Birds are an important component of biodiversity and an environmental monitoring species.Regional bird monitoring is conducive to make scientific decision on bird diversity management.Ganzhou is the largest administrative re-gion in Jiangxi Province,but the existing bird data reports are scattered and there is no systematic bird check list.This study aims to collect the list of bird species in Ganzhou by utilizing systematic literatures and field investigation.The re-vised list records a total of 392 species of bird,belonging to 75 families and 20 orders,accounting for 27.1％of the total bird population in China and 68.7％of the total bird population in Jiangxi Province.Among these,six species of birds are newly recorded in Ganzhou,and Hydrobates monorhis is a new bird record in Jiangxi Province.From the perspective of endangered species,10 and 62 birds are listed as national first-class protected species and the second-class protected spe-cies,respectively;18 species are evaluated as threatened species in the red list of China,s vertebrate,and 11 species in In-ternational Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN).Ganzhou has the highest number of insectivorous birds and tree crown nesting birds,accounted for 38.0％and 36.4％of the total number of birds in Ganzhou,respectively.This spe-cies inventory provides basic data for bird research and biodiversity conservation in Ganzhou.The analysis of monitoring gaps in protected areas shows that national nature reserves are hotspot of bird monitoring areas,and most non-national protected areas have less reported bird data.This is not conducive for nature reserve management and bird data sharing.As a consequence,we strongly recommend that effective measures should be taken to assess bird diversity in non-national protected areas to fill the bird monitoring gaps.
In order to explore the relationship between soil macro fauna community characteristics and environmental factors in Mitika Wetland National Nature Reserve,Tibet,in July 2020 and August 2021,three sample plots(100 mX 100 m)were set up in three core areas according to their geographical distribution characteristics,two sample sites were set for each sample plots as repetition.Large soil animals were collected by hand inspection and stored in a 75％alcohol collection tube.A cylindrical ring knife(30 cm in height and 5 cm in diameter)was used to take 0-10 cm soil samples for determination of relevant environmental factors.A total of 336 large soil animals were captured and identified,belong-ing to 3 phyla,5 classes,11 orders and 15 families.The dominant groups were Lithobiidae,Meloidae,and Tenebrioni-dae.Univariate analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference in the number of soil macrofauna(F=0.194,P=0.833),Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H)(F=0.304,P=0.758),Pielou evenness index(E)(F=0.346 P=0.732)and Simpson dominance index(C)(F=0.245,P=0.797)among the three sample plots(P＞0.05).The Jaccard similarity coefficient(J)of the three plots ranged from 0.56 to 0.65,indicating moderate similarity.The functional groups were mainly phytophagous,with the least saprophagous.Pearson correlation analysis showed that:the Pielou evenness index(E)was highly significantly positively correlated with altitude(Alt)and available potassium(RAK),respectively(P＜0.01);the Pielou evenness index(E)was significantly positively correlated with soil moisture content(SWC)and total nitrogen(TN),respectively(P＜0.05);the number of individuals(N)was highly significantly negatively correlated with soil salinity(SAL)(P＜0.01).
Penicillin G acylase(PGA)is one of the most widely used and successfully developed enzymes in the field of β-lactam antibiotics in recent decades.In China,along with the large-scale industrialization of β-lactam antibiotics,chemical synthesis methods to enzymatic methods,PGA have been fully developed and applied,and achieved success.Penicillin G acylase is not only used for hydrolysis to prepare 6-APA and 7-ADC A,but also for semisynthetic antibiotics such as ampicillin,cephalexin,amoxicillin,cefradine and cefaclor.This paper reviews the history,gene and protein structure,industrial expression system,industrial evaluation criteria and evolution of penicillin G acylase research and ap-plication in China in the past 15 years.At the same time,the development and application of various mutants of penicillin G acylase in specific pharmaceutical industry fields are also reviewed,aiming to sort out the evolution trend of the struc-ture and performance of penicillin G acylase,its great achievements in the pharmaceutical industry field,and point out the direction for related researchers to delve deeper in this field.
