Sheep and goat garment leather is widely utilized in the apparel industry because of its softness, flexibility, lightweight characteristics, and excellent mechanical performance, making it suitable for high-quality leather garments. The quality of garment leather plays a crucial role in determining not only product durability but also wearer comfort and freedom of movement during use. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical characteristics of sheep/goat garment leather based on the requirements of SNI 4593:2011 and to discuss their implications from the perspective of industrial ergonomics. A descriptive research approach was employed using laboratory testing in accordance with SNI 4593:2011. The evaluated parameters included organoleptic properties, leather thickness, tear strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, softness, crack resistance, water absorption, finish rub fastness, and other quality characteristics specified in the standard. The experimental results were analyzed descriptively by comparing each parameter with the quality requirements established in SNI 4593:2011 to determine the conformity of the tested leather. The evaluation indicated that most of the measured physical and mechanical properties satisfied the standard requirements, demonstrating that the leather possesses adequate structural integrity and flexibility for garment applications. Nevertheless, several parameters require further optimization to achieve full compliance with the national standard and to enhance overall product quality. From an industrial ergonomics perspective, the observed mechanical properties indicate that the evaluated leather is capable of accommodating body movements while maintaining structural stability during repeated use. Appropriate flexibility, tensile strength, and softness are expected to improve range of motion, wearing comfort, and long-term durability, whereas physical characteristics related to moisture behavior may influence thermal comfort and user satisfaction. Overall, the evaluated sheep/goat garment leather demonstrated good conformity with SNI 4593:2011, suggesting its suitability for garment applications. Future improvements should focus on optimizing leather processing and finishing to enhance both material performance and ergonomic quality while preserving the favorable mechanical properties of the leather
PT. XYZ, as a work unit under the Ministry of Industry, is responsible for conducting training for industrial human resources. Improving the quality of training services is essential to ensure participant satisfaction. This study aims to analyze service quality using the Fuzzy Servqual method, which combines Fuzzy logic and servqual concepts to objectively measure the gap between customer expectations and perceptions. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to in-house training participants at PT. XYZ. The results indicate that the service quality has met participants' expectations, with an average positive gap value of 0.061 and a quality (Q) average of 1.014. Based on the Fuzzy Servqual method and Cartesian diagram analysis, four attributes were prioritized for improvement: ease of using the SIDIA information system, ease of contacting PT. XYZ, training meal quality, and communication between instructors/organizers and participants.
The advancement of information technology has transformed library and archival services into digital systems that support academic research. This study examines the utilization of digital collections and electronic archives at ATK Polytechnic Yogyakarta, focusing on their roles, benefits, and challenges. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed using observation, interviews, and documentation. The participants consisted of nine undergraduate students and one faculty member selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The findings reveal that digital collections, including e-books, e-journals, institutional repositories, and digital theses, serve as primary scholarly references, while electronic archives provide research data such as reports, policy documents, statistics, and institutional records. These resources improve information accessibility, enhance literature retrieval efficiency, strengthen theoretical foundations, and accelerate research activities. However, limited access to subscription-based journals, incomplete archive digitization, inadequate internet connectivity, and insufficient information retrieval skills remain challenges. Continuous service improvement and digital infrastructure development are essential to enhance research productivity.
This study explores the strategic digital transformation of Agradaya, an Indonesian small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) committed to ethical sourcing and social impact in the agricultural sector. Operating in contexts characterized by low productivity and limited market access, Agradaya utilizes digital platforms to connect smallholder farmers directly with consumers, thereby bypassing intermediaries and promoting fair trade practices. The study identifies key strategic drivers of this transformation, including evolving digital market dynamics, technological advancements, supportive government policies, and the firm’s embedded social mission. Using an integrated strategic analysis framework, comprising PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces, SWOT, VRIO, Value Chain, Competitive Profile Matrix, Grand Strategy Matrix, and Ansoff Matrix, the research highlights Agradaya’s core strengths in farmer empowerment and agri-social branding, while also addressing challenges related to logistics, funding constraints, and impact measurement. The findings emphasize the firm’s dual orientation toward commercial sustainability and social value creation, and underscore the importance of a stewardship-driven organizational culture in fostering resilience and long-term growth. This case provides practical and theoretical insights for social enterprises undertaking digital transformation in emerging agricultural economies.
