Macrobrachium rosenbergii widely known as Giant Prawn (GP) is one of the most important freshwater prawn species widely cultured in several tropical and sub-tropical countries around the world. The global production of GP in 2021 was 3,13,756 t with a value of over $ 2.45 billion. China is the top producer with a production of 1,71,263 t accounting for 54.4% of the global production. Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, and India are the other major producers of GP. India used to be the second largest producer of GP in 2005, however, since then the production showed a declining trend till 2012 with production declining from 42,800 t in 2005 to 3,333 t in 2012. The major reasons for the declining production were slow growth rate, outbreak of diseases and low survival during grow-out, which led to poor production and declining profit for the farmers. However, since 2013 there has been a gradual increase in production till 2020, and in 2021 the production showed a 2.5-fold increase from 2020 production. Considering the huge natural resources available for GP farming in the country and the high value it fetches, demand in domestic and export markets, and its potential to enhance the income of farmers, there is an urgent need to further expand GP farming in India. The present paper provides a brief status update on global GP farming with special reference to India and suggests measures for enhancing the aquaculture production of GP in India.
The high cost of fish oil and fishmeal has necessitated the search for alternative ingredients. Palm oil and sesame oil are plausible alternatives to fish oil. Palm oil is saturated while sesame oil is unsaturated. Five experimental diets were made with varying inclusion of crude sesame and palm oil extract. The inclusion percentages of crude sesame extract (CSE) and crude palm extract (CPE), CSE: CPE, were as follows; Feed 1, 25:5; Feed 2, 20:10; Feed 3, 15:15; Feed 4, 10:5; Feed 5, 5:25 and Feed 6(commercial feed). African catfish fingerlings were stocked in aquaria tanks in three replication. The fish were fed to satiation for 70 days with the feeds. After 70 days of feeding experiment, results showed that alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase were both lowest for catfish fed feed F1, F2 and F3. The catfish had significantly higher digestibility for crude sesame extract (CSE) (93.34±0.22 %) than for crude palm extract, (CPE) 78.98 ± 0.11%. Consequently, treatment Feed F1 had the highest digestibility of 91.32 ± 0.07%, followed by feed F2, 82.25 ± 0.04%. The least digested feeds were Feed 4, (20% CPE) and feed 5, (25% CPE), 70.12 ± 0.06%and 70.23 ± 0.09% respectively. The fatty acids of CPE are dominated by saturated fatty acids (SFAs), which constitute about 49.9±0.08% of the total fatty acids. Among the SFAs hexadecanoic acid or palmitic acid, comprising 46.0 ±0.02% of the total fatty acid. Oleic acid, C18:1 accounts for 43.4 ±0.08%. The fatty acid of CSE is dominated by monounsaturated C18:1 linoleic acid. Oleic acid forms about 45.44±0.01% of the total lipid of sesame crude extract. Sesame extract also has 39.48±0.14 %, C18:2 polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid. Catfish Fatty acids content resembles the fatty acid content of the feeds. The ∑SFA shows that catfish fed with feed F1 had the lowest somatic SFA of 48.58 %. The catfish fed feed 1 had more PUFA than the MUFA or SFA. Incorporation of sesame seed oil in the diets of C. gariepinus produces fish high in PUFA.
Globally, there is a growing need for diverse value-added food items. Value Addition refers to "any additional activity that in one way or another changes the nature of a product thus adding to its value at the time of sale". Three distinct traditional fish preservation procedures identified in Jammu & Kashmir are smoking, sun drying, and pickling collectively called as Curing. Cured fish consumption is higher in locations with restricted access to fresh fish, such as interior markets and hilly areas. This is also the most economical technique of preservation because no expensive technology is employed. In India, around 20% of the fish collected is preserved through curing. Sun drying is the most extensively used traditional method of preservation, by reducing the moisture content of the fish, which inhibit the activities of bacteria and fungi. Smoked fish are known locally as fari, sun-dried fish as hugaad, and pickled fish as gaad anchaar. Fisherwomen often work as vendors, which is not economically sustainable. Because they must sell the catch within a day, they may have to sell it at a low price that does not pay their expenses. To prevent this and increase income, businesses can add value to fish goods. some value-added fish products are, fish pickle, sauce, pasta, fish cutlets, fish balls, noodles and Ready-To-Eat Fish Curry. Value addition can increase profitability in the fish processing sector, which is becoming increasingly competitive and expensive. Fish-based goods in convenient ready-to-eat formats are in high demand. Effective marketing of new value-added products requires careful consideration of appearance, packaging, and display. The retail package should be clean, sharp, and transparent, with appealing contents for consumers. This evaluation intends to transition in J&K from producing safe and high-quality fishery products for local use to export.