The Hanjiang River is one of the largest tributaries in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.Xinji Hy-dropower Station is located in Xiangyang City,Hubei Province,in the middle reaches of the Hanjiang River.The dam site is located in Baimadong,Xiangcheng District.Gucheng Hanjiang National Wetland Park is located in the reservoir ar-ea of the proposed Xinji Hydropower Station,about 32.2 km away from the dam site.After the completion of the power station,the area affected by the water level rise in the wetland park is 349.23 hm2(including 36.84 hm2 in the Zhoutan ar-ea and all other water areas),the area affected by the water level rise in the ecological conservation area is 327.60 hm2,and the area affected by the water level rise in the ecological restoration area is 21.63 hm2.The construction of hydropow-er projects will significantly change the existing hydrological regime of rivers,directly or indirectly affecting the survival of wetland organisms such as fish,resulting in a series of ecological effects.Therefore,an ecological impact assessment of the Gucheng Hanjiang National Wetland Park is needed.Through field investigations,data collection,and indoor experi-mental analysis,the ecological environment status of the assessed area has been basically identified.The degree and mode of impact of project construction on the Gucheng Hanjiang National Wetland Park have been evaluated,and specific measures for reducing ecological impact have been proposed.
Garlic is known for its bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties.Studies have found that garlic is also rich in microorganisms,which play an important role in the efficacy of garlic.The endophytic bacteria of garlic can inhibit the pathogenic microorganisms directly and indirectly,induce the system to produce resistance and reduce the occurrence of plant diseases through the exopolysaccharides or secreted antibiotics and other substances.In this paper,the source of en-dophytes in plants,the isolation,identification and the effects of endophytes in garlic on plant diseases are discussed.At the same time,the application prospect and existing problems of garlic endophytes in plant disease biological control are discussed in order to provide reference for the development and utilization of garlic endophyte resources.
We adopted a combination of on-site visits and sample line surveys to investigate and analyze the medici-nal plant resources on islands in Dongtou National Marine Park,Wenzhou,Zhejiang.A total of 23 line transects from 14 islands were involved in this field survey,providing results on 99 families,282 genera,and 400 species of medicinal plants in the area.The survey results showed that Poaceae and Asteraceae are the dominant families in the region.The medicinal seed plants mainly contain tropical components.The main life forms are perennial herbaceous plants,with 157 species identified.Herbal properties of the majority of medicinal plants in the area are gentle,including 50 families,101 genera,and 122 species.The main medicinal parts of these medicinal plants are whole herbs or entire plants,including 64 families,160 genera,and 221 species.Medicinal efficacy falls into 20 categories,with heat-clearing drugs being the most common,including 55 families,97 genera,and 115 species.Additionally,there are 70 species of poisonous plants in me-dicinal plants,which belong to 31 families and 54 genera.Finally,the pharmacopeia contains 75 types of plants and 77 types of traditional Chinese medicine in medicinal plants.There are three medicinal plants listed in the threatened levels of International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN),namely Cyrtomium falcatum,Dalbergia hupeana and Angelica morii.Microtis unifolia and Spiranthes sinensis are listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.One species of national secondary key protected wild species(Fagopyrum dibotrys)and three species of Zhejiang provincial key protected wild species(Bauhinia championii,Tetrastigma hemsleyanum,Eurya japoni-ca)are found in medicinal plants.The study aims to provide guidance for the development of the traditional Chinese medi-cine material industry,and to lay the foundation for the development and utilization of medicinal plants on the islands.
