The advantages of 3D printing including personalization, precision and long-range were suitable for its application in the field of medicine. In this paper, the development situation, technical characteristics and medical application of 3D printing (including medical model in vitro, customized medical instruments, artificial organs and tissue, etc) were introduced. Meantime, the research bottleneck and countermeasures of 3D printing in the field of medicine were expounded.
Identification and validation of interaction networks and network biomarkers have become more critical and important in the development of disease-specific biomarkers, which are functionally changed during disease development, progression or treatment. The present review headlined the definition, significance, research and potential application for network biomarkers, interaction networks and dynamical network biomarkers (DNB). Disease-specific interaction networks, network biomarkers, or DNB have great significance in the understanding of molecular pathogenesis, risk assessment, disease classification and monitoring, or evaluations of therapeutic responses and toxicities. Protein-based DNB will provide more information to define the differences between the normal and pre-disease stages, which might point to early diagnosis for patients. Clinical bioinformatics should be a key approach to the identification and validation of disease-specific biomarkers.
Antipsychotics are the medications that are used to treat schizophrenia.How they work to achieve their therapeutic effects has not been adequately addressed.Like other psychoactive drugs,repeated administration of these drugs can induce various clinically relevant sensitization and tolerance effects in many behavioral domains.In recent years,we have used the conditioned avoidance response (CAR)and phencyclidine (PCP)-induced hyperlocomotion,two models with high predictive validity for antipsychotic efficacy and examined the long-term treatment effects of antipsychotic drugs.In this paper,I discuss our animal work on the behavioral characteristics and neuroreceptor mechanisms of antipsychotic sensitiza-tion and tolerance,as well as their developmental impacts from adolescence into adulthood.I highlight our work on the roles of dopamine D2 receptors and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in the induction and expression of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance.
One of the overriding responsibilities of the research enterprise is to protect those who volunteer for clinical trials and other research studies.For years,that responsibility rested primarily with institutional review boards and ethics com-mittees,many of which were overburdened and ill-equipped to meet the challenges of an increasingly complex and global research enterprise.In 2000,after a series of U.S.research protection failures,government and academic leaders began advo-cating for a systemic,integrated approach to research protections—one that begins at the highest level of an organization. These same leaders argued that accreditation could play a key role in advancing this new approach and improving both research protections and quality.The Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs(AAHRPP) was founded in 2001 and has since emerged as the global leader in accrediting human research protection programs (HRPPs).In the process,AAHRPP has been instrumental in achieving acceptance of HRPPs,raising standards for research protections,and helping HRPPs lay the foundation for ethical research today and in the years to come.
脑出血（intracerebral hemorrhage，ICH）是我国高发的脑血管病之一，具有发病率高、致残率高、病死率高等特点。通过对将近5年的针刺治疗脑出血相关文献的研究，我们认为针刺在脑出血的治疗中具有一定的优越性。与单纯西药治疗相比，针刺的辅助治疗能提高患者的神经功能评分并提高治疗有效率等。
转化医学作为一种医学科学研究新理念,其核心是在实验室与临床之间建立一个沟通桥梁.药理学是生命科学领域中一门特殊的重要桥梁学科,是转化医学的重要形式.药理学的发展可以有效地将基础医学和临床医学、药学和医学、化学与生命科学、工程科学与医学、基础科学与临床医学紧密结合起来,形成这些学科之间的桥梁,最终实现药物防治疾病的临床应用目的.推动药理学的学科发展,是实现转化医学发展的重要途径,是实现转化医学最终目标的核心内容.
Human tissue biobanks have an increasingly important role in transforming medical study designs and is critical for application of a wide range of new technologies(-”omics”)to the discovery of molecular patterns of disease and for imple-mentation of novel biomarkers into clinical trials.Although pathologists has patient care as their primary mission in their nor-mal practice of pathology,they do play a vital but often underrecognized role in the operation of these tissue banks.Besides making sure that the timing of all operations is consistent with both the requirements of clinical diagnosis and the optimal pres-ervation of biological products,pathologists are needed to characterize tissues for research,to conduct quality assurance pro-grams,to assist with resource allocation decisions,and to serve an educational role for investigators using the tissues.This article describes these key principles and a set of practice gross pathology guidelines focused on the decision for tissue banking at the time specimens are macroscopically evaluated,where pathologist involvement is crucial to biobank management.In conclu-sion,pathologists play a critical role in helping biobank users understand the principles of specimen evaluation(histologic and structural composition of tissues,and their limitations)so as to optimize the scientific benefit of the tissues.We believe that ap-preciation of these principles will facilitate the partnership between surgical pathologists and biobank directors,enhance the val-ue of research on non renewable resources of biological samples,and at the same time,optimize the operational standardiza-tion of biological sample collection procedures in clinical pathology.
