This study evaluated ethanol production and cell viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures under different concentrations of dipotassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄). Batch fermentations were carried out in shake flasks using an orbital thermostatic incubator at 30 °C, with an initial pH of 5.80. The K₂HPO₄ concentration in the culture medium was adjusted to 1.50, 2.70, and 3.20 g L⁻¹. Cultures supplemented with 3.20 g L⁻¹ K₂HPO₄ achieved the highest biomass concentration (12.10 ± 0.30 g L⁻¹). Moreover, ethanol production reached 16% (v/v) under this condition, whereas only 9% (v/v) was obtained at 1.50 g L⁻¹. Regarding volumetric ethanol productivity, a 1.6-fold increase was estimated when the K₂HPO₄ concentration was increased from 1.50 to 3.20 g L⁻¹. Additionally, under the 3.20 g L⁻¹ condition, cell viability remained above 90%, reaching a maximum of 97%, even when ethanol concentration in the broth reached 16% (v/v). In contrast, cell viability decreased by 10% and 7% at 1.50 and 2.70 g L⁻¹, respectively, when ethanol concentrations exceeded 7% (v/v). Overall, the results demonstrated that kinetic parameters such as cell viability, volumetric productivity, and ethanol concentration were positively affected by increasing K₂HPO₄ concentration, supporting its use as a nutritional strategy in the culture medium to enhance ethanol biosynthesis. These findings are particularly relevant as they highlight the potential of K₂HPO₄ as a strategic and economical nutrient to optimize ethanolic fermentations on an industrial scale, contributing to the design of bioprocesses with improvements in metabolic efficiency and prolonged productive capacity throughout the fermentation cycles.
Pesticide spray drift is an off-target pathway in extensive cropping systems that can lead to the exposure of non-target organisms and nearby human populations. This study compared drift-related risk indices for pesticides commonly used in Uruguay using two indicator-based methodologies: POCER (terrestrial organisms and human health) and HAIR (aquatic organisms). Risk indices were calculated using locally derived drift deposition percentages measured at 5, 15, 30, 50, 75, and 100 m downwind under a conservative operational scenario (boom height 120 cm; mean wind speed 20 km h⁻¹) over residue-covered soil. Risk patterns varied according to active ingredient, droplet size, and distance. For bees, chlorpyrifos exceeded the risk threshold (RI ≥ 1) at all distances, while lambda-cyhalothrin exceeded this threshold with fine and medium droplets but not with very coarse droplets. Earthworm risk indices remained below the threshold (RI < 1) at 5 m for all active ingredients. For aquatic organisms, pyraclostrobin and several insecticides exceeded RI ≥ 1 at 15 m, and the use of coarser droplets reduced but did not always eliminate risk. For human health, most substances showed RI < 1 for bystanders and children, whereas paraquat required larger buffer distances under fine and medium droplets. Overall, the results support the use of scenario-based risk indices as comparative tools and suggest that fixed buffer distances may be insufficient for some active ingredients. Product-specific buffer zones and complementary drift mitigation practices should be considered.
The study identified the plant-parasitic nematodes associated with kenaf in selected locations in southwest Nigeria. A survey was conducted in kenaf fields in Ile-Ife and Ikenne, Ibadan and Ilora in September, 2022. The soil sampling procedure involved the collection of samples from 30 distinct locations proximate to the plant roots. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) were extracted, identified and counted. The frequency of occurrence (FO) and population densities (PD) of the extracted nematodes were calculated. Four genera of PPNs were associated with kenaf in all study locations. These were Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, and Tylenchus. In Ile-Ife, Meloidogyne had the highest population density per 200 ml soil (72.7%), followed by Helicotylenchus (21.4%), while the lowest density was recorded for Tylenchus (2.0%). In Ikenne, the highest density was recorded for Meloidogyne (47.3%), followed by Pratylenchus (27.9%), and Helicotylenchus (24.4%). The lowest nematode density was recorded for Tylenchus (0.5%). In Ilora, the highest density was recorded for Meloidogyne (66.9%), followed by Helicotylenchus (23.9%), while the lowest density was recorded for Tylenchus (1.4%). The survey in Ibadan showed that nematode with the highest density was Meloidogyne (61.1%), followed by Helicotylenchus (28.0%), while the least density was recorded for Tylenchus (1.3%). This study concluded that four genera of PPN were associated with kenaf in Ikenne, Ile-Ife, Ilora and Ibadan. These were Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus and Tylenchus. The most abundant was Meloidogyne. Therefore, in the management of PPN genera that may impact kenaf production in southwest Nigeria in kenaf, more emphasis should be placed on root-knot nematodes.