Through the enrichment and separation of mangrove sediment samples from Haimen Island Mangrove Reserve in Longhai City,Fujian Province,a mixed microbial community HMD9-Q7 was obtained and could synergistical-ly degrade azo dye reactive black 5(RB5).Based on biochemical assays and 16S rDNA sequence analysis,the communi-ty was identified as mainly composed of Rossellomorea vietnamensis,Alcanivorax xenomutans,and Microbulbifer mariti-mus.Compared with single strains,the community had a significant decolorization effect,which may be due to the syner-gistic promotion between various strains of the community.The community had decolorization effect on RB5 at concentra-tions of 20-100 mg/L.The community HMD9-Q7 could widely utilize external carbon and nitrogen sources,such as glucose,ammonium nitrate,beef extract paste;in the range of NaCl concentrations of 5-30 g/L,the RB5 could be de-colored;the decolorization rate was highest under the conditions of pH 7 and temperature of 30 C.Under the optimal conditions,the decolorization rate of the community on RB5 within 60 hours could reach 85％—90％.The new commu-nity mainly achieves decolorization of RB5 through biodegradation pathways,and with the occurrence of degradation reac-tion,the maximum absorption peak of RB5 gradually becomes smaller until it disappears completely,and the absorption peak of degradation products is located in the near ultraviolet region.
The wild plant communities in Kongtong Mountain National Scenic Area were investigated by means of sample plot survey.A total of 26 standard sample plots of 20 m × 20 m were set up,and 323 species of wild vascular plants belonging to 230 genera and 86 families were investigated.The analysis of plant community appearance showed that the appearance structure of wild communities was clear,among which the proportion of phanerophytes reached 43.34％,the proportion of hemicryptophytes was 23.30％,the proportions of chamaephytes and annual plants were 18.58％and 8.98％,respectively,and the proportion of subterranean plants was the least,only 5.88％.The phyloge-netic characteristics of semi-humid warm temperate climate zone are mainly reflected by the mesophanerophytes of paper grade 4 medium leaves and the hemicryptophytes of grass grade 3 small leaves.In the vertical structure of the wild plant community,Acer davidii,Carpinus turczaninowii,Tilia paucicostata and Prunus davidiana are the main dominant spe-cies in the tree layer,while Fargesia nitida,Cerasus dictyoneura and Euonymus phellomanus are densely distributed in the shrub layer.In addition to more fern herbs in the herb layer,the dominant species are mainly Corydalis bungeana,Potentilla chinensis and so on.In the analysis of diameter class structure,the distribution of diameter class is relatively regular,and with the increase of diameter class,number of plants shows a sharp decline from Ⅰ to V as a whole.The typical wild plant communities in Kongtong Mountain National Scenic Area were analyzed by Margalef richness,Shannon-Wiener diversity,Simpson dominance and Pielou evenness indexes.There were significant differences in species diversi-ty among different wild communities,but all of the four indexes showed tree layer＞shrub layer＞herb layer.
Pollinators are important carriers of nectar microbes,driving variations in the structure and function of nec-tar microbial communities.Upon colonization,microbes can modify nectar quality and floral signals,indirectly influence pollinators'foraging decisions and fitness,and directly affect pollinators'health.In this paper,we review the effects of pollinators on community structure and function of nectar microbes,and the nectar microbe-mediated changes in pollinator foraging behavior and fitness.At last,we describe the future directions in related research fields.The purpose of this re-view is to provide reference points for the conservation and utilization of nectar microbes and pollinator resources.
血雉(Ithaginis cruentus),雄鸟大覆羽、尾下覆羽、尾上覆羽、脚、头侧、腊膜为红色,故名血雉,别名血鸡,又名松花鸡.为鸡形目(Galliformes)雉科(Phasianidae)的鸟类[1],为中国特有种[2].血雉为国家二级重点保护野生动物;在《中国生物多样性红色名录——脊椎动物卷》(2020)中被列为近危(NT)物种,在《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》中被列为附录Ⅱ的物种.血雉主要分布于我国西藏、甘肃、青海、四川、陕西、云南的1700～3 200米左右的冷杉林、混交林及灌木间.
Oleanolic acid is a natural effective ingredient extracted from a variety of plants.Oleanolic acid shows a very low cytotoxicity and extensive pharmacological effects to the body,such as anti-inflammation,antioxidation.In this paper,the advances in research on anti-inflammatory,antioxidative effects and possible mechanism of oleanolic acid are summarized by reviewing the recent related information.