肿瘤的细胞免疫治疗属于肿瘤生物治疗范畴,旨在通过调节机体的免疫状态达到治疗肿瘤的目的.肿瘤免疫治疗通常分为两类,非特异性免疫治疗和特异性免疫治疗.国内目前开展的细胞免疫治疗主要集中于肿瘤的过继细胞免疫治疗,尤其是以CIK为主的细胞治疗,在多种实体肿瘤的治疗中取得较好疗效.然而,相对国外已经进入肿瘤特异性治疗阶段的现状,我国的细胞免疫治疗仍存在差距和不足.肿瘤疫苗为代表的特异性免疫治疗是目前肿瘤免疫治疗的趋势和发展方向.
随着社会老龄化程度日益加剧,阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)已经成为损害中国和全球健康安全的重大疾病,严重影响社会和谐稳定与经济可持续发展,亟需有效的预防和治疗措施.然而,AD病理损害机制仍然不明,10余年来,针对脑内β-淀粉样蛋白沉积等诸多新药临床试验也先后宣告失败,AD研究似乎陷入了停滞不前状态.为了整合基础、临床研究力量,发挥中国特色和优势开展协同攻关,推动中国的AD研究和创新学说发展,我们在中国科协的支持下于2014年8月中旬举办了一次主题为“基于创新理论的阿尔茨海默病早期诊治新靶标研究”小型研讨会.与会专家认为,尽管脑淀粉样蛋白异常沉积和tau蛋白过度磷酸化作为AD特异的病理标志已经确定无疑,但主流的淀粉样蛋白假说已经受到挑战,AD患者脑糖脂代谢异常、环境因素损害等诱发的多级联病理生理反应在AD病理损害机制中的作用受到越来越多的关注.多模式干预、多靶点药物或/和鸡尾酒疗法应该成为AD防治研究的重点.此外,我们目前还缺乏用于早期诊断和筛查AD的理想生物学标志物,现有的脑脊液淀粉样蛋白和tau蛋白定量检测、脑葡萄糖和淀粉样蛋白正电子断层扫描虽然能有效诊断AD,但具有创伤性、操作复杂、费用昂贵等缺点.我们应该加大支持力度,鼓励寻找临床实用的、血源性AD诊断标志物研究.
临床医学研究是一种挑战.对从实验室发现转译到新的医疗方法过程中现存问题的认知激发了各个相关部门的协调努力.在英国,政府和慈善机构共同投入资金来建立医学研究基础设施,用于培训医学研究人员和支撑医学研究长远规划,新设立的资助协作项目包括罕见疾病的深表型分型,建立生物标志物库,及驱动一些仍处于研究初期的项目.英国伦敦帝国学院是英国转化医学研究投资的主要中心,本综述将简概其临床研究中心的发展成就及未来前景.
精神分裂症（schizophrenia）是一种病因及发病机制未明的常见重性精神疾病，部分患者对目前的药物治疗反应差，病情得不到有效缓解。重复经颅磁刺激（repetive transcrunial magnetic，rTMS）治疗是一种操作简单，安全无创，不良反应小的物理治疗方法，近年来逐渐应用于精神疾病的辅助治疗。既往研究显示 rTMS 对难治性幻听、阴性症状及认知缺陷可能具有一定疗效。本文简要综述了近年来 rTMS 治疗精神分裂症的研究进展，并分析了rTMS 可能的治疗机制，提出白质损伤和神经免疫调节可能是 rTMS 的治疗机制。
可卡因(cocaine)成瘾是一种经历依赖性精神障碍,其在医疗、社会和经济等方面所造成的危害日益严重.近年来,通过动物模型的临床前研究,我们加深了对可卡因成瘾的神经化学机制的了解.这些新的知识,促进了对可卡因成瘾的“bench-to-bed”的转化研究.同时,越来越标准化的药物治疗也促进了药物成瘾的“clinic-to-bench”的反向转化研究.本文综述了近年来可卡因成瘾的转化与反向转化研究的最新进展,重点介绍多巴胺和谷氨酸系统在调节中脑边缘奖赏环路中的作用以及在新药转化研究中的重要贡献.
唇形科植物丹参（Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge．）是治疗心血管系统疾病的临床常用中药，主要含有两类有效成分：脂溶性的二萜醌类化合物和水溶性的酚酸类化合物，具有显著的抗菌消炎、抗血栓形成、抗心肌缺血、保肝及抗氧化作用。由于直接从丹参中提取有效成分纯度低、效率低，提取纯化困难，加之丹参资源有限，影响了临床用药质量和天然药物的开发与持续利用。为解决此问题，化学及分子生物学等多种现代技术手段应用到丹参资源质量及产量的提高中，并已取得不同程度的进展。本文从丹参活性成分的人工合成、生物技术手段的应用、次生代谢调控及次生代谢工程研究四个角度全面综述了丹参资源研究现状，为进一步推动丹参资源开发现代化进程提供借鉴。
Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effect of gestational exposure to the antipsychotic clozap-ine in rats on the spatial learning and memory ofadult offspring and to explore the underlying mechanism.Method During the middle period (G6 -15)of gestation,pregnant female rats received intraperitoneal injection of clozapine (10 mg/kg)once a day.When growing into 8-week old,the males of the offspring were subjected to Morris water maze test to measure their spatial learning and memory.Their brain tissue was processed for Western-blot analysis to assess levels of MAPK44 /42 and phosphorylated MAPK44 /42,and real-time PCR to evaluate the expression of zif 268 gene.ResuIt The offspring with the history of prenatal exposure to clozapine showed better performance in the Morris water maze compared with the controls. Western-blot analysis showed a significant higher level of p-MAPK 42 in the hippocampus of rats in the clozapine group, whereas no difference was found between the two groups in terms of the other indices.ConcIusion These results suggest an important role of the MAPK42 phosphorylation in the promotion of the spatial learning and memory of adult offspring by clozapine given to pregnant female rats during the middle period of gestation.