The study was undertaken with the main objective of comparative analysis of socioeconomic characteristics of aquaculture fish farmers with specific objective of determining the level of influence of socioeconomic variables on the status of aquaculture fish farmers for subsequent identification and formulation of policy framework that will suit the peculiar problem of the aquaculture fish farmers with the aim of embarking on sustainable large-scale aquaculture fish production in Borno State of Nigeria. Data for the study were obtained from both primary and secondary sources on socioeconomic characteristics of aquaculture fish farmers. Quantitative technique with descriptive statistics was employed in the comparative analysis and interpretation of the data on the socioeconomic characteristics of aquaculture fish farmers in the study area. Comparatively, the result shows Konduga local Government has more influence on the socioeconomic status of the aquaculture fish farmers at the high and lowest level categories of the comparative analysis than Jere local government at 80% and 20% level respectively in the study area. Recommendation were made for the transformation of the socioeconomic characteristics of the aquaculture fish farmers for the upliftment of the general well-being of the farmers by attainment of the economic, social and environmental requirement for truly sustainable large-scale aquaculture fish farming in the study area.
The study investigated the prevalence of Aeromonas spp. and Escherichia coli, pathogens associated with diseases in both fish and humans, within retail market Labeo rohita and L. catla samples obtained from the Diamond Harbour region of the Ganges delta. The primary focus was to assess the potential risks posed by these bacteria in terms of antibiotic resistance. A total of 46 presumptive Aeromonas and 29 nos of E. coli strains were successfully isolated from the sampled retail market carps. Among the isolated aeromonads, A. sobriae (15) and A. hydrophila (13) were dominant. The study revealed that 70 strains, comprising 42 aeromonads and 28 Escherichia coli, exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). Notably, a significantly higher percentage of MAR was observed in bacterial strains isolated during the monsoon season. Analysis of the antibiotic resistance profiles demonstrated a total of 43 distinct profiles among the isolated strains. The contamination of farmed carps, particularly with enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli, emerged as a significant concern for consumers in retail markets. The high frequency of multiple antibiotic-resistant aeromonads and Escherichia coli in retail carps, coupled with their potential dissemination through the food chain, poses serious threats to consumer health. Importantly, this report is likely the inaugural documentation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in aquacultured fish in the Diamond Harbour region of West Bengal. Given its proximity to the Ganges delta, there is a pressing need for ongoing and systematic documentation to address and mitigate these emerging health risks.
Karyotj^e analysis of four cyprinids Cirrhinus reha (Hamilton), Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton), Esomus danricus (Hamilton) and Chela hacaila (Hamilton) from rivers and ponds of Orissa, India were studied. The diploid chromosome numbers in these four species were ranged from 48-52. The karyotypes were observed to be 2n=50, 10 metacentric (m) + 8 sub-metacentric (sm) + 6 sub-telocentric (st) + 26 telocentric (T) in C.re!7a;2n = 52,8m + 8sm + 36T;2n=48,12m + 12sm + 24Tand2n=52,14m + 8sm + 12st +18 in A. mola, E. danricus and C. bacaila, respectively. Species specific karyotypes were also observed among all these species. No sex chromosomies could be found in the form of heteromorphic pair. The evolutionary significance of these four karyotypes was also discussed.
The levels of aeration intensities on growth and survival of fingerlings of Indian major carps and exotic carps were evaluated during March-June 1994 in three carp ponds of 0.08 ha each, the treatments being provision of one aerator and two aerators operated for 4-6 hours daily during late night hours along with a control without any aerator. The ponds were stocked al 50,000 fingerlings per hectare with catla, rohu, mrigal and grass carp at a ratio of 30:35:30:5 and reared for a period of 90 days. The results demonstrated the positive effect of aeration intensities on fish growth and survival rates of all the carp species. The influence was observed to be minimum on mrigal and maximum on grass carp.
Channa striatus broods were raised in ferro-cement cisterns at stocking density 2.0 kg/m3. GSI (ovary) of above brood was lowest during December (1.0670.157) and highest during June (9.340.331). Matured broods were induced bred with WOVA- FH (a GnRH based inducing agent) in a rectangular FRP tank. The breeding response was recorded as 88% with spawning fecundity 26.871±6.301 x 103 (ranged 17.142 x 103-36.585 x 103) and spawn recovery rate was 20.238± 5.074 x 103 (ranged 14.056 x 103- 30.365 x 103). The spent broods were further reared in the ferro-cement cistern for further study. The GSI of spent brood were enhanced from 5.0130.870 to 8.88± 0.318 within a period of 45 days and the fish could be induced bred for 2nd time after 60 days of initial spawning. The breeding success for 2nd instance was recorded 30% with spawning fecundity of 21.636±4.789 x 103 (ranged 18.71 x 103- 27.16 x 103) and spawn recovery rate of 16.086± 2.56 x 103 (ranged between 14.270 x 103-19.014 x 103). The GSI of spent fish after second breeding was again reduced to 4.8380.442.