The crisis in the Uruguayan dairy industry raises alerts about the intensification processes and the expulsion of family dairy producers who supply industrial plants. In the period 2010-2020, a reduction of almost 800 milk producers was seen in the country. In this context, research was carried out from the qualitative paradigm that sought, from the case of the members of the Agremiación de Tamberos de Canelones (association of dairy farmers of Canelones), to understand the processes of disaffiliation of dairy farmers to the dairy industry between 2005 and 2020. A four-stage methodological strategy was proposed, which triangulated different techniques (interviews, observation, document review) to collect the perspective of disaffiliated dairy family producers. The obtained results allowed for the characterization of milk production at the national level and in the department of Canelones, as well as the identification of different trajectories of disaffiliation of union members in the study period. Various aspects of the intensification process and the increase in the complexity of management driven by the chain arose among the main factors of disaffiliation, which stress the land-family-production relationships, impacting the possibilities of permanence and reproduction in the sector for family producers.
Handroanthus chrysanthus and Swietenia macrophylla are ecologically and economically significant tree species whose populations have declined due to high demand for their timber, adversely affecting their natural regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the ecophysiological response to increased photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in H. chrysanthus and S. macrophylla seedlings under Amazonian conditions. Assimilation measurements (A) were performed using a portable iFL-LCpro-SD system. The evaluation of A in response to increased PPFD ranged from 25 to 1800 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹. Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated as the ratio between A and the transpiration rate (E). S. macrophylla exhibited a significantly higher maximum photosynthetic assimilation rate (Amax, 9.4 ± 0.52 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to H. chrysanthus (6.18 ± 0.17 µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, p < 0.05), indicating greater carbon fixation efficiency. S. macrophylla showed a maximum WUE (WUEmax) of 13.17 ± 0.24 µmol mmol⁻¹ at 600 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD, while H. chrysanthus reached its WUEmax (6.16 ± 0.23 µmol mmol⁻¹) at 750 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD. These results suggest that S. macrophylla exhibits higher WUE under high irradiance conditions, potentially due to more efficient stomatal regulation and an optimized balance between carbon fixation and water loss via transpiration.
Compounds derived from microorganisms have considerable potential in fish preservation. Among them, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely studied because they dominate the natural microflora of many foods and produce antimicrobial metabolites. Accordingly, this research aimed to optimize the processing of Arapaima gigas meat products through the application of probiotic LAB. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed among treatments. Higher pH values were recorded in canned products treated with Lactobacillus plantarum (6.90), while lower values occurred in fresh/raw products with Leuconostoc mesenteroides (6.45). Titratable acidity was higher in mojama (salted/dried) processed with Lactobacillus reuteri (0.60%) and lower in canned products with the same strain (0.39%). Moisture content was greater in fresh/raw samples (69.20% with L. plantarum) and lower in mojama (20.41% with L. reuteri). Ash content was concentrated in salted/dried products (28%), fat was higher in canned samples (>28%), and protein predominated in fresh/raw products, reaching 19.89% with L. reuteri. Microbiologically, treatment T1 (fresh/raw + L. plantarum) showed 65 CFU/g of total cocci and low enterobacteria counts (10 CFU/g), with no detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., molds, or yeasts. In treatments T6 (mojama + L. reuteri) and T8 (canned + L. mesenteroides) no microbial growth was detected. Overall, probiotic LAB combined with appropriate processing improved microbial safety and contributed to the nutritional stability of A. gigas products.
