Bone mineral density (BMD) alone may underestimate skeletal fragility, particularly in osteopenic women and in conditions characterized by a disproportionate deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture. Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) and the Bone Resilience Index (BRI) provide complementary information beyond BMD. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical determinants of BMD–TBS discordance in a real-world cohort and to assess its implications for fracture risk reclassification. In this retrospective observa-tional study, we analyzed 110 postmenopausal women who underwent routine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), including lumbar spine TBS assessment and BRI extraction. BMD–TBS discordance was defined as normal or osteopenic hip BMD combined with partially degraded or degraded TBS. Clinical parameters, BMD, TBS, and BRI were evaluated in the entire cohort, while FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool) was available in a subgroup of patients (n = 34); multivariable regression analyses were per-formed to identify independent determinants of TBS. BMD–TBS discordance was observed in 78 of 110 women (70.9%; 95% CI: 61.5–78.9), peaking among those with hip osteopenia (82.8%). Higher body mass index (BMI) was positively correlated with BMD but inversely correlated with TBS, indicating a density–quality mismatch driven by adiposity-related microarchitectural deterioration. Discordance reached 86.0% in women with low BRI. In the FRAX subgroup (n = 34), 5 women (14.7%) were classified as low risk by FRAX alone despite high-risk microarchitecture, whereas 6 women (17.6%) showed potential risk overestimation, highlighting clinically relevant misclassification. BMD–TBS discordance is highly prevalent in routine clinical practice, particularly among osteopenic women and those with elevated BMI. Integrating TBS and BRI with BMD and FRAX may improve fracture risk discrimination and help avoid both undertreatment and overtreatment.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IMIRD) were placed in a “high-risk” category of poor outcomes because of chronic immune abnormalities and frequent comorbidities. Comparative data describing early clinical and laboratory findings in adults with and without IMIRD remain limited, particularly in Eastern Europe, and their relevance for early risk stratification and subsequent rehabilitation planning is insufficiently characterized. In this retrospective, multicenter case-control study, adults with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection admitted to three tertiary hospitals in Bucharest, Romania, were enrolled. Demographic, clinical, and baseline laboratory characteristics collected within the first 72 hours from symptom onset were compared between IMIRD patients (group A) and a control cohort (group B) without autoimmune diseases. COVID-19 severity was analyzed using univariable and multivariable ordinal logistic regression models, adjusting for age, sex, vaccination status, and comorbidity burden. 365 patients were included, of whom 211 had an IMIRD, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis/scleroderma (SSc), and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). In contrast with controls, IMIRD patients were predominantly female (p < 0.001), younger (p = 0.012), had higher vaccination rates (p = 0.034), and comorbidity burden (p = 0.005). In both univariable and multivariable analyses, IMIRD status was not independently linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection severity. This multicenter case-control study compares early clinical and laboratory features in IMIRD and non-IMIRD patients with COVID-19 in an underrepresented Eastern European setting. Early severity patterns may help identify patients at risk for post-acute functional problems. These findings support a thorough clinical assessment and rehabilitation-focused follow-up for IMIRD patients recovering from COVID-19.
