文章以武汉市主城区 7 所典型代表的中学校园为研究对象,通过实地调研和问卷调查,了解中学校园自然教育景观建设现状和中学生的自然联结特质,构建结构方程模型(SEM),探讨校园自然教育景观元素对学生自然联结特质的影响机制,以期为中学校园的自然教育景观设计提供新思路.结果表明:1)校园自然教育景观中的"活动内容""空间类型"和"物质元素"能促进学生的自然联结;2)"活动内容"和"物质元素"可通过场所依恋间接促进自然联结.根据研究结果,从校园活动空间布局、物质元素设计两方面提出校园自然教育景观设计策略在地性强、可操作的设计应用指导.
声景观的品质对于促进园林景观发挥恢复性健康效益起着重要作用.以"文献追踪"为研究视角,将中国知网核心数据库中的 611 篇有效文献作为研究对象,依托CiteSpace绘制知识图谱进行可视化分析,客观揭示我国声景观研究领域的总体演进规律,旨在为未来的声景观研究提供新导向.结果显示:近 20 年来,我国声景观研究呈现稳步发展的态势,未来研究趋势向好;研究团队分布呈现整体分散、局部集中的特征,虽实现了跨国跨地区交流、形成了复杂的合作网络,但相互间合作较少,学术联系性不强;研究视角跨学科特征明显,研究热点日益多元化,提升景观协同力、优化声环境品质是该领域当前的研究热点;研究载体由小型的城市公共空间向大尺度的实体空间扩展,并逐步与城市规划相结合关注声景观的地域文化内涵;研究方法从主客并重逐步丰富至数学评价模型的运用.最后针对研究存在的不足提出展望:加强学科交流和合作研究,提高研究深度;探索研究新视角,促进声景观智慧发展;完善研究方法,构建系统灵活的评价体系.
在水资源稀缺的中国西北地区,通过增大城市绿化建设规模应对气候变化可能会导致水资源与能源的双重消耗并加剧碳排放,亟待探索缓解绿化种植耗水及其碳排放问题的可持续设计途径.遵循西北地区城市环境中水与植物这对生态因子耦合的内在机制,以提高城市绿地植物与水因子的适配性为出发点,提出以非传统水源、低碳排水源为绿地用水基础的"生境集水+适水种植"的低影响设计模式;从场地生境优化集水、适水性种植设计和节水型精准灌溉 3 个方面提出以实现植被耗水需求与低人工干预下土壤水分供给最大程度匹配为目标的适水种植设计途径,并以实践案例进行论证,旨在为开展科学化的城市绿地种植设计提供技术支持,对城市绿地低碳可持续设计具有实践指导意义.
Colored-Leaf Plants（CLP） are favored in urban landscaping projects because of their rich colors and long ornamental period. The field investigations are carried out in 28 roads, 16 residential areas, 10 university campuses and 18 public parks in Beijing. The results show that there are 67 species of CLP used in urban green spaces in Beijing, belonging to 47 genera and 37 families, but the application frequency of more than half of the CLP is low（F＜20%）, and the scope of the CLP configuration is rather limited, with red and yellow as the mostly used colors. The CLP in the green spaces of public parks and campus are more diverse in species and configuration, but commonly used species are still Ginkgo biloba, Prunus cerasifera and Berberis thunbergii. In contrast, the species and configuration of CLP in green spaces along urban street and road are much less diversified. The CLP are poorly applied in residential green spaces as their applications are different due to the time of construction age and the vegetation coverage. In general, the CLP that are current applied in Beijing’s urban green spaces are challenged by the prolems such as less species available and used, less diverse configuration and low landscape quality. In view of these challenges, the optimization strategy for the CLP use is put forward to expand the application of new CLP varieties, strengthen the promotion of existing CLP, optimize the CLP configuration and take into account the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of CLP.
Based on the “four plant traits” theory, the paper uses the analytic hierarchy process（AHP） and typical sample method to select life value, aesthetic value, spatial value and cultural value of plants and construct an evaluation system of 4 criteria and 15 factors, with 13 typical comprehensive parks and 54 landscape units in Wuhan chosen to be the research objects. The results show that all the 13 parks meet the conditions of grade Ⅱ and above. Among the 54 plant communities, 29 units fall in Grade Ⅰ, 23 units in Grade Ⅱ, 2 units in Grade Ⅲ and 0 unit in Grade Ⅳ. According to the evaluation results, the landscape optimization strategies are put forward in terms of composition and structure of plant community, 4 plant traits in different types of landscape units and regional park plantscape, with the hope to provide a theoretical reference for the follow-up research on landscape evaluation.