Present study relates to the fish growth, optimization and profitable fish production through pond sediment and water resources maps on sustainable basis. ALl blocks of Nadia district of West Bengal comprising of hot moist sub-humid agro-ecological region were thoroughly surveyed and physico-chemical characteristics of pond water and sediments were analysed. Based on the sediment and pond water resources an improved the fertilizer and manure management schedule, as well as maps have been prepared and demonstration of carp polyculture were carried out. All the fish species attained higher growth in the ponds of hot moist sub-humid agro-ecological regions (alluvial soils) following new nutrient management map over control. The average total fish production in experimental and control ponds was 5.184 and 3.095 tonnes/ha/yr, respectively.
Laboratory rearing of Bufo stomaticus tadpoles indicated that change In food types affected larval growth rate and duration of metamorphosis. Tadpoles fed with only earthworm tissue of its combination grew better and metamorphosed earlier than those fed only goat meat or its combination. Hence utilisation of earthworm tissue in place of goat meat ts suggested to prepare the mixed diet for laboratory culture of anuran tadpoles.
The present study was carried out at "Shrimp Culture Pilot Project", Chandipur coast of Orissa, India, during 1995-1996 to study the role of water transparency on water quality and growth of Penaeus monodon under semi-intensive culture system. It was observed that satisfactory range of average daily growth (ADG) of P. monodon achieved when transparency ranged between 29-35 cm in winter and 30-45 cm in summer. Influence of water transparency on various stages of growth was highly significant (P < 0.01) under semi-intensive culture system. Irrespective of stocking density, high growth rate was mostly obtained during 60-100 days of culture when transparency ranged between 37 ± 8 cm. Growth rate was low at high and low transparency probably due to low nutrient content and high organic load with maximum daily fluctuation of pH (>1.0) and dissolved oxygen (8.1-10.6 mg/1), respectively.
The importance of aquaculture is noteworthy in terms of nutritional, employment and livelihood security. Aquaculture extension has also undergone significant changes in order to keep pace with the development in the aquaculture sector. With the spread of the pandemic, extension and advisory services have embraced digital tools in a big way. ICAR-CIFA has also initiated digital extensions via the website, WhatsApp, You Tube, mobile applications, email, webinars, online training programmes etc. to ease the transfer of technology process and dissemination of information. These initiatives are expected to help fish farmers getting acquainted with the new normal.
Long-term exposure to commonly used pesticides (endosulfan, malathion, chlorpjoifos) induce synthesis of stress proteins in the body tissues to combat anxiety. From the protein extract of liver tissues of the fish, Labeo rohita, nine protein fractions within range of 22.4 to 138 kDa were visible in the electropherogram obtained after SDS-PAGE, The fish appeared sensitive to the exposure with increase in sublethal concentrations of the pesticides. A new protein fraction of 77.6 kDa appeared on exposure to all the treatments of the three pesticides except 0.0001-ppm endosuifaiL The 138,112.2, 70.8 kDa fractions were deleted from the protein profile in all the three 0.0001, 0.0005 and O.OOlppm treatments of chlorpyrifos and malathion. The pattern of expression may be unique to a specific pesticide, 125.9 k Da fraction resolved only in endosulfan treatment. The new protein fractions (64.6 and 30.2 kDa) persisted even after the withdrawal of toxicants.
Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO) is a registered body with farmers and producers as shareholders in the organisation. It deals with business activities related to the farm produce and it works for the benefit of the member producers. It focuses on enhancement of farmer’s capacity through advanced agricultural practices to increase productivity. FPO facilitates access to fair and remunerative markets including linking of producer groups to marketing opportunities through market aggregators. It undertakes many activities starting from procurement of inputs to disposal of produce and acts as a bridge between production and marketing. Government of India is promoting FPOs by mobilizing the farmers and helping them in registering as companies through Small Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). Presently, around 7,374 FPOs are in existence in the country. In order to boost farmers’ income in fishery sector, ICAR-CIFA, Bhubaneswar facilitated formation of Bhargabi fish farmers Producers Company limited in Balipatna block as a part of Farmer FIRST project. This company was incorporated on 27th March 2019 with an authorized capital of Rs. 10 Lakh. Technical back up and training were provided to the members about scientific fish culture practices. The article discusses prospects and potentials of FPOs in aquaculture and suggests measures for its replication.