Caring for a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder often involves long-term emotional, physical, and organizational demands. Parents must manage their daily routines, medical appointments, and therapy programs, while coping with uncertainty and ongoing stress. Over time, this sustained pressure can increase the risk of parental burnout and depressive symptoms, particularly when family and systemic support are limited. he present study aimed to examine the relationships between caregiving burden, parental burnout, and depressive symptoms among parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, we explored the role of family quality of life, access to healthcare services, and family support, and tested whether family support moderates the association between parental burnout and depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders who completed an online questionnaire. The survey included sociodemographic and clinical data, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). Data were analyzed using nonparametric tests (Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests), Spearman correlations, and moderation analysis using the PROCESS macro. Parental burnout showed a strong and consistent association with depressive symptoms; higher caregiving demands —such as greater difficulty managing daily routines, greater severity of the child’s condition, and more frequent therapy sessions —which were associated with increased burnout and depression, as well as lower family quality of life; satisfaction with access to healthcare services was negatively associated with both burnout and depressive symptoms. Family quality of life emerged as a protective factor, with lower emotional distress reported in families with better relational functioning. Moderation analysis indicated that family support weakened the relationship between parental burnout and depression, particularly among parents reporting low levels of support. Parental burnout emerged as a central factor associated with depressive symptoms among parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Greater difficulty managing daily routines, higher therapy frequency, and poorer family quality of life were associated with increased emotional distress; family support played a moderating role, attenuating the relationship between parental burnout and depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of family-centered interventions that address not only the child’s therapeutic needs but also the emotional well-being and support systems of caregivers.
This study investigates the influence of the running trend on consumers’ purchase intention toward high-technology running shoes in Indonesia. Using a quantitative correlational design, data were collected through purposive sampling from 102 active runners and running enthusiasts aged 18–40 years across several urban areas in Indonesia. Respondents completed a Likert-scale questionnaire measuring Trend Running (behavioral and attitudinal involvement in running-related social trends) and Purchase Intention (willingness to purchase technologically innovative footwear). Preliminary analysis confirmed normal data distribution and high internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.874 for Trend Running; α = 0.812 for Purchase Intention). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between Trend Running and Purchase Intention (r = 0.808, p < .001). Furthermore, regression analysis indicated that Trend Running significantly predicted Purchase Intention (β = 0.768, p < .001), accounting for 65.3% of the variance (R² = 0.653). These findings suggest that consumers who are highly engaged in running-related social trends demonstrate stronger motivation to purchase technologically advanced running shoes. This study highlights the important role of socio-cultural engagement with running trends in shaping consumer behavior within the Indonesian context and provides practical implications for sportswear brands and marketers in designing trend-driven promotional strategies.
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is associated with reduced muscle strength, functional limitations, and impaired quality of life, particularly due to increased pain. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-month strength training program on physical performance and quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and to determine whether physical performance and muscle strength influence pain levels. Thirty-nine women were allocated to an exercise group (n = 20) or a control group (n = 19). After 12 months, the exercise group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the control group in Arm Curl (p<.001, η²ₚ=.33), Chair Stand (p<.001, η²ₚ=.33), dominant handgrip strength (p=.001, η²ₚ=.24), and non-dominant handgrip strength (p=.003, η²ₚ=.21). Pain reduction was significantly greater in the exercise group (p<.001, η²ₚ=.59), along with improvements in activities of daily living (p<.001, η²ₚ=.31), perceived health (p<.001, η²ₚ=.48), and mental state (p<.001, η²ₚ=.31). Regression analyses showed that post-intervention Chair Stand performance explained 41% of pain variance (R²=.410, p<.001), while Arm Curl explained 57% (R²=.573, p<.001). Significant negative correlations were observed between pain and Arm Curl (p<.001), Chair Stand (p<.001), dominant (p=.001) and non-dominant handgrip strength (p=.003), with correlation coefficients ranging from r=−.46 to −.70 (p <.01). The decrease in pain has important clinical implications, as reduced pain levels may facilitate mobility, enhance daily functioning, and support long-term independence in women with osteoporosis. These findings indicate that long-term strength training produces clinically meaningful improvements in physical performance and quality of life and that pain reduction is strongly associated with gains in muscular and functional capacity.