This study analyzes two family farms in eastern Uruguay (“Mibro” and “Domo Tortuga”) which integrate agroecological production and marketing models with digital tools. It seeks to understand how these models contribute to the sustainability of their enterprises and their communities. A multi-method and participatory approach was adopted, grounded in Soft Systems Thinking and Action Research. Through a collective process of data production with the farmers, evidence was generated about their practices, while also strengthening their decision-making capacities. Digitalization was promoted through participatory pilot experiences aimed at improving farm management and communication. Farmers, neighbors, and technicians collaborated in the design, testing, and implementation of digital tools. The analysis (based on visits, interviews, and agroecological assessments) identified progress, tensions, and lessons learned. In Mibro, productive diversification, local networks, and work structure foster resilient growth, though sustained planning remains necessary. In Domo Tortuga, cultural identity shapes both the productive project and its communication, with digital tools used mainly for expressive and community purposes rather than commercial ones. Both cases show that sustainability in agroecology is a dynamic process of adaptation between tradition and emerging practices. Agroecological Digitalization emerges as a situated and selective use of digital technologies in agroecological systems that supports sustainability without undermining agroecological practices, values, or local autonomy. We also highlight the importance of generating information for agroecological management in contexts with limited data availability. The lessons and recommendations emphasize the value of listening and respect for diverse knowledges, and admiring local actors who seek solutions in times of crisis.
Invasive species have spread, overcoming dispersion and adaptation barriers. These invasions affect ecological functions and economic activity, especially in areas close to urban centers. In Uruguay, species such as Ligustrum lucidum (privet) threaten native forests, highlighting the need for research and collaboration for their control. Directed grazing is suggested as a potentially effective tool to control invasive species. To evaluate the effectivity of livestock grazing as a strategy for privet control, a study was conducted at Las Brujas Experimental Station of the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) in Canelones, Uruguay. Six plots of 0.04 hectares each were established in an area invaded by privet, divided into two blocks with different tree coverages. Using a completely randomized block design, the effects of sheep grazing on privet control were evaluated. Variables such as plants number, height, number of leaves, presence of apical bud and cut buds were recorded before and after the grazing period. At the end of the experiment, grazing reduced the total number of plants and apical buds, especially in plants less than 25 cm tall. Sheep grazing emerges as a promising alternative for privet control by reducing chemical use and costs. However, a single grazing period is not enough to drastically reduce the privet seedlings population. Further research is needed to examine the effects of higher stocking rates or different breeds and to assess the long-term impacts of sustained grazing on the same area.
Leucaena greggii is a native and endemic species of northeastern Mexico, distributed in semi-arid ecosystems in the states of Coahuila and Nuevo León. This taxon was recently included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, requiring its protection and ex situ conservation. The study was conducted at the Botanical Garden of Antonio Narro University in Saltillo, Mexico. The objective of this research was to characterize the morphology of the pods and seeds of L. greggii. During the fruiting stage, variables such as height, canopy cover, and stem diameter were recorded for each of the four trees. From each tree, 65 pods were collected, and their length, width, weight, shape, and color were measured. For 100 seeds from each tree, the variables length, width, thickness, weight, shape, and color were also recorded. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation analysis at a 5% probability level were performed for each quantified variable in pods and seeds. The results showed that the pods had an average length of 17.92 cm, width of 12.68 mm, and weight of 0.002 kg, with an elongated shape and mustard-brown color (YR 7/8). The seeds measured 9.30 mm in length, 6.84 mm in width, and 1.94 mm in thickness, weighed 0.086 mg, and had an oblong or elongated shape with a dark-brown color (YR 4/6). The number of seeds per kg was 12,155.44. This study found a positive and significant correlation between the length-weight and length-width variables for both seeds and pods.
The Algerian sheep flock, primarily located in the steppe regions, is composed of four major breeds: Ouled Djellal, Rembi, Hamra, and Beni Guil, of which the Rembi breed ranked second in number after Ouled Djellal. To better understand sheep farming practices, particularly regarding reproduction, 119 farmers from the departments of Djelfa, Laghouat, and Tiaret, where the Rembi breed is dominant, were surveyed. The results show that most flocks are of medium size, and that sedentary farming is the most common breeding method. The name of Rembi breed varieties differ among breeders. The name “Rembi” (properly said) predominates, followed by the name of “Chaala” and that of “Sagaa”. Other names, such as “Chagra” and “Djelfet Botma” are less commonly used. For reproductive management, most farmers rely on natural mating, and the use of the allotment is done either automatically or occasionally. Estrus occurs naturally without the use of hormonal treatments. A correlation between reproduction practices adopted by breeders and the breed diversity of each flock was observed. The anarchic character of breed mixing on farms was noted, further accentuating the crossbreeding of different breeds and varieties. Sheep farming in the Algerian steppe, particularly the Rembi breed, combines tradition practices and modern techniques. Nevertheless, the lack of a global strategy and poor management lead to widespread crossbreeding, threatening the Rembi breed.
Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of rainfall and drying time on the efficacy of two chemical insecticides used to control the oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple orchards. The study was carried out at the Temperate Climate Fruit Experimental Station of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Uva e Vinho) in Vacaria, RS, Brazil, in a 0.4‑hectare orchard with 7‑ and 8‑year‑old Gala and Fuji apple trees during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 production cycles. A Swanson‑type rainfall simulator was employed to reproduce rainfall events under commercial orchard conditions. Simulated rainfall at intensities of 10 or 50 mm h⁻¹ did not reduce the overall efficacy of insecticide control within 1 hour after precipitation. Notably, control efficacy increased during the first 30 minutes of rainfall, likely due to the redistribution of pesticides across plant surfaces. A drying period of 6 hours for both phosmet and chlorantraniliprole was sufficient to maintain insecticide performance, regardless of rainfall intensity. These findings provide practical guidance for apple growers, supporting informed decision‑making regarding the optimal timing for insecticide reapplication under varying rainfall conditions.
The arrival of Teratosphaeria nubilosa drastically impacted the production of Eucalyptus globulus Labill in Uruguay. However, information regarding growth losses is scarce. The objective of this work was to quantify the effect of the disease on the productivity of E. globulus plantations through modeling and simulation of growth with different levels of disease. For this, diameter at breast height (DBH) and total height were measured in 7 year-old plantations and individual volume was calculated. This information was used to adjust linear and non-linear mixed models that would allow estimating DBH average, total height average of the stand and volume per hectare, relating growth parameters with the Crown Damage Index (CDI) at 6, 12 and 24 months old. The results indicated a significant negative relationship of CDI12 (P < 0.05) with DBH and volume (predictor variables). The estimated growth at 7 years by modeling with CDI = 0 (without crown damage) was higher than the observed growth (14.5 vs. 13.1 cm for DBH and 116.5 vs. 93.7 m³/ha for volume, respectively). The intensity of Teratosphaeria Leaf Disease (TLD) and the relative wood volume loss caused by the disease damage did not vary with site quality. This reinforces previous results showing that site selection does not significantly contribute as alternative management to mitigate the impact of the disease. This work allowed an estimation of the negative effect of TLD on E. globulus in Uruguay.
The implementation of industrial agriculture has generated record levels of poverty, hunger, migration, and environmental degradation, intensified by climate change, and energy and financial crises. Thus, Uruguay has presented a sustained decrease in the number and area of horticultural systems, mainly family farming systems. In this context, the ongoing yet steady growth of agroecological farms is striking. Based on the principle of society-nature co-evolution, they promote environmental, technical, socio-economic, and political sustainability. Understanding the elements that contribute to the growth of these farms is essential for promoting their development. This study aims to generate knowledge that contributes to transitioning towards agroecological systems by identifying and analyzing aspects that enhance the development of horticultural-based farm systems in the Regional Sur-Sur of the Agroecology Network of Uruguay. As an approach, triangulation was carried out between quantitative and qualitative methods through semi-structured interviews, field trips, workshops, and the development of indicators. The results show that, within the family farms studied, the adoption of the agroecological paradigm is perceived as a way of life that promotes a holistic view of human and environmental well-being, based on principles of complementarity, correspondence, and reciprocity. The identified potentialities include: increased agro-biodiversity, use of native varieties, conservationist soil management, short marketing channels, solidarity among peers, recognition of local knowledge, and health promotion. These elements result in greater autonomy, stability, resilience, and adaptability based on the principles of complementarity, correspondence, and reciprocity, which promote life and work in rural areas from the agroecological perspective.