To investigate the yeast diversity in the Fenjiu distillery,300 yeasts were isolated and purified from both inside and outside of Fenjiu workshop using the culture-dependent method.The analysis of 26S rDNA sequence align-ment revealed a total of 6 families,15 genera,and 21 species of yeasts.The results of the phylogenetic tree showed that the yeasts in the Fenjiu brewing workshop and the environment outside the workshop included two branches of the phylum Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes.Although there are specific yeasts in the Fenjiu brewing workshop and outside environ-ment,there are yeasts related to Baijiu in both of them,such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Pichia kudriavzevii and Sac-charomycopsis fibuligera.The Fenjiu distillery has an abundance of yeast resources,which may serve as an important source of yeast for the Daqu manufacture and fermentation process.There all point the way for further study.
本研究通过监测浙江健跳港牡蛎礁海域的牡蛎幼体补充量,并开展田间实验,比较了两种底物(牡蛎壳、岩石)的牡蛎附着效果,从而确定合理的牡蛎礁修复方式,推荐适宜的建礁材料.结果显示:牡蛎自然补充群体中共有4种牡蛎,即近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)、熊本牡蛎(C.sikamea)、福建牡蛎(C.angulate)和猫爪牡蛎(Talonostrea talonata),补充量中以熊本牡蛎占绝对优势,相对丰度达95％以上.牡蛎补充量介于0～44 200个/m2,月平均补充量为(7 165±1 246)个/m2.附着底物筛选实验结果表明潮区(P＜0.001)和底物类型(P=0.004)均显著影响牡蛎补充量,两因子之间存在显著的互作效应(F1.16=8.214,P=0.011).4个实验组间附着牡蛎密度的排序为:高礁区岩石＞高礁区牡蛎壳＞低礁区岩石=低礁区牡蛎壳(P＜0.05);相对于牡蛎壳,岩石是更为适宜的牡蛎附着底物.本研究得出浙江健跳港牡蛎礁为底物受限型,可在退化礁区投放岩石修复牡蛎礁.
浓度高于毫摩尔级的铯离子即可对一般的微生物产生毒害作用.迄今为止,研究发现多株可以耐受铯离子的细菌,一些细菌耐受铯离子的浓度甚至超过200毫摩尔,这对于揭示细菌耐受铯离子机制,开展微生物修复铯污染环境具有重要意义.本文系统总结在筛选耐受铯离子细菌方面的研究进展,探讨这些菌株耐受高浓度铯离子的分子机制,展望利用微生物进行铯污染环境修复的前景,以期为探索放射性铯污染环境的微生物生态修复提供参考.
本论文以蜜环菌属(Armillaria mellea)真菌CPCC 400891为研究对象,基因组挖掘分析发现该菌株基因组中含有18个倍半萜合成酶编码基因,但其功能却鲜有报道.采用色氨酸营养缺陷型表达载体pYET,并以酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)BJ5464为宿主菌分别表达蜜环菌来源的18个倍半萜合成酶编码基因(Arm_STS1-Arm_STS16).结合气相色谱—质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)分析平台,对构建的重组菌(BJ-Arm_STS1-BJ-Arm_STS16)发酵产物进行采集分析.结果显示,蜜环菌CPCC 400891来源的12个倍半萜合成酶归属于新的类群:亚家族Ⅳ.同时,10个倍半萜合成酶在酿酒酵母中确定表达.根据美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)的标准参考数据库()检索比对,共鉴定17个倍半萜(醇)分子,包括α-雪松烯、β-雪松烯、罗汉柏烯、杜松萜烯、β-花柏烯和毕橙茄醇等.GC-MS检测分析发现,亚家族Ⅳ类群倍半萜合成酶均能合成多个(种)倍半萜分子.综上所述,本研究为后续改造并优化特定倍半萜合成酶,从而为深入开展STSs的催化机制研究奠定基础,也为从蘑菇类大型真菌中发现更多新颖的倍半萜合成酶提供依据和思考.