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and exercise is a key non-pharmacological intervention. This randomized controlled trial compared the effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on blood pressure and cardiovascular quality of life in adults and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Seventy-eight participants were randomly assigned to either training group and completed supervised exercise three times per week for 16 weeks. Blood pressure and cardiovascular quality of life were assessed at baseline and post-intervention using validated questionnaires. Both interventions significantly reduced blood pressure and improved cardiovascular quality of life (p < 0.001). However, high-intensity interval training produced greater reductions in systolic blood pressure (mean difference −3.0 mmHg; p = 0.035) and larger improvements in cardiovascular quality of life, with moderate to large effect sizes. These findings indicate that high-intensity interval training may provide superior cardiovascular and quality of life benefits compared with moderate-intensity continuous training in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Sepak takraw involves explosive jumping movements, so leg muscle power plays a very important role. Analyzing leg muscle performance with the jump power meter (JPM) application will make it easier to analyze data, but analysis with JPM has not yet been carried out. This study aimed to analyze the leg muscle power profile of sepak takraw athletes using the Jump Power Meter (JPM) test instrument, as well as to determine the correlation mechanism between body weight, jump height, gender, and power performance variables. This study is a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study involving 88 sepak takraw athletes (46 males and 42 females). Purposive sampling was used to select participants. The research instrument was a Jump Power Meter (JPM), which can measure jump height, body weight, power (in watts), and power (in kg.m/s). SPSS version 23 was used to aid with data analysis procedures such as category mapping, the Mann-Whitney difference test, and the Spearman-Rho correlation test. The data suggest that the majority of male athletes (39.13) and female athletes (35.71) fall into the fair and poor category. The female group had a lower average power (watts) than the male group, which was 12.74 watts. Jump height and power (watt) have a positive correlation (r=0.821) with a significance level of 0.000 < 0.05. Body weight and power (watts) have a positive correlation (r=0.735), with a significance level of 0.000 < 0.05. There is a strong correlation between power (in watts) and power (in kg.m/sec) (r=0.984) with sig 0.000<0.05. These findings have practical implications for coaches to implement digital-based physical monitoring and improve the foundation of strength training, as well as specifically monitored power training.
Football player performance depends on agility, speed, explosive and repetitive strength, flexi-bility, and anthropometric characteristics such as height, weight, and BMI. Monitoring and ana-lyzing these variables are crucial for optimizing training, preventing injuries, and player selec-tion. Data on the physical and motor profiles of U25 football players in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina are limited. To assess the anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of U25 football players from FK GOŠK Gabela and to examine the relationships be-tween these variables. The study included 22 healthy male players (mean height 183.27 ± 5.98 cm, weight 75.32 ± 6.27 kg, BMI 22.38 ± 0.60 kg/m²). Anthropometric measurements were conducted according to ISAK protocols. Nine standardized motor tests were administered to evaluate agili-ty (505 test, T-test, Illinois test, 5-10-5 drill, Zig-Zag test), speed (30 m and 60 m sprint), explosive and repetitive strength (push-ups in 10 s), and flexibility (sit & reach). Testing was conducted over two consecutive days during the 2024 pre-season, following a standardized warm-up under controlled conditions. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and the multiple regression analysis were applied. Player height and weight were significantly correlated with agility and sprint per-formance, while BMI showed moderate associations with selected agility tests. Multivariate analysis confirmed that height, weight, and BMI significantly predicted performance across agil-ity, sprint, and strength tests, with body dimensions explaining 65–68% of the variance in the 10-second push-up test (R² = 0.682), the 505 agility test (R² = 0.678), and the 60-meter sprint (R² = 0.671; all p < 0.01). The findings provide insight into the physical and motor profiles of elite young football players and can be used to optimize performance, design individualized training programs, and monitor player development.