Box leather is one of the most widely used chrome-tanned leathers for footwear upper applications due to its excellent combination of mechanical strength, flexibility, and surface quality. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical characteristics of box leather for footwear upper applications based on the requirements of SNI 0234:2009 and to discuss their implications from the perspective of industrial ergonomics. A descriptive research approach was employed through laboratory testing, including organoleptic assessment, thickness, tear strength, tanning maturity, finish rub fastness, water absorption, tensile strength, elongation at break, softness, crack resistance, burst resistance, and flex resistance, following the procedures specified in SNI 0234:2009. The results showed that most of the evaluated parameters complied with the standard requirements. The leather exhibited a thickness of 1.30 mm, tear strength of 52.38 kg/cm, tensile strength of 1653.26 kg/cm², elongation at break of 60.49%, and satisfactory crack resistance, burst resistance, and flex resistance, all of which fulfilled the requirements of SNI 0234:2009. However, water absorption after 2 h (89.69%) and 24 h (100.35%), grain adhesion (nerf), and wet finish rub fastness did not fully satisfy the standard and therefore require further improvement. From an industrial ergonomics perspective, the excellent mechanical performance indicates that the evaluated box leather possesses sufficient flexibility, structural stability, and resistance to repetitive loading, making it suitable for footwear upper applications that demand long-term comfort and durability. Conversely, the relatively high water absorption may reduce user comfort by increasing moisture retention and footwear weight during prolonged use. Overall, the evaluated box leather demonstrated good conformity with SNI 0234:2009, with future improvements recommended for moisture resistance, grain adhesion, and finishing performance through optimization of the retanning and finishing processes
The study aimed to compare the effects of using lime suspension and saturated lime water in the goat skin liming process, focusing on solution properties and skin characteristics. Liming was conducted at 26 °C for 60 minutes using a stirrer, with a skin-to-solution ratio of 1:10 and 2 g Ca(OH)₂ per 100 ml water. The initial pH values were 11.69 (lime suspension) and 11.62 (lime water), while initial conductivity was 7439 μS/cm and 4971 μS/cm, respectively. Observed variables included pH, TDS, electrical conductivity, precipitate weight, and skin weight gain and characteristics. Results showed no significant difference in pH between treatments during liming (p = 0.075) and no significant difference in skin weight gain (p = 0.067). However, solution conductivity differed significantly (p = 0.002), with lime suspension producing higher conductivity values. At the end of liming, precipitate weights were 1.53 g for lime suspension and 0.04 g for lime water, indicating more undissolved material in the suspension method. Skin characteristics, such as color, pH, and elasticity, were similar for both treatments. The findings suggest that while lime suspension and lime water produce comparable results in terms of pH and skin weight gain, they differ in conductivity and precipitate formation. The reduced precipitate in lime water indicates a cleaner process, which could contribute to clean production practices in the leather industry by minimizing solid waste without compromising leather quality. This research provides a scientific basis for considering saturated lime water as an alternative to lime suspension, potentially reducing environmental impact while maintaining product performance in goat skin leather processing.
Tofu industry wastewater in Indonesia contains high concentrations of organic pollutants, especially chemical oxygen demand (COD), which often exceed regulatory discharge limits due to the lack of effective treatment systems in small-scale production units. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of durian peel as a low-cost adsorbent for COD removal. The adsorbent was prepared through carbonization at 300°C for 1 hour and activated using 30% H₃PO₄ for 24 hours. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted by varying contact time (0–150 minutes) and adsorbent dosage (0.2–1.0 g) at constant shaking speed (150 rpm). The result showed that activated durian peel demonstrated potential as an adsorbent for tofu wastewater, though its iodine number fell below the SNI 06-3730-1995 standard. The optimum condition was achieved at 90 minutes and 0.6 g adsorbent, resulting in 85.75% COD removal. Adsorption equilibrium data were analysis using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Freundlich model provided a better fit (R² = 0.7663), indicating multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. These findings confirm the potential of durian peel as an effective biosorbent for tofu wastewater treatment under optimal adsorption conditions.
An experimental study on the variation of heating rates in determining melting temperature using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was conducted. This research aimed to investigate the effect of different heating rates on the determination of melting temperature using DSC, employing Indium Standard Reference Material (SRM) Lot BD147. The standard and sample were analyzed at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C/min. The resulted melting temperatures were analyzed using ANOVA, which revealed statistically significant differences. Heating rates of 5, 15, 20, and 25°C/min showed significant deviations from the standard rate of 10°C/min, indicating that 10°C/min is the most suitable rate for accurate melting temperature analysis based on ISO 11357-3.