Based on the contemporary land ethics of subject-object integration, clarifying the potential ecological-aesthetic disjuncture can effectively promote the synergies between protection and utilization of urban wetland parks. Taking Baqiao Ecological Wetland Park as a case to discuss its characterization, mechanism and countermeasures through the path of “area identification-preference investigation-conflict characterization” by using Ecological Sensitivity Analysis, Landscape Quality Evaluation and Grounded Theory. The results show that: 1) Waterfront, windbreak belts and pond puddle are the potential scenarios where 10 types of disjuncture take place; 2) The 3 pairs of subject-object contradictions, i.e., “aesthetic habit-dynamic”, “aesthetic model-heterogeneity” and “cognitive limitation-scale”, are the internal mechanism of disjuncture; and 3) “Optimization of multi-type landscape network”, “design exposure of humanistic care clues” and “multi-dimensional interpretation system” can be effective countermeasures for disjuncture coordination. Ecological-aesthetic disjuncture as a value misjudgment caused by public aesthetic expectation is universal, and promoting the transformation of the public aesthetic awareness from the perspective of landscape perception can provide a positive complement to the ecological design of wetland park.
Paying attention to green spaces’ recreation services is conducive to improving people’s quality of life. Through systematically analyzing the research hotspots on the recreation service of green spaces, the existing perspectives of the research are reviewed and classified, and the research framework is clarified, i.e., green spaces’ recreational resources takes recreation resources as the environmental basis, recreation user group as the targeted object, and decision-making management, planning and design as the means to realize goals. Among them, the research perspective of recreation user group mainly includes the recreational motivation and the influence of recreational activities; the research perspective of recreational resources mainly includes the characteristics of resource composition and resource evaluation and utilization; the research perspective of decision-making management mainly includes the evaluation of recreational value and the implementation of recreational management; and the research perspective of planning and design mainly includes spatial layout planning and spatial quality optimization. In view of a lack of research on recreational services of green spaces, research prospects are proposed from the four aspects of recreational user group, recreational resources, decision-making management, and planning and design: 1) Weighing the recreational motivation of different user groups to standardize and guide recreational behavior in green spaces; 2) Identifying the recreational resource advantages of green spaces to improve the indicator evaluation system for recreational resources; 3) Boosting the research on the recreational value of urban green space to enhance the application benefits of recreational management theory; and 4) Comparing the difference in the supply-demand match of different types of green spaces to improve the fairness and justice of the recreational service supply.
Rain shelters facilities are the public service facilities for coping with sudden rainfall. Their accessibility is one of the important factors to measure the space service efficiency. This paper selects the rain shelter facilities along the riverside green space in Xuhui, Shanghai, to investigate the public needs of rain shelter functions and the time cost threshold for their arriving at rain shelter facilities under different rainfall scenarios. The cost weighted distance method is used to evaluate the accessibility. The results show that: 1) With the increase of rainfall, the public satisfaction of the accessibility to rain shelter facilities shows a downward trend, down from 44.04% in light rain scenario to 17.71% in heavy rain scenario, and the dissatisfaction increases from 11.29% in light rain scenario to 37.31% in heavy rain scenario; 2) The strip waterfront area in the southwest of Xuhui riverside is the area receiving the highest satisfaction in terms of the accessibility to the rain shelter, while the high-rise buildings and low green vegetation coverage areas in the northeast are the area with the highest dissatisfaction; and 3) The equidistant facilities and shortage of outdoor compound rain shelter facilities are the main reason for the low efficiency of rain shelters service in Xuhui’s riverside area. At last, based on the scenario analysis, strategies for improving rain shelter facilities under different rainfall scenarios are proposed, in order to provide a reference for the functional improvement and precise configuration of rain shelter facilities in public spaces in the Yangtze River Delta.
The creation of ecological network is an important means to deal with habitat fragmentation, biodiversity restoration and ecosystem health maintenance. There are diverse methods to create the ecological network, which has different characteristics. The methods have their advantages and disadvantages coexisting, which inevitably leads to difficulties in their practical application. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in ecological network and the methods of network creation, and take the ecological network creation based on the “source-corridor” method as the core to analyze the key points of ecological network structure identification, corridor extraction methods and network connectivity evaluation methods. At last the research prospect is discussed, aiming at providing a reference for the planning and design of landscape eco-environment and related ecological network creation.