The purpose of water quality management is to create a good and stable aquatic environment for the growing shrimp so as to obtain the optimum possible yield in the shortest possible time, and to attain a healthy and dynamic symbiotic environment. Maintaining optimum levels of physico-chemical parameters and their balance induce growth of shrimp, while fluctuation impairs the ecology and its balance, causes stress, deterioration and negative effects on shrimp. When, among all the hydrological parameters, pH and DO are considered as most critical for shrimp growth and survival. Phytoplankton plays a significant role in stabilizing the whole pond ecosystem, in minimizing the fluctuation of water quality and lowers the levels of NH,, HS, etc., which are toxic to shrimp. Since growth, survival and yield of Penaeus monodon depend largely upon the water quality, it is essential to maintain a stable water colour and to understand the role of these variables in shrimp pond ecosystem, where aquatic environment is artificially controlled by periodic liming, water exchange and aeration.
Giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii is an important freshwater crustacean widely cultured in several countries including India. Of late, its production has come down due to slow growth rate and disease occurrences. The ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR-CIFA), Bhubaneswar in collaboration with the WorldFish, Malaysia has initiated a selective breeding programme for growth improvement of this species. In the present study, two groups of families (I. six numbers of families for growth and II. six numbers of families for disease resistance) were selected for experimentation from the families produced in the fourth generation of selection programme. Each group consisted of two extreme sub-groups of three families in each with higher and lower growth (based on weight) under group I and, susceptible and resistant families (based on larval survival following challenge with Vibrio harveyi) under group II. RAPD- PCR was used to evaluate the genetic variations between and within groups separately. Twelve selected decamer primers were used to amplify DNA fragments of three individuals of each family and data were analyzed by POPGENE version 1.31 software. In group I, a total of 102 bands were scored by the primers out of which 41 bands (40.19%) found to be polymorphic. Genetic diversity within the group varied from 0.0272 0.0965 to 0.0463 0.1316. UPGMA dendrogram of this group based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that families 5 (low growth family 2) and 6 (low growth family 3) are distantly related to high growth families. In the second group of disease resistance, 35 bands (36.46%) were found to be polymorphic out of 96 bands scored. Genetic diversity varied between 0.0301 ± 0.0957 to 0.0438 ± 0.1381 within this group. UPGMA dendrogram showed that families 1 (susceptible group 1) and 2 (susceptible group 2) are distantly related to three resistant families. Thus, the present results showed the existence of genetic variations in both growth and disease resistance traits that could be utilized in the selective breeding programme in M. rosenbergii.
In order to record the effects of experimental Procamallanus infection on blood parameters of Clarias batrachus, total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin content (Hb), total leucocyte count (TLC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haeamoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined and calculated on day 15, 30 and 45 post-infection. TEC, Hb and PCV recorded a decline whereas TLC registered an increase during the post-infection period. While MCV and MCH recorded an increase on day 15 and 30 (except on day 45) post-infection, MCHC displayed a significant decrease on day 15 and 45 (except on day 30) post-infection in C. batrachus. The haematological alterations due to Procamallanus infection appear to cause anaemia in the catfish.
The organic matter content and its composition in relation to primary productivity of soil in 12 sewage-treated fish ponds were studied. Organic carbon contents of the soils were fairly high, ranging between 1.02 and 3.85%. The amount of humus carbon, on an average, constituted 23.7% of the total organic carbon. The carbon content of humic and fulvic acids of the soils ranged from 0.066 to 0.222 and 0.210 to 0.560%, respectively, constituting, on an average, 27.7 and 72.3%, respectively, of the total humus carbon. Primary productivity of the pond was found to be significantly correlated with total organic carbon, humus carbon, and humic acid and fulvic acid carbon contents of the soils.
The rates of initial synthesis and maximal net synthesis of total protein at the prevailing water-temperatures were determined by measuring the 14 levels of incorporation at 1h and 6h after administration of C-leucine respectively into total protein of liver, gill, brain, white muscle and red muscle of Chana punctatus in different months in an annual cycle. A clear biphasic pattern of seasonal variation of protein synthesis ( particularly of the net synthesis) and break-down i s evident in liver, gill and brain. This is much less discernible in muscles (white and red) . Five distinct periods of the seasonal dynamics of protein synthesis and degradation have been described as "the rising phase-I" (January-April/May-June), "the declining phase" (April/May-June-July), "the rising phase-II"(July-August) , "the maintenance phase-I" (August-October/November),"the maintenance phase-II" (October/November-December/January), and their significance discussed.
Toxic effects of ripe fruit pulp of hingan, Balanites roxburghii, containing saponin on fishes Glossogobius giurus, Chanda nama, Sarotherodon mossambica and Channa marulius have been evaluated in the laboratory. A dose 0.04 g/I killed all the fishes within 24 hours of exposure. C. marulius was found more resistant to the toxic effect of hingan fruit than the other three fishes. The possibilities of using hingan fruit pulp for eradication of weed and unwanted fishes from the culture ponds are also reviewed.