This study aimed to test the maxex (maximal exercise) training method: (1) the difference in the effect of maxex and control on leg muscle power, (2) the difference between vertical jump times (quick and slow) on leg muscle power, (3) the interaction between the method and quick and slow vertical jump times on leg muscle power. The research method used was a 2x2 factorial experiment. The sample consisted of 40 volleyball players aged 17 years and divided into 20 control groups and 20 experimental groups, with heights ranging from 169 to 179 cm and weights ranging from 60 to 70 kg. The research instrument was a vertical jump with the Harman formula to calculate power, and a Canon 1200D camera was entered into the Kinovea 0.8.1.5 application to determine vertical jump time. The data analysis technique was Two-Way Anova assisted by SPSS version 23. (1) There is a significant difference in the effect of maxex training and the control group on leg muscular power (F 51.495, sig 0.000 <0.05) (hypothesis accepted). (2) There is a significant difference between quick and slow vertical jump times on leg muscle power (F 40.480, sig 0.000 < 0.05) (hypothesis accepted). (3) There is no interaction between the two groups and vertical jump times (quick and slow) on leg muscle power (F 3.662, sig 0.064 > 0.05) (hypothesis rejected). Maxex training improves leg muscle power in adolescent volleyball players. The absence of this significant interaction shows that the effect of maxex does not differ between athletes with quick and slow jump times.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has achieved broad penetration across various sectors, notably within healthcare. Specifically in medical imaging, the emphasis is currently on developing and rigorously validating AI algorithms to augment diagnostic accuracy and streamline clinical efficiencies. This technological shift, however, simultaneously generates substantial questions and fuels professional debate among radiologists, thereby influencing their evolving perception of AI. The aim of our study was to validate the Radiologist Doctors’ Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence Questionnaire (RDPAIQ), a novel instrument designed to assess the attitudes towards the AI implementation in radiological practice. We developed a 24-item questionnaire structured into five sections: (1) Demographics factors, (2) Experience with technology and AI, (3) Perception of AI-assisted radiological diagnosis, (4) Radiologist-AI interaction, and (5) Challenges, ethics, and confidentiality in AI integration into radiological practice. The questionnaire was administered to a cohort of 74 radiologists. The RDPAIQ showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.718 and factor analysis suitability (Bartlett’s χ² = 39.6718, p < 0.001), validating its utility in clinical AI readiness assessment. As a summary, the RDPAIQ is a reliable and valid instrument for exploring the radiologists' perspectives on AI integration in diagnostic imaging. Understanding these perceptions is vital for mitigating potential biases and ethical concerns associated with AI deployment, ensuring an equitable and responsible clinical application.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) progressively alters hand biomechanics, disrupting interjoint coordination and promoting compensatory movement patterns that are insufficiently captured by conventional range-of-motion assessment. This longitudinal case report (n = 1) investigated the functional reorganization of the digital joint chain during rehabilitation using an integrated framework combining kinematic modeling and descriptive statistical analysis. A patient with RA was evaluated at three time points (Day 1, Day 10, Day 20) during a structured physiotherapeutic program. Flexion–extension movements of the dominant index finger were recorded using an inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based system, and kinematic parameters were processed through a MATLAB-based graphical interface to quantify joint behavior. Results demonstrated a progressive redistribution of motion within the digital chain. Distal compensatory flexion decreased, the proximal interphalangeal joint shifted from hyperextension toward functional flexion, and the metacarpophalangeal joint showed increased participation in movement generation. These changes reflect improved interjoint coordination and a more balanced functional organization of the finger. Technology-assisted kinematic assessment provides an objective approach for monitoring rehabilitation-induced adaptations and supports quantitative evaluation of functional recovery in rheumatoid arthritis.
Injuries among athletes pose a significant challenge in the world of sports, affecting not only physical performance but also long-term health and team dynamics. The ability to predict injury risk early is crucial in implementing preventive strategies. This study aims to develop predic-tive models for athletic injuries using machine learning algorithms, with a focus on comparing the performance of Logistic Regression and Random Forest on two datasets with differing class distributions, one balanced and one imbalanced. The first dataset (Injury Prediction Dataset) con-tains demographic and physiological data and has a balanced distribution between injured and non-injured classes. The second dataset (Collegiate Athlete Injury Dataset) contains performance and fatigue-related metrics, with a naturally imbalanced distribution where injury cases are rare. Both datasets underwent preprocessing, including feature scaling and label encoding, followed by model training and evaluation using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. Results show that Logistic Regression consistently outperforms Random Forest in detecting minority in-jury cases, especially in the imbalanced dataset, achieving 100% recall. In contrast, Random For-est fails to identify any injury cases despite high overall accuracy. This highlights the importance of model selection and handling class imbalance when building predictive systems for medical or safety-critical domains. The findings demonstrate that simple, well-tuned models like Lo-gistic Regression can be effective for early injury risk prediction, especially when supported by appropriate class balancing techniques. This research contributes to the development of AI-based medical diagnostic tools in the sports domain, offering a foundation for further enhancement us-ing richer datasets and advanced sampling methods.
