly. Compared the hydrological series that changed with unchanged; we could get the quantitative results of human activities and climate change by the different ways of calculating. Because of the Hydrological Alteration Diagnosis System(HADS) is more comprehensive and systematic when it compared with the other diagnosis methods before, the HADS is used to detect the basic hydrological series and the style of alteration in this study. Considering the briefness of the model construction and the data we have, the rainfall-runoff model is used to analyze the attributions. Basic on the style of alteration, the corresponding ways of rainfall-runoff attribution analysis are discussed. With the hydrological data of Wulijimuren river from the year of 1956 to 2000, the method that put forward in this study is used to calculate, and the results show that: the hydrological alteration occurred in 1984, by the results of corresponding attribution analysis, in the factors that induced the hydrological alteration, human activities account for 97%, the climate change only accounts for 3%. By the physical causes analysis at last, the result also support the conclusion we got above.
According to analysis of surface water distribution, supply and runoff conditions as well as water resource exploitation in Shuonan Coalfield, the effect of surface environment surface water and shallow groundwater were numerically simulated by means of the FEM software FLAC 3D during overlapping mining. Then the effect on water resource as well as environment law of coal mining was summarized, and it was provided basis for the surface water and shallow groundwater protection as well as reasonable exploition in Shuozhou. The results show that compared to single mining, repeat mining has more influence in the surface water and shallow groundwater. With the coal mining step by step, the coal mining effects on surface water and dive are gradually increased.
Soil and water loss are one of the global environmental problems. The contour grass hedges have been proved to be very effective in preventing soil and water loss. This study was conducted under simulated rainfall experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of grass hedges in reducing soil and water loss under different slope gradients (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%). The results showed that the runoff and soil loss on the plots with grass hedges were decreased by 57% and 72%, respectively; while the loss of total nitrogen and phosphorus were decreased by 58% and 55%, respectively. Moreover, the results also showed that there was a negative relationship between slope gradient and the effectiveness of grass hedges. The effectiveness of grass hedges gradually decreased with the increase of slope gradient. The regression results showed that the loss of soil, total nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff were positively correlated to the runoff.
Fly ash is a potential resource. Utilization of the fly ash with high value-added products is a hot issue in the present. In this paper, using the high-alumina fly ash collected from the Jungar power plant mixed with a small amount of talc powder, sintering of cordierite was conducted by solid-phase reaction. The physical properties of the sintered cordierite samples were determined by water displacement method. The phase composition and the microstructure of the cordierite samples were analyzed with XRD and SEM. The results show that based on the proportion of the fly ash and talc powder designated as 1.6288 : 1, the cordierite samples could be manufactured at the 1350°C and 1370°C for 2 h or/and 3 h, and its physical properties could meet the quality requirements of commercial cordierite. The major phases of the cordierite samples are α-cordierite (indialite); meanwhile, the minor phases are a lesser amount of anorthite and spinel with almost no glass matter.
Based on analyzing and discussion of Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) traffic noise model, a new simplifying prediction method, which shows the connection between the traffic noise increment with increase of traffic volume, was put forward. In addition, the applications of the simplifying prediction method and its application qualifications were discussed and evaluated. The results show that the simplified model can improve the working efficiency and guarantee the accuracy of traffic noise predicted results, which has a widespread application in environmental impact assessment and environmental protection acceptance test for highway project, as well as in the environmental management in operation period.
Studying and revealing the spatial distribution of soil loss will play an important role in water and soil conservation planning. In this study, the Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs Tool (InVEST) model were applied to estimate the amount of soil loss and assess the soil conservation capacity by the main ecological system in the Upper Yangtze River Basin (UYRB). The results show: (1) the annual potential soil erosion is 92.92×10 8 t year -1 . The area of average annual soil loss bellow 500 km -2 year -1 occupies 35.08% and above 5000 km -2 year -1 occupies 36.8%. (2)The annual actual soil erosion is 12.30×10 8 t year -1 . Slight and moderate soil loss is in majority, about 68.15% of the watershed area is found out to be under moderate degree. (3)The annual soil conservation is 80.61×10 8 t year -1 , and the contributing percent of main individual ecosystems was as follows: the forest occupies 46.11%, grassland 24.21%. Forest ecosystem does best in soil conservation.