Indonesia, the world's largest cassava producer, has substantial potential in the tapioca industry, with major production centers in Lampung, South Sumatra, and Central Java. However, the industry also generates acidic wastewater with high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), posing environmental risks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of fine-bubble aeration in reducing TDS and stabilizing pH in tapioca industrial wastewater. Aeration was carried out at airflow rates of 2 and 5 L/min for up to 60 minutes. Results showed a significant TDS reduction from ~1650 mg/L to 1000–1100 mg/L and a pH increase from 1.8 to 6.0–6.4. The 5 L/min rate achieved faster improvements. The findings suggest that fine-bubble aeration enhanced flocculation, oxidation of organic compounds , and the release of dissolved gases, providing an efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly approach for tapioca wastewater treatment.
This study investigates the effect of roasting temperature and duration on sulphur removal and metal recovery from laterite residue obtained through atmospheric leaching of limonitic ore. The residue, characterized by high sulphur (7.43 wt.%) and iron (21.38 wt.%) content, was subjected to roasting at temperatures ranging from 500 °C to 800 °C for up to 120 minutes. XRD analysis revealed the presence of fayalite, hematite, enstatite, and jarosite, indicating stable sulphur-bearing and silicate phases. Results showed that complete sulphur removal (100%) was achieved at ≥750 °C within 30 minutes, while only partial removal (~45%) occurred at 500 °C. Iron and manganese recovery increased with temperature, reaching 28.46% and 26.50%, respectively, at 750 °C for 90 minutes. The improved recovery was attributed to the thermal decomposition of sulphates and oxidation of metal species to more leachable oxides. Roasting at 750 °C for 90 minutes was identified as the optimum condition, balancing sulphur elimination, metal recovery, and energy efficiency.
This study investigates the electrochemical performance of a biobattery using orange peel extract as the electrolyte. Four experimental groups were evaluated using fresh and dried orange peel matrices combined with either distilled water or seawater. Open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Isc), and power density were measured. All instruments were calibrated prior to testing. The results show that citrus waste can generate measurable electrical energy, with Voc ranging from 0.83 V to 1.36 V and Isc ranging from 0.26 mA to 0.54 mA. Maximum power density achieved was 73 μW/cm². The findings demonstrate that orange-peel-derived electrolytes are promising sustainable alternatives for low-power applications.
Accurate shoe sizing plays a crucial role in ensuring comfort, performance, and consumer satisfaction, particularly for women whose foot shapes exhibit considerable anatomical variability. To address this challenge, this research proposes a data-driven modeling framework for developing a women’s shoe sizing system based on three-dimensional foot scanner data. The study was carried out through a systematic process consisting of data preprocessing, clustering using the K-Means algorithm, and evaluation of the clustering performance. The clustering analysis identified four optimal clusters within the dataset, representing distinct patterns in foot dimension measurements. The evaluation result, with a Silhouette Score of 0.25, indicates a moderate yet acceptable level of cohesion and separation among the clusters. These findings demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively capture the underlying structure of women’s foot morphology, providing a scientific foundation for establishing more accurate, customized, and ergonomically appropriate shoe sizing standards.
Handbag design serves not only as a fashion accessory but also as a medium for cultural preservation. This paper discusses the design process of a leather handbag inspired by the visual heritage of Bajang Ratu Temple in Mojokerto, a historical site from the Majapahit Kingdom renowned for its architectural and symbolic values. The primary objective of this research is to create a fashion product that integrates traditional aesthetics with contemporary functionality, while also fostering public appreciation of local cultural heritage. The study adopts a creative design methodology, employing data collection through literature review, visual observation, form and ornament analysis, as well as material and production technique exploration. The design outcome demonstrates the integration of distinctive elements of Bajang Ratu Temple, such as the paduraksa gate form and geometric structures, which are transformed into handbag features. The final product takes the form of a prototype that can be further replicated by practitioners in the fashion and leathercraft industries. This research highlights that the integration of product design and local cultural heritage can generate innovative and economically valuable outcomes, while contributing to the preservation of Indonesia’s cultural identity.
