The rapid development of terahertz (THz) technology brings about the issue of electromagnetic interference (EMI) pollution. Enormous attention has been attracted to develop high-performance THz EMI shielding materials. Herein, a Ti _3 C _2 T _x MXene@BNS/SiC _w /SiOC composite with superior THz wave shielding performance is developed through heterogeneous interface engineering. Sucroses are grafted onto BN nanoparticles (BNSs) to enhance the interfacial interactions between the MXene and BN. Driven by hydrogen bonding, the BNS is uniformly dispersed on the layer surface of Ti _3 C _2 T _x . Afterward, SiC whiskers (SiC _w ) are introduced to enhance heterogeneous interface engineering. The fabrication parameters are optimized through an orthogonal experimental design. The resulting bulk MXene@BNS/SiC _w /SiOC composite has a high average SE _T of 42.3 dB. Its excellent THz wave dissipation capability is attributed to the enhanced interfacial polarization from the numerous heterointerfaces, as well as conductive loss. Subsequently, four types of three-period minimal surface (TPMS) metastructures with Diamond (D), I-Wrapped Parallel (I-WP), Gyroid (G), and Primitive (P) architectures are designed and fabricated via vat photopolymerization 3D printing. Among these, the SE _T value of the developed D metastructure is improved to 68.3 dB, which is higher than that of most reported EMI shielding materials. Its special porous structure increases the internal multiple reflections of electromagnetic waves, leading to superior THz wave shielding performance. The architecture also demonstrates hydrophobicity and excellent thermal transfer capability. This work sheds new light on the development of advanced THz wave shielding materials through heterogeneous interface engineering and 3D-printed metastructure design.
Tantalum − tungsten alloys are critical for extreme aerospace applications. However, the oxidation sensitivity and processability limitations associated with conventional manufacturing routes severely constrain the mechanical performance and manufacturability of tantalum−tungsten alloys. This study proposes a new process for fabricating Ta − 12W alloys using “selective laser melting + rolling + inter-pass electrical treatment” (ET − AMR), which achieves a synergistic enhancement of both strength and ductility. First, a substrate with fine grains, high density, complete element diffusion, and no segregation was fabricated using selective laser melting technology. Subsequent multi-pass rolling refined the microstructure and stored substantial deformation energy along the columnar grain growth direction. Inter-pass electrical treatment facilitated dislocation disentanglement, alleviated stress concentration, and induced strain delocalization. The combined effect of rolling and pulsed current effectively repaired internal pores and cracks, reducing the porosity from 0.15% to 0.002% and significantly improving material densification. Specific annealing procedures further enhanced the mechanical properties and grain evolution behavior of the Ta−12W alloy, with the tensile strength increasing by 63% and elongation approximately 3.3 times higher than those of the as-built state, reaching 986 MPa and 14.8%, respectively. After annealing, coarse–fine grain heterostructures and subgrain-recrystallized heterostructures formed, while columnar grains transformed into layered equiaxed grains along the build direction. During plastic deformation, the heterogeneity in grain size and type led to dislocation pile-up, further enhancing heterogeneous deformation-induced strengthening and promoting a synergistic increase in ductility under high strength. This study provides new insights into the high-performance fabrication and development of tantalum−tungsten alloys.
Abstract Wearable electronics require mechanically compliant, highly-integrated platforms that combine multiple functional modules to achieve continuous physiological monitoring. However, existing systems remain constrained by wired or unstable power delivery and insufficient system-level integration, leading to poor functional reliability and wearability. Here, we report a self-contained wearable device that integrates wireless charging batteries and multimodal sensors within a single flexible platform. Each functional module is structurally engineered through customized geometry designs and realized using multimaterial direct-ink-writing 3D printing, enabling high performance together with seamless structural and electrical interconnections. The integrated system consists of a rectangular wireless charging coil for efficient energy harvesting, serpentine battery electrodes for flexible energy storage, and a Hilbert-serpentine temperature sensor combined with an interdigital pressure sensor for accurate physiological signal detection. The resulting device is self-contained and skin-conformal, demonstrating real-time monitoring during daily activities, vigorous exercise, and febrile conditions. This study establishes a generalizable architecture for self-contained wearable electronics, offering a pathway toward next-generation intelligent and autonomous wearable electronics.
Abstract The deployment of autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) within complex physical systems remains a grand challenge. While intelligent manufacturing aims to address this by infusing industrial processes with real-time adaptation, the prevailing approach often involves applying machine learning (ML) to isolated, well-defined sub-problems. This component-wise strategy, however, proves insufficient for processes like Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), where geometric fidelity is governed by deeply coupled, multi-scale thermo-fluid dynamics that defy simple predictive modelling. Here, using WAAM as a foundational case study of a complex cyber-physical system, we provide a systematic review of the intelligent strategies required for end-to-end geometry control. We deconstruct this challenge into a unified framework spanning the full process chain—pre-deposition, in-process, and post-deposition—and map the corresponding control methods onto the critical physical scales of the bead, layer, and part. Our synthesis reveals that the primary limitations are not a lack of algorithmic novelty, but fundamental issues of model generalisation from sparse, high-cost data and the integration of heterogeneous physical priors. This analysis points towards a necessary paradigm shift: moving from static, data-driven prediction towards dynamic, autonomous control architectures. We argue that realising the next generation of intelligent manufacturing requires a focus on integrated systems, such as physics-informed digital twins and multi-sensor fusion platforms, that can holistically manage process complexity in real-time.
Abstract Multifunctional self-powered fibers demonstrate significant potential for applications in wearable flexible electronics, human-machine interfaces, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems. A critical challenge in this field is achieving the effective integration and versatile application of various functional fibers. This study presents a novel multifunctional coaxial energy fiber capable of simultaneous energy harvesting, storage, and utilization. The fiber features a coaxial architecture that integrates an inner fiber-shaped zinc-ion supercapacitor (F-ZnSC) for energy storage and an outer spiral-yarn triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for energy harvesting and self-powered pressure sensor. The F-ZnSC comprises MXene-modified spiral yarn electrodes, a zinc wire anode, and a Gelatin/ZnSO₄ gel electrolyte, achieving a high specific capacitance of 455 mF cm⁻¹ along with excellent rate capability and cycling stability (e.g., ~96.6% capacitance retention after 5,000 cycles). The outer spiral-yarn TENG exhibits a high pressure sensitivity of 8 V kPa⁻¹, enabling effective and real-time monitoring of finger motions. Combining with a deep learning algorithm, the system recognizes five distinct hand gestures with an accuracy of 96.25%, demonstrating its utility in advanced game control and human-machine interaction. Furthermore, the encapsulation layer shared by the TENG and the F-ZnSC forms an additional contact-separation mode energy harvester. Ten such devices connected in parallel yield an output power of 177.1 μW, sufficient to power small electronics such as watches and calculators. This work highlights the promise of the coaxial energy fiber as a versatile platform for adaptive wearable energy systems, self-powered interfaces, and intelligent sensing.