Agricultural production is a cornerstone of Uruguay's economy, contributing significantly to its GDP with an impact of approximately 11 points. This sector is characterized by its high technological demand and a declining labor force. Traditionally, the agricultural workforce has not required extensive technical skills, but the rapid advancement of technology necessitates a shift towards more technologically adept labor. Thus, the adoption of advanced technologies and the retraining of the workforce are imperative. Labor retraining within the agricultural domain is essential to fortify the sector's competitiveness, sustainability, and resilience amidst contemporary challenges. Precision agriculture advocates integrating cutting-edge technologies to optimize crop management and agricultural resource utilization. Implementing autonomous robotics has the potential to mitigate labor requirements, foster workforce technological education, and propel advancements toward precision agriculture. Founded in 2013, the MINA group at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of the Republic (Uruguay) has been actively engaged in robotics projects tailored for agricultural applications. Initially focusing on orchards of pome fruits from 2013 to 2023, the group undertook tasks such as harvest support and estimation of harvest quantity and quality. Subsequently, efforts have been directed towards pest control measures targeting pests such as birds and ants, and weed management. This paper delineates the intricacies of these distinct projects, elucidating the technologies employed and developed, outlining achieved results to date, and envisaging the potential for widespread adoption of this technology at a feasible cost.
The vineyard soil microbiome plays a pivotal role in agroecosystem health and productivity, influenced by agricultural management and environmental factors. This study examined the composition of prokaryotic and fungal communities across three Tannat vineyards in Uruguay with the same conventional under-vine soil management (bare soil maintained with herbicides [BS]). Additionally, within each vineyard, a permanent living mulch (PLM) was established to explore the effects of this under-vine management on soil microbiota. The long-term cultivation of Tannat grapevines combined with consistent under-vine herbicide use may have contributed to a homogenization of soil microbial community composition across vineyards, despite differences in soil type, altitude, and management histories. A few differentially abundant taxa were detected: in Vineyard 3 Rubrobacter was less abundant compared to the other vineyards, while in Vineyard 1 the class Sordariomycetes and the genus Metarhizium were more abundant, and the genus Boeremia was less. Prokaryotic and fungal communities' composition analyses within vineyards revealed a significant impact of under-vine management solely in Vineyard 2, the one with a 10-year implementation of PLM. PLM improved soil properties such as basal respiration, soil protein, potentially oxidizable carbon and bulk density. Also, the family Latescibacteraceae, and the genera Cladophialophora, Nigrospora, and Pseudopithomyces were more abundant in PLM. Our findings emphasize the need for long-term studies to capture microbial responses to soil management. Future studies involving more sites and managements could identify deeper differences, aiding in the identification of viticultural zones based on microbial patterns.
This study aimed to identify the optimum plate geometry and gap size for measuring the rheological properties of grape juice and to validate the literature's suggested dimensional correlation that the gap should be at least ten times larger than the particle diameter. Gaps from 1.3 to 2.5 mm were tested with flat plate geometry. The third shear flow curve was analyzed to minimize thixotropic effects. The best gap was compared to the juice's particle size, measured by laser diffraction. Data were fitted to Newtonian, Power-Law, and Herschel-Bulkley models, with the quality of fits assessed by R-2, Sum of Squares of Errors (SSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Gaps of 1.75 mm and 2.0 mm with smooth plates and a 2.0 mm gap with a rough plate showed typical juice behavior. The 1.75 mm gap, 10.93 times larger than the average particle size, met the recommended ratio. The juice has pseudoplastic behavior and can be predicted by Herschel-Bulkley model (R-2 = 0.998, SSE = 9.63x10(-2), RMSE = 0.031). The 1.75 mm gap with smooth geometry was ideal, reducing sample requirements and costs.