The rubber industry plays a crucial role in global manufacturing, with Indonesia being one of the leading natural rubber producers. One of the major processing defects encountered in rubber moulding is insufficient material loading, also known as a short shot, which can result in significant material waste and product rejection. This study investigates a repair method that involves adding a fresh rubber compound to patch defective rubber specimens. The method was applied by trimming a portion of the vulcanized rubber and replacing it with a fresh compound of the same formulation, followed by re-vulcanization. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation at break, tear resistance, hardness, and abrasion resistance, were evaluated following ASTM standards. Results indicated that repaired specimens generally retained acceptable mechanical performance, with abrasion resistance improving alongside increased patching percentages. These findings suggest that patching short-shot defects with fresh compound is a promising and cost-effective approach for reducing waste while maintaining product quality.
The management of non-recyclable plastic waste in various Waste Banks and 3R Waste Transfer Stations (TPS 3R) in the Sleman Regency serves as the background for the development of this waste processing incinerator. This research aims to design and construct an incinerator prototype as a waste processing tool suitable for application at Waste Banks or TPS 3R facilities. The results are expected to provide crucial insights for improving combustion efficiency and reducing exhaust emissions, thereby making the plastic waste combustion process more environmentally friendly and efficient. The designed waste processing capacity has a volume of 1 m³, equipped with a wet scrubber to eliminate exhaust pollutants before release into the atmosphere. The incinerator dimensions are designed to measure 900 mm x 900 mm x 1000 mm. Combustion test results indicated a duration of 30 minutes for the waste to burn thoroughly and turn into ash. From an initial 25 kg of waste, the remaining mass after combustion was 4.05 kg. The design and construction of the incinerator required a budget of Rp 37,373,200.00. This plastic waste incinerator design is expected to serve as a waste processing solution for both TPS 3R facilities and Waste Banks.
近年来，我国加大了经济对外开放的力度，从而促进了我国社会经济水平的显著提升，为城市化建设工作的全面开展创造了良好的基础，从而为建筑工程行业的发展带来了诸多的机遇。经过实践调查我们发现，现下以往传统的建筑工程设计已经不能在满足当前建筑工程行业发展的需要了，将BIM技术加以实践运用能够有效的缓解建筑工程工作效率低下，施工周期长的问题。鉴于此，这篇文章主要针对BIM技术在建筑工程设计中的切实运用展开全面的分析研究，希望能够对我国建筑工程行业持续稳定发展起到积极的影响。
为促进社会的稳定和谐,发展养老产业意义重大.养老产业是为老年人提供养老相关产品和特定服务的产业,发展养老产业在满足老年人群社会需求的同时,又促进了产业结构转型升级.文章对构建养老产业长期投资管理生态展开论述,首先对长期投资的概念进行说明,再对人口老龄化特点和养老产业现状展开分析,最后探究了养老产业长期投资管理生态建设的要点,希望能够为有关企业投资决策提供参考.
本文基于网络直播平台对服装行业网络营销进行研究,先阐述了服装企业网络视频直播营销模式,如网红+网络直播、电商+网络直播、普通人+网络直播等,提出了几点切实可行的营销措施,主要包括打造以直播为主和达人主播为辅的主播组合、提供性价比高的产品、策划品效合一的直播内容、不断创新升级直播场景、精细化运行品牌私域流量池,进而达到提升网络营销效益目的.
大数据时代,信息化变革的趋势已经渗透到各规模各行业的企业中,人力资源信息化变革不仅仅是企业的生存之道,更将成为企业创新和转型的契机.然而,农业龙头企业的组织结构简单,信息化变革实行效率低,基于此,文章通过实地调研,对几家企业的管理者进行访谈,了解当前农业龙头企业追求人力资源信息化变革的真实困境,结合理论总结出关于人才培育和人才保留两大层面的对策,具体形成五大方案,为农业企业今后人力开发的方向提供理论与实践参考.
热塑性树脂功能助剂在热塑性树脂制造中有着重要作用,可有效改善热塑性树脂材料分子的结构特征、功能特征或理化特性,从而改善树脂材料本身的性能缺陷,赋予热塑性树脂材料一些功能特性、理化特性.本文研究热塑性树脂材料常用功能助剂的制备与应用,以期为热塑性树脂材料的完善和环保应用提供参考.