Based on behavioral psychology, this paper investigates the psychological needs of residents on community green spaces, and analyzes the investigation data using SPSS principal component analysis and five-level Likert scale in order to realize the humanization design of community green space. The results show that the residents are less satisfied with the interest, safety, participation, function, expression of culture and beauty of community green space. It is suggested that the design techniques such as enclosure, retraction, lines, light and shadow should be fully used to make community green spaces more natural, flexible, safe and interesting and meet residents’ sense of security, sense of existence and desire to participate, so as to better play the role of community green space as an adjacent park. At last, recommendations are put forward for the planning and design of community green space in view of the practices.
公园绿地与城市功能空间存在空间关联关系,其规律及尺度特征仍有待揭示.以南京为例,借助标准差椭圆、核密度分析方法和POI数据以及双变量Ripley′s K函数,探究公园绿地与城市功能空间的分布关系.结果表明:1)公园绿地整体均衡、局部聚集,而交通空间均衡分布,公共服务、居住、商服空间的集聚趋势由中心向外围递减;2)主城区公园绿地与功能空间呈现显著的交互促进影响模式,其中公园绿地分别距公共服务、居住、商服空间 1200 m、1300 m、1600 m开始呈现聚集模式,交通空间无明显距离差异;3)古城区集聚态势较之主城区有所减弱,公园绿地分别与公共服务、居住、交通、商服空间距 1500 m、1200 m、900 m、300 m之内存在配置冲突,在此距离之外各功能空间的布局概率不断增加,仅公园绿地与交通空间呈现较为显著的正向交互影响.最后提出优化建议,为公园绿地与各功能空间协同发展、高效互动提供参考.
Landscape transformation is an important means to reusing abandoned land and reorganize urban form and spatial structure. Taking the landscape transformation of coal gangue terrain in Ruhr Area of Germany as a case, this paper introduces the restoration and utilization of coal gangue landforms at the micro level, including ecological restoration, landscape topography and functional activation. The overall strategy covering regional planning, route connection and slow traffic system is introduced at the macro level. With the case study, the paper summarizes the focuses and enlightenment of the landscape transformation of abandoned industrial land in regional renewal.
The science-based and coordinated layout of the open spaces in and out urban development area is increasingly important for China to implement the new system of territory spatial planning. Poltland Metropolitan area is the global example, which is the earliest city to define the urban growth border, which has implications for the current planning and management of open spaces in China. This paper reviews the open space development and its planning process in the Portland Metropolitan area, summarizes the impact of planning related regulation on the protection of the open space in the metropolitan area, and concludes the planning hierarchy and system construction of the open spaces. Based on the analyses, the implications on China’s open space planning are proposed.
By taking the tree damage caused by the typhoon Mangkhut in Houhai campus of Shenzhen University on September 16, 2018, as the case study, the study carries out the field investigation of typhoon damage to trees and site environment, analyzes the relationships between the typhoon damage to urban landscaping trees and its influencing factors by using redundancy analysis in combination with the typhoon environment simulation, and quantitatively partition the explanatory power of influencing factors by using the variation partitioning method to determine the key elements. The results show that: 1) Ten elements in 3 categories including wind resistance of trees, average wind speed of typhoon and site environment all have the influences on the wind damage to urban landscaping trees. The average wind speed of typhoon has the largest correlation with the damage to trees, following by the wind resistance of trees, elevation of site, planting pool, hard pavement around stem base and tree coverage; and 2) Wind damage to urban greening trees is the result from the interaction of many influencing factors. The influences of wind resistance of trees, wind speed of typhoon and site environment on wind damage to trees account for 65.1% of the total influence. Among them, wind speed of typhoon has the larger influence than wind resistance of trees, and site environment has the least influence. The interaction between wind resistance of trees and site environment is the greatest, while the interaction between wind speed of typhoon and site environment is the least. Based on the research results, the wind resistance strategy is proposed for urban landscaping trees. The study provides a science basis for the planning, design and construction of urban space in cities for mitigating wind disasters.