In conventional agriculture, chemical insecticides are commonly used for pest control. However, their excessive application causes irreversible damage to the environment, beneficial fauna and human health. This situation has highlighted the need for alternative strategies such as biological control agents. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) promotes the reduction of insecticide use through the incorporation of natural enemies. In greenhouse horticulture systems, effective biological control agents must exhibit rapid colonization, persistence under low prey densities and opportunistic feeding habits. Tupiocoris cucurbitaceus, a predatory mirid, has shown potential for controlling whiteflies in tomato crops, although its field performance remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate T. cucurbitaceus as a biological control agent against Trialeurodes vaporariorum, optimize its release strategy and assess its dispersion in the system. Additionally, the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was tested for its efficacy against whiteflies, offering a complementary and environmentally safe alternative. The use of sex pheromone traps for the control of Phthorimaea absoluta was also evaluated in greenhouse condition. Results demonstrated the high predation potential of T. cucurbitaceus, supporting its role in whitefly control. Nevertheless, further research is needed to understand the factors influencing its dispersal and persistence in crops. B. bassiana significantly reduced whitefly populations, regardless of the dose applied. Mass trapping with synthetic sex pheromones proved to be an effective and compatible method for controlling P. absoluta. These strategies show promise for inclusion in sustainable IPM programs.
The increasing use of digital technologies worldwide has enabled more efficient agriculture through data usage and information analysis, impacting production models. This digital transformation poses a challenge in agricultural activities and rural areas, being a disruptive process that affects sectors, actors, and territories in different ways. At the national level, disparities in enabling factors such as infrastructure, connectivity, financing, skill development, and regulatory frameworks create differences in the adoption and use of technological tools across productive sectors. This article aims to identify and classify technological tools in livestock, agriculture, and dairy farming in Uruguay. The survey identifies 80 digital tools and technologies (41 in livestock, 25 in agriculture, and 14 in dairy farming). The classification proposal reveals a predominance of technologies aimed at quantifying, controlling, and managing processes and resources, highlighting the importance of data generation and information management for decision-making. These tools are primarily geared towards improving economic and productive efficiency, aiming at process control or traceability. It is noteworthy that these tools originate from various sources, including public entities, public-private organizations, and predominantly private companies. This reflects the country's strategic orientation towards adopting responsible and sustainable practices driven by a demanding global market.
Plant breeding programs know the advantages of high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) in increasing efficiency over classical phenotyping and screening methods, which is achieved by saving time and improving selection accuracy. Even so, most programs have not yet systematically implemented this technology into their breeding pipelines. This review aims to indicate the restrictions of implementing HTP at a large scale and to summarize studies according to the used devices, data classes collected, and artificial intelligence (AI) methods applied to predict and classify agronomic traits in plant breeding programs with a focus on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Excluding HTP platforms in laboratories and greenhouses, satellite remote sensing, and autonomous mobile robots, this review focuses on field-based HTP platforms that take aerial images from drones and apply AI methods to associate those images with the traits of interest. Field-based HTP research is also conducted using hand-held devices that record individual vegetation indices (e.g., NDVI), a few spectral bands (multispectral radiometers), or the continuous range of the electromagnetic light spectrum (spectroradiometers). However, plant breeders must evaluate thousands of experimental lines each year, so using these devices instead of drones implies a trade-off between acquisition accuracy and the time it takes to collect the data. A challenge in the coming years is fine-tuning scalable, reliable models and optimizing data input, processing, and output pipelines to provide breeders with helpful information before they make selections.
The current economic system demands, on one hand, a transformation of the model due to its negative environmental effects, but on the other hand, it demands an increase in agricultural productivity in response to food shortages and projected population growth. In this regard, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) is presented as a technological alternative to address these challenges. Therefore, this study explored the use of artificial intelligence in agriculture from the perspective of sustainable development. The research followed a documentary design, reviewing academic literature from the past five years. The review found different automation experiences across the agricultural production chain, including planting, harvesting, crop monitoring, and climate and soil analysis, where artificial intelligence tools are applied. These tools provide accurate and predictive information related to agricultural practices while using machine learning, robotics, unmanned aircraft, conversational intelligence, and sensors, among others. Sustainable development highlights the privilege of the productivity dimension, determined by the optimal use of resources aimed at sustainability in agricultural processes. Finally, it is important to continue investigating the social, political, ethical, legal, and environmental implications of AI in agriculture, since there is a real need to establish regulatory frameworks that allow promoting but also controlling it to ensure an equitable and supportive use for the benefit of humanity and sustainable development.
