Impact assessment can play an important role in global energy transition, delivering knowledge to identify and manage the impacts of renewable energy projects. Yet, there are enduring concerns about IA's efficacy for renewable energy development. Based on content analysis of IA applications for wind energy development in Canada, this paper examines the environmental and social impacts typically assessed across wind energy projects and the mitigation solutions proposed. Results indicate considerable imbalance between biophysical versus social impacts, including mitigation solutions. IAs include far more solutions for managing biophysical impacts than social ones, with impact-to-mitigation ratios of 1:4.3 and 1:1.3 respectively. Most mitigations focus on impact minimisation, followed by avoidance, and are often vague and imprecise regarding the timing, methods of implementation, and responsibility. Notwithstanding common impacts, mitigation actions that were common across projects were too vague or imprecise to support transferable practice to find efficiencies in assessment. Improved understanding the impacts of renewable energy projects and mitigation solutions, and learning from one project to the next, are foundational to advancing the role of IA the transition to renewable energy.
环境影响评价作为一项成熟的环境管理制度,可在应对气候变化领域发挥重要作用.部分发达国家已有多年开展相关工作的历史.随着我国提出"2030 年前碳达峰、2060 年前碳中和"的战略目标,将气候变化纳入环境影响评价已被逐渐提上日程,重点行业的试点实践也正在逐步开展.本文梳理了现有的国际进展,并从立法情况、评价项目范围、温室气体排放与管理、评价议题和事后管理 5 个方面对各国环评体系进行了对比与分析.建议我国未来可在加快立法进程、纳入气候适应议题、细化核算与评价方法、加强事后监管等方面加强研究与相关工作部署,以建立全面科学的气候变化环评体系,促进温室气体减排,最终服务于我国"双碳"气候目标.
During the past 40 years, Chile's EIA system evolved from a fragmented procedural exercise, with limited technical input into decision-making, to an essential public policy tool. This article presents an overview of the EIA system evolution in Chile, its main characteristics, and procedures, and highlights new advances and practical results in the follow-up stage. The analysis revealed evidence that despite positive improvements in Chile's EIA process, there remain significant weaknesses in almost all stages. In the follow-up specifically, some pivotal improvements were made in connection with inspection, enforcement, and monitoring practices. In this context, evidence indicates that those changes have impacted positively on the evaluation of obligations contained at the environmental licenses as well as the governance of the process. However, some challenges to be addressed remain mostly related to monitoring, communication, and citizens' engagement.
IAPA简介《影响评价与项目评估》（Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal，IAPA）是由国际影响评价协会（International Association of Impact Assessment，IAIA）主办的环评专业期刊，主要刊载建设项目、规划和政策评估以及环境、社会、健康、可持续性等领域的研究成果，对于促进我国环评实践发展具有借鉴意义。经与IAIA协商，自2017年起，《环境影响评价》杂志将翻译刊载IAPA全部论文摘要，并每年刊载一篇优秀论文的全部译文，以期为国内环评从业人员提供一个了解国际环评发展概况的全新窗口。相关摘要包含了与论文同等数量的主要信息，同时注明了全文的链接地址等，能够基本满足读者了解行业先进研究成果的需求。
陆海统筹对海洋环境影响评价管理提出了新的要求,现行海洋环境影响评价有关技术规范与环境影响评价管理体系以及实际应用不适应的问题日益凸显.在梳理现阶段海洋环境影响评价相关技术规范的基础上,分析了现行海洋环境影响评价技术规范存在的问题,建议修编《海洋工程环境影响评价技术导则》为《环境影响评价技术导则 海洋环境》(以下简称《海洋导则》),并从确立海洋环境要素导则的定位、厘清《海洋导则》的非技术内容、完善《海洋导则》的基本内容三个方面提出了海洋环境影响评价技术规范的修订建议.
使用宁夏大气复合污染综合观测网石嘴山组分站的自动监测数据,以小时为时间尺度对国庆假期石嘴山市PM2.5 组分特征进行分析.结合国庆假期石嘴山市PM2.5 总体情况,将国庆假期分为PM2.5∕PM10＜30%时段、PM2.5＜35μg∕m3 时段和PM2.5≥35μg∕m3 时段分别讨论.结果表明,PM2.5∕PM10＜30%时段地壳元素占比为54.8%,PM2.5＜35μg∕m3 时段和PM2.5≥35μg∕m3 时段化学组成以SNA和OM为主,两者之和分别为 84.5%和 81.9%.通过化学示踪物比值定性∕半定量判断PM2.5 中各化学组分的可能来源.
悬浮物是诸多海洋工程建设期间主要的污染因子之一,其迁移扩散范围是海洋工程环境影响评价的重要内容.基于现场实测数据,建立了COMS GOCI、GF-1 WFV、Landsat 8 OLI 3 种卫星影像红光与绿光波段比值的悬浮物浓度遥感反演模型,各拟合模型决定系数(R2)均达到 0.80,平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)均不高于 17.58%,均方根误差(RMSE)均不高于8.15 mg∕L;回溯反演了 2014 年 9 月 8 日大连港太平湾港区建设期间邻近海域的悬浮物浓度,发现不同卫星数据源的反演结果具有较好的一致性,施工区邻近海域悬浮物浓度的时空分布特征显著,受潮汐、潮流等水动力因素的影响,自 8 点 16 分至 15点16 分高浓度悬浮物水体的面积呈减小趋势,较好反映了海洋工程施工引起悬浮物的时空变化规律.利用卫星遥感技术开展悬浮物现状或历史观测,可有效弥补船舶现场监测与数模预测的不足,具有重要的实际应用价值.
建立一种以全自动固相萃取仪进行前处理,利用高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱仪(UPLC-MS∕MS)进行检测的分析方法,该方法可同时测定地表水中磺胺类、四环素类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类共五大类 20 种抗素.该方法采用PEP-2 固相萃取小柱,以及聚合物材料(聚乙烯二乙烯苯)表面引入改性以及再键合技术,避免采用其他固相萃取小柱进行复杂的pH值调节;固相萃取后采用MRM正离子模式可在 13 min内完成分析,抗生素检出限 0.2～3.0 ng∕L,加标回收率范围为 63%～123%.使用该方法测定三峡库区及支流环境水样中 20 种抗生素,检测结果取得了良好的预期效果.
突发环境事件的多发频发,特别是一些重大突发环境事件,严重危害公众生命财产安全和生态环境.生态环境损害赔偿制度对突发环境事件造成的损害提供了一种新的救济制度,目的在于努力破解"企业污染、政府买单、群众受害"的困局.在突发环境事件开展生态环境损害赔偿的具体实践中,仍然面临信息不畅、衔接不够、追赔不全等问题.本文基于重庆市生态环境损害赔偿制度实践,总结了突发环境事件开展生态环境损害赔偿工作面临的困境,结合典型案例分析,提出了突发环境事件开展生态环境损害赔偿工作的对策建议.