Rural plantscape is an important component of rural human settlements, and rural residents’ perception of rural plantscape is of great significance for rural development. The paper selects 28 beautiful villages in Jinan, Shandong Province, and divides them into 3 types in accordance with the type of development, i.e., agriculture domination, business travel service and balanced development. Through field research, SD method and on-site interviews, rural residents’ perception of plantscape in rural public spaces is evaluated, and its impact factors are studied, with a view to providing a reference for optimizing the plantscape design of the villages of different development types. The results show that the residents living in beautiful rural areas in Jinan are highly satisfied with the rural plantscape, and 70.94% of them hold a satisfactory attitude. There are differences in the SD evaluation of various types of rural areas. The agriculture villages are characterized with abundant space, few plant species, and small changes of plants in the four seasons. The business travel service dominated villages are characterized with rich plant species, large changes of plants in the four seasons, and insufficient interactive experience. The balanced development oriented villages are characterized with multiple plant species, natural wilderness, and rich in beauty. Atmosphere factors have the greatest impact on the perception of plantscape. The evaluation shows that the perception of rural plantscape is scored at 31.00, 21.81, and-31.53, respectively, for balanced development oriented village, business travel service dominated villages and agriculture dominated villages. Therefore, rural plantscapes in the villages of different development types have different characteristics and problems. The creation of rural plantscape should be adapted to local conditions to give more play to their advantages, fully consider local characteristics to address existing problems in a targeted manner, improve the rural living environment and improve residents’ quality of life.
In order to deeply understand the properties and application of plant colors in urban green park spaces, this study uses the “average temperature method” to define the specific time period of spring, records the temporal changes of the plants through the phenological observation, and uses the NCS color card as the research tool, to carry out a quantitative study on the color of woody plants and flowers in the green spaces of four parks in Shijiazhuang during the spring period from March 11 to May 10, 2021. The results show that: 1) The investigated plants are mostly arbor; 2) The species with white, red and purple flower are widely used while the species with blue-violet and orange flower are deficient, and the difference in the color value of flowers in each color system is small, and the difference in colorfulness is large; 3) The overall color hue of flower landscape is relatively significant, with occasional loss of color value; and 4) The flowering period in early spring and late spring is not closely connected. On this basis, this paper discusses how to better create the color pattern of spring flower landscape in green park space of Shijiazhuang from four aspects of color matching of spring flowers, application frequency of fine varieties, time axis connection of flowering periods in early spring and late spring, and application of potential flower viewing species.
南蛇藤 (Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. ): 卫矛科南蛇藤属落叶藤状灌木, 别名过山枫、挂廓鞭、过山龙、大南蛇、老龙皮、穿山龙、老牛筋、黄果藤等. 小枝光滑无毛, 灰棕色或棕褐色, 腋芽小, 卵状倒卵圆状, 叶通常阔倒卵形, 近圆形或长方椭圆形, 边缘具锯齿, 两面光滑无毛或叶背脉上具稀疏短柔毛; 聚伞花序腋生, 花小, 雄花萼片钝三角形; 花瓣倒卵椭圆形或长方形, 花盘浅杯状; 蒴果近球状, 种子椭圆状稍扁, 赤褐色. 5-6 月开花, 7-10 月结果.
Based on the content analysis method, the paper uses the ROST Content Mining System software to classify the high-frequency words of online comments on Shahu Park, a typical lake park in Wuhan, and therefore to construct the element structure of tourism image perception. Then, IPA analysis method is used to explore the overall differences and seasonal fluctuations of various elements in attention and satisfaction, and the results are verified by field questionnaire survey data. The strategy is put forward to optimize the image and user experience of Shahu Park, with the aim to provide a reference for the evaluation and research on lake parks.
As an important component of urban development, green infrastructure（GI） plays an important role in improving landscape connectivity, optimizing ecological network and maintaining regional ecological security. Taking Fengdong New Town in Xixian New District, a national-level new district, as the study area, this paper evaluates and analyzes its changes in landscape pattern in 2010, 2015 and 2020 by using landscape pattern index, Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis and Minimal Cumulative Resistance model, identifies the ecological sources and constructs ecological corridors between the sources for proposing the strategy for optimizing the GI network pattern in Fengdong New Town. The results show that the ecological environment in Fengdong New Town has been deteriorating in the past 10 years, including the seriously fragmented landscape pattern, the uneven distribution of core ecological sources represented by the scattered distribution of important and general ecological sources, the poor connectivity of existing connecting corridors and a lack of complete connection network. All of them have the adverse impact on giving play to ecosystem service functions. In view of the above problems, it is proposed to add 13 ecological sources, 44 small sites and 56 connecting corridors in the study area to optimize the GI network and improve its integrity, which can provide a reference for the restoration and optimization of the highly fragmented GI network in the new urban area.