This study aimed to develop a volleyball learning model to improve the smashing ability, coordination, and strength of junior high school students. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) design based on the Borg & Gall model. The development process involves several stages, including limited and field trials, to test the effectiveness of the final product. A total of 90 grade VII and VIII junior high school students (ages 12–14) were randomly selected to participate in the study. Instruments used included smash skill tests, coordination tests, and vertical jump tests to measure leg muscle strength, as well as questionnaires and observation sheets. Data were analyzed quantitatively using a t-test and ANOVA and qualitatively to evaluate the learning pro-cess. The results showed that the developed volleyball learning module was effective in improving students' smash ability, coordination, and leg muscle strength. The t-test results showed a p-value of less than 0.001 for all aspects. Revised modules with simpler instructions, vivid illustrations, and mini-games make learning more adaptive, communicative, and enjoyable. Thus, this study produced a valid, practical, and effective volleyball learning model for junior high school students that is feasible to apply. Further research is suggested to develop other engineering skills, integrate digital media, and involve a wider sample.
The purpose of this study was to examine small side games (SSGs), game experience learning (GEL), and conventional training techniques for technical and physical abilities. Materials and Methods: This study used three-group pretest-posttest design.. Participants were 60 13-14 year old male football players from one club, divided into 20 players for each intervention group. The research instruments involved passing and dribbling, while physical measurements included a 30-meter sprint, vertical jump, and a multistage fitness test. Data collection techniques include observational and field tests, as well as descriptive analysis, prerequisite tests, and one-way ANOVA tests assisted by SPSS version 23. Results: The findings of this study revealed that the significance values of passing were 0.530>0.05, dribbling 0.259>0.05, speed 0.339>0.05, jump height 0.620>0.05, and aerobic endurance 0.606>0.05. Conclusions: No substantial influence on technical and physical abilities was identified, with all three methods providing the same improvement. The limitations of this study include the duration, subject, and control group. Further research using a 10-week training duration is needed to achieve more optimal results.. Nevertheless, this research still has practical usefulness if adapted to the training objectives; Trainers should combine different strategies alternatively to provide more effective stimulus.
This study aimed to synthesize existing literature on the intricate relationship between sport and mental health, focusing on psychological factors and interventions designed to support athletes' mental well-being. A systematic literature review (SLR) methodology was employed to provide a comprehensive overview of the field. The review included a total of 10 articles, selected through a rigorous process following the PRISMA guidelines. Data was extracted from the Scopus database using predetermined keywords related to sport and mental health. The initial search yielded a large number of papers, which were then carefully screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies were excluded if they were not peer-reviewed, were not written in English, or did not directly address the psychological aspects of athletes' mental health. Findings revealed several key themes, including the prevalence of mental health challenges among athletes, the effectiveness of various psychological interventions, and the influence of environmental factors on mental well-being. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to examine the long-term effects of interventions and explore culturally tailored approaches to mental health support in sport.