靛蓝色素是人类所知最古老的色素之一,广泛用于食品、医药和印染工业.靛蓝最初由植物中提取获得,作为一种色泽艳丽、无毒无害、能够生物降解的环保型染料,深受青睐.生物合成靛蓝因其绿色、高效、节约土地、安全稳定等优点,作为取代目前植物提取及化学合成的主流途径,受到广泛关注.在过去的几十年中,许多天然酶和工程酶已筛选用于合成靛蓝.本文概述了能够催化靛蓝生物合成的酶及相关应用,并探讨了当前存在的问题和未来研究方向,为推进基于生物合成的靛蓝工业化生产奠定基础.
鹿茸是中国名贵中药材,有壮肾阳,益精血,强筋骨之功效.本研究通过数据分析和实地考察相结合,对比东北地区和陕西地区等具有代表性的鹿茸产地现状,得出东北地区鹿茸在全国的优势显而易见,占全国鹿茸市场80％以上的结论.东北地区鹿茸目前所面临的问题,直接或间接影响整个鹿茸产业.近些年东北地区鹿茸由于受外来物种、花马杂交混乱、进口流通管理不佳、养殖模式不同和营销体系较为落后等因素的影响致使发展受阻.本文旨在找出部分突出问题的同时,根据实际调研情况在帮扶政策、种源溯清、市场规范和营销模式等方面提出针对性的发展对策及建议,为顶层设计、消费者和养殖户们提供参考,以期问题得以解决,以小见大,从而助推中国鹿茸产业规模和效益有进一步发展,让鹿茸资源更加优质.
红树林真菌由于其独特的生态特征、多样性特点和丰富的新型生物活性代谢产物而引起了广泛的关注.本文以漳江口红树林保护区4个采样点的沉积物为研究对象,采用8种筛选培养基(RBM、PDA、CDA、Martin、YM、SDA、ISP2和R2A)分离可培养真菌,根据ITS序列分析对其进行物种鉴定,并利用多样性指数分析评价不同采样点真菌群落的差异.结果共分离到274株真菌,隶属于2门12纲23目39科52属,其中优势属为枝顶孢属(Acremonium)(20.8％)和青霉属(Penicillium)(11.3％),其次是枝孢属(Cladosporium)(7.3％)和帚枝霉属(Sarocladium)(7.3％).8种筛选培养基中,分离出真菌种属类型最丰富的培养基是RBM,其次是PDA.根据Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Magalef丰富度指数(R)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)的分析结果,在属的水平上,距海洋的位置越近,真菌的群落多样性越高,真菌分布越均匀.
中国水产资源丰富,水产品的生产量及消费量均位于世界前列,其中很多水产品可以当做药材使用.水生动物药食同源文化源远流长,例如《山海经》中就记载有可药用的水生动物27种.本文归纳常见水生动物类食物在中医视域下的性味主治、临床应用、饮食禁忌等,研究水生动物药食同源的作用,综合分析其中蕴含的保健养生特色,既有助于现代人了解水生动物的食养食疗、疾病的防治及相关合理应用,更有助于开发水生动物药物和功能食品,丰富现代生态渔业的建设.
本文对鸟类哈氏腺的解剖学、组织学及生理功能的研究进展进行了综述,对其未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为此领域的研究提供参考.大多数鸟类哈氏腺的形态大体上无实质性差异,最常见的与家鸡相似:形状不规则,腺体被一层薄的结缔组织包膜隔成不同的小叶.根据小叶结构和排列在腺泡及小管的上皮细胞种类,鸟类哈氏腺可分为三类,即复管泡状腺,复管状腺和混合型腺,复管泡状腺中家鸡为代表,复管状腺中家鸭为代表,混合型中秃鼻乌鸦(Corvus frugilegas)为代表.腺体结构的类型可能与鸟类习性和行为有关.鸟类哈氏腺除最基本的润滑角膜和瞬膜功能外,还是B细胞活化和终末分化以及浆细胞增殖的场所,作为外周免疫器官,与脾脏、法氏囊和盲肠集合淋巴样组织一起构成决定鸟类全身和局部免疫反应的器官系统.