The hosting environment and possible origins and genetic types of the geothermal water in Gushi depression are discussed on the base of isotope characteristics of geothermal water in the study area. The result shows: Isotopes characteristics exists obvious differences in different part of Gushi depression, which indicate their different storage environment, recharge resources and genetic types. Besides infiltration water mixed with modern circulating water which host on an opener thermal environment, residual sedimentary water may be exists in closer geothermal reservoir.
Effluent from the manufacture of arcylic fibre is difficult to biodegrade. It contains many organic components: aromatics, phenol, nitriles, alkane, N, N-dimethylacetamide, 2,2'-dimmercaptoethanol, sulphur alcohol, methyl acrylate, sodium methylallyl sulfonate and so on. In the present research, the arcylic fiber wastewater was treated by using the alternant suspended biofilm reactory. Biodegradability of COD and the morphological changes of organic nitrogen additives were studied, respectively. Also, the change of pH value is investigated during the running of the biofilm reactor. The result shows that in the alternate suspended biofilm reactor, the removal rate of COD is about 60.0%. After flowing through the reactor, most of ammoniacal nitrogen transforms nitrate nitrogen, and the pH value shows little change.
Improving the convergence speed and global searching ability of Back Propagation network (BP) always occupies a significant and sophisticated subject. This paper improves the intelligent model by coupling the Genetic Algorithm (GA). Specific improvements include initializing multiple sets of BP's weights and thresholds, setting a smaller BP training epoch and building the fitness function by inputting verification data for BP. The process of building the BP-GA model is explained in detail. Take the water quality assessment in Baiyangdian wetland as an example. The output of this model is compared with the one by using the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method. Result shows that the trained BP-GA model can be effectively used to assess the water quality.
Water resource has become a bottleneck in Guanzhong region of Shaanxi province. Therefore, combined with the practical program, the dissertation sets up a optimization model on the water resources allocation in the Shaanxi's South-to-North water transfer Project, and the resolving method for this optimal model is solved based on Genetic Algorithms (GA), at last the unit water resources optimization allocation system is establish. After contrast the water resources allocation result of the optimal model to the conventional one, showed that this system can increase 98.75 million cubic meters, which can provide an evidence for more reasonable allocation management.
Characteristics of the vadose zone media are important for assessing contamination potentials for projects such as landfill siting and planning. However, accurate vadose zone maps at the regional scale are often not available. This study successfully mapped low-permeable components of the vadose zone across the Elkhorn River Basin, Nebraska, using geographic information systems (GIS), groundwater level data, and a test hole database. The map has the potential to land use planners for searching and planning landfill sites.
Used tween-80 as emulsifier, industrial lipase as catalyst to hydrolyze Jatropha Curcasl Oil and make mixed fatty acid. We discussed the enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature and time on hydrolysis. Through the experiment, we found that when we used emulsifier which contains 2% oil in the system, we could get the optimal parameter for hydrolysis of waste oil from restaurants as follows: concentration of catalyst 4% (W/W), weight ratio of oil to water 1:4 (W/W), temperature at 40°C, and hydrolysis time is 32h. Under these conditions, the AV(acid value) of hydrolyzed rapeseed oil reached 163.2 mg KOH/g, and hydrolytic rate arrived at 89.6%.
Batch adsorption procedures were conducted to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions with fly ash (FA). The samples of FA were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and the effects of initial pH value, contact time, MB concentration and dosage of FA on removal efficiency were investigated. The holey characteristics and rough surface of FA made it possible to purify wastewater containing MB. It proved the reaction was fast, at the pH value of 6, the removal efficiency was optimal, lower MB concentration as well as higher dosage of FA could accelerate MB removal. The regeneration reaction on FA with 200 mL of C3H6O for 30 min was more effective than others. FA was effective in wastewater purification for MB, the ease of handling and low cost made it potential in practical application.
Nowadays, the coal-mine wastewater contained high concentration of iron ion and manganese ion was treated by filter process, in which manganese sand, as a kind of common filter media, was extensively applied, but its disadvantage is long set-up period for manganese ion removal. In this paper, for many advantages of hydrated manganese dioxide, such as high surface areas, abundant surface hydroxyl and strong absorption capacity, MnCl2 and KMnO4 solution were selected as modified agents for lava media in order to make its surface form the layer of hydrated manganese dioxide, thus it can enhance manganese ion removal efficiency and shorten set-up period. This paper firstly investigated the optimization of preparation parameters, namely 4times of soaking and oxidizing by modified agents and 1hour soaking-time were considered as optimal preparation parameters. Secondly, the pollutants removal efficiencies were compared among the modified lava media, lava media, modified manganese sand and manganese sand, results showed that modified lava media had high-efficiency and durable Mn2+ removal. Finally, the experiment of backwashing and generation for modified lava media showed that backwashing can recover the removal capacity for total iron and turbidity, and only generation can recover the removal capacity for Mn2+. The specific generation method was that the saturated media was submerged in 1mol/L NaNO3 solution for 15min.
Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng can potentially be utilized in several bioenergy pathways. When directly combusted, it brings about soil fertility decline by removing organic matter from the field. When pretreated with microbial inoculum, it can be used as biogas fermentation material, which could increase the biogas production velocity. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng is a promising potential biogas feedstock, whose rate of gas generation is 180 (m3·t-1TS) and fuel conversion efficiency is 12.37% at 30°C.
Absence of soil phosphorus constrained the crop yield, the use of limited water resource and nitrogen nutrient in dryland on the loess plateau. Reasonable phosphorus fertilization was also crucial to increase crop yield and improve water and nitrogen use efficiency. It was conducted that the effect of phosphorus application rate on crop yield, water consumption, nitrogen absorption, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency at long term fertilization experiment station in dryland on the loess plateau during different precipitation year. The results showed that during different type of year most of the indexes had similar trend of rising with phosphorus rate increasing in a lower range and dropping down in a higher range except for water consumption and harvesting index (HI). More higher phosphorus rates were unfavorable to crop yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency in both types of years but phosphorus application in all rates decreased HI and water consumption more than non phosphorus application treatment in dry year. So moderate phosphorus application was the favorable selection for higher crop productivity, water and nitrogen use efficiency in dryland on loess plateau, simultaneously may be helpful for improving utilization effect of phosphorus fertilizer.
Utilizing the method of DRASTIC, considering the seven indexes of Depth to Water, Net Recharge, Aquifer Media, Soil Media, Topography, Impact of the Vadose Zone Media, Conductivity of the Aquifer, dividing the assessment area to units, the Groundwater Vulnerability of Jilin city is assessed comprehensively; and the drawing of Jilin city's Groundwater Vulnerability is finished by AUTOCAD. The assessment result offers scientific basis to the groundwater management and protection of Jilin City.
Due to the rising water resources demands of industrial and agricultural production, over-exploitation of groundwater has resulted to sharp decline of groundwater level in the North China plain. In this paper, a non-linear multi-year optimal distribution model of groundwater resources (MYODM) is presented on the basis of system analysis, in which the operation of multi-year regulation of groundwater is considered. Thus, the water resources would be allocated reasonably in different hydrological years and crop development stages that provides an effective way of dealing with sustainable utilization of groundwater. The proposed technique is validated through a case study application in well irrigation district of Huantai county and the results demonstrate the importance of the use for allocating rationally available groundwater resources in combination of different hydrological years.
Pair-copula is a new method for higher dimensional copulas construction. Based on the principle of pair-copula decomposition, An example of applying the copula to multivariate hydrological drought frequency was given. Monthly average flow data from Zhuang tou gauging station in Weihe Basin, China, was used to illustrate these methods. Chi-square test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Cramer-von Mises statistic, Anderson-Darling statistic, modified weighted Watson statistic, and Liao and Shimokawa statistic were employed to test goodness-of-fit for these univariate distribution. Pearson's classical correlation coefficient rn, Spearman's ρn, Kendall's τ, Chi-Plots, and K-Plots were used to assess the dependence of drought variables. According to three different permuting ways of drought variables, twelve copulas were used to model the joint probability distributions. A three dimensional probability distribution formula was derived. Based on the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterial (BIC), the best fitting copula was selected. A bootstrap version based on Rosenblatt's transformation was employed to test the goodness-of-fit of the copula. Comparing with 12 copulas, the Frank copula under D-V-P structure has the best fitting for joint probability distribution of hydrological drought distribution. The results indicated pair-copula decomposition is a feasible way to model multivariate frequency analysis.
Since the late of 20th Century, economy and society have rapidly developed in Jinfo Mt. region, which led to serious nitrite pollution of groundwater in this region. In recent years, some environmental policy measures have been implemented. These environmental policy measures made the use of chemical fertilizer in agriculture in the region reduce much. Since 2004 to d2009 the nitrate pollution of groundwater in Jinfo Mt. region had been reduced significantly. The environmental policy measures implemented in this region were very successful, the effects of which to environmental protection is positive.