China National Genebank-Shenzhen(CNGB)is a national nonprofit institute,which is founded to serve the strategic needs of the Chinese government and to boost innovative scientific research and the infrastructure construction for biological industries.In January 2011,CNGB was approved by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC).Later in 2011,the Construction Scheme of CNGB was jointly approved by NDRC,the Ministry of Finance (MOF),the Ministry of Industry and Technology Information(MIIT)and the National Health and Family Planning Commis-sion(NHFPC,The original Ministry of Health),funded in the Special Fund Plan for the Development ofNational Strategic Emerging Industry.CNGB is established and operated by BGI-Shenzhen characterizing in a creative development model which combines biological bank,informatics bank and biological resources information consortium network together.With the goal of establishing a world-leading biological bank,with highly efficient biological information data processing,storage and manage-ment system and comprehensive consortium network,CNGB provides effective protection as well as rational utilization of the Chinese massive bio-resources(include both human and non-human specimen)and related clinical(or phenotypic)information and OMICS data.The establishment of CNGB is essential for protecting genetic resources in China,for realizing the develop-ment and application as well as sharing of sample and data resources.CNGB also strives to improve the capabilities of storing, analyzing,managing and utilizing of specimen and relevant information storage,analysis,management and applications,which will consequently propel the development of biological industry and life science.In summary,CNGB has great strategic signifi-cant importance for our country to seize the commanding heights of bio-economy,and to possess take control of the strategic biological genetic resources and genetic data.
多重基因表达遗传分析系统(GenomeLab gene expression profiler genetic analysis system,GeXP)是一种全新的基因表达谱定量分析平台.它能够在同一反应中对多至35个基因进行定量检测和分析,并将通用引物与特异引物相结合.它采用荧光毛细电泳分离技术对多重PCR产物进行定量检测和分析.本文重点综述了多重基因表达遗传分析系统的技术原理及其在肿瘤研究中的应用.
Depression is a severe mental disorder with a high prevalence and its pathogenesis is not fully understood.Of the proposed hypotheses about depression,monoamine hypothesis is being commonly accepted.The hypothesis-driven antide-pressants,however,take their effects after a relatively long-term,and produce no efficacy in some patients.There is increasing evidence for the involvement of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of depression.The diagnosis of depression is mainly based on the clinical manifestations composed of a variety of symptoms,which may be considered as the phenotypes of a class of mental disorders.Ofthe depression patients,some are characterized with high levels ofinflammatory factors and can be clas-sified the ”inflammatory subtype”of depression.This article reviewed the recent findings of proinflammation cytokines and neuroglia in depression patients and animal models of it,discussed the neurobiological actions of these inflammatory factors in the pathogenesis of depression,and explored the possible anti-inflammation strategies for the treatment of depression.
This paper introduced the present situation and development of autologous stem cell therapy about lower limb ischemia,including the current mainstream therapy of autologous bone marrow stem cells,autologous peripheral blood stem cells and improved bone marrow stem cells,also explained the Chinese government’s policies about stem cell treatment,and brought up his own views about the direction of clinical conversion in this field.
传统的精神分裂症动物模型虽然已得到了广泛应用，但在信度和效度上仍然存在很多问题。我们认为，建立在多重因素整合基础上的多层次化认知障碍动物模型，可以更好地模拟精神分裂症症状，有望成为今后发展精神分裂症动物模型的新方向。为此，我们尝试使用对惊反射前脉冲抑制的多层次性自上而下认知和注意调节的行为范式与多致病因素相结合来建立新一代的精神分裂症的动物模型。新的动物模型对深入了解精神分裂症的致病机制以及寻求更加有效的治疗策略都有重要的意义。
Multiple sclerosis(MS)is a kind of refractory demyelinative disease of the central nervous system which char-acterized with high incidence of recrudescing and deformity.Nowadays,the etiology and pathogenesis of MS are still unknown and the course of MS cannot be controlled by drugs.Large number clinical studies found that Chinese medicine or combination with western therapy in treating MS patients showed its advantages.This article aims at summarizing the clinical observation and experimental research of traditional Chinese medicine in prevention and treatment of MS in recent ten years.The results showed that Chinese medicine could improve clinical signs and symptoms,reduce the relapse rate, regulate the immune function,reduce the side effects of hormones.Experimental studies showed that Chinese herbal compound,single herb and its active ingredients could improve the clinical symptoms ofEAE animals,reducing its neurologi-cal function,reduce the immune and inflammatory damage,and had a significant neuroprotective effect.The mechanism may be related with the regulating immune,suppressing inflammation,reducing the demyelination and axonal damage and promoting its regeneration.