Spinal cord lesion (SCL) causes severe long-term motor and sensory deficits. Robotic-assisted gait training (Lokomat) and Vojta therapy are established neurorehabilitation approaches, but evidence regarding their combined use is limited. This retrospective study evaluates the effects of combining Vojta therapy with Lokomat robotic gait training on motor recovery, functional independence, and lower limb biomechanics in patients with traumatic and non-traumatic SCL. A total of 114 patients (aged 21-79 years) with paraplegia or tetraplegia treated at the Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital Băile Felix were included. Patients were assigned to two groups: L group − conventional physiotherapy and Lokomat training (n=50); V+L group − conventional physiotherapy, Lokomat, and Vojta therapy (VT), n=64. Functional assessment included the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor and sensory scores, Barthel Index, and Loko-mat parameters − Lokomat-Assessed Range of Motion (L-ROM), Lokomat-Assessed Force (L-Force), walking speed change, distance change, session duration change, and body weight sup-port (BWS) change. Statistical analysis was performed using JASP software, version 0.18.0, with a significance threshold set at 0.05. For data comparison, Student's t-test, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test were applied. The combined Vojta–Lokomat group demonstrated signifi-cantly greater improvements in FIM scores, gait speed, walking distance, L-ROM, and L-Force compared with Lokomat alone. Median BWS decreased significantly in the combined group (p = 0.001), indicating improved active load-bearing capacity. No significant baseline differences were found between groups in age, sex, or neurological level. The integration of Vojta therapy with robotic gait training may enhance neuromotor activation and functional recovery in SCL, supporting its potential role as an effective multimodal rehabilitation strategy, and its clinical use to enhance load-bearing capacity, accelerate gait recovery, and optimize individualized re-habilitation strategies in patients with SCL.
Stroke remains one of the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide, severely impairing motor and cognitive functions. Post-stroke recovery involves complex neuroplastic mechanisms that cannot be adequately described by classical linear models. In this context, fractal theory and nonlinear dynamics offer an innovative framework for understanding and optimizing rehabilitation processes. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of fractal theory in post-stroke rehabilitation by identifying relationships between fractal movement complexity and functional recovery, and by proposing a personalized rehabilitation model based on fractal indicators. Using METLAB-based nonlinear analysis, fractal dimension (FD) and Lyapunov exponents (λ) were applied to simulated and representative time series of movement and neuronal activity. Fractal parameters were interpreted in relation to movement rigidity, stability, and adaptability. Reduced FD values (1.08) and large negative Lyapunov exponents (λ ≈ −1.12) were observed in post-stroke motor patterns, indicating rigidity and reduced adaptability. These findings support the need for variable, feedback-based, and robot-assisted rehabilitation strategies. Fractal theory provides an objective framework for evaluating and optimizing post-stroke recovery and enables personalized rehabilitation strategies based on movement complexity and stability.
Adolescence represents a critical developmental stage in which positive competencies and psychosocial strengths must be nurtured to support lifelong wellbeing. Within the Positive Youth Development (PYD) framework, the 5Cs model comprising competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring provides a comprehensive lens for understanding thriving among youth. Given the growing concerns regarding sedentary lifestyles, examining the contribution of physical activity to these developmental assets is increasingly urgent. This study aimed to analyze the influence of physical activity levels on Positive Youth Development based on the 5Cs model in adolescents. A quantitative cross-sectional analytical design was employed. The study involved 144 adolescents aged 19 years or older selected through random sampling. Physical activity levels were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF), while PYD was assessed using a 28-item 5Cs-based Positive Youth Development Scale. The instrument demonstrated excellent reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.926). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, normality testing, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis. The results indicated a positive relationship between physical activity and PYD. Correla-tion coefficients increased across activity categories (low r = 0.60; moderate r = 0.66; high r = 0.72), while the overall correlation was moderate (r = 0.37). These findings suggest that higher levels of physical activity are associated with stronger positive developmental out-comes. In conclusion, physical activity contributes meaningfully to the development of the 5Cs among adolescents. It is recommended that schools and community programs pro-mote structured and sustained physical activity to optimize positive youth development.
This study examined the effects of gender composition in small-sided games (SSGs) on the tech-nical, physiological, and psychological responses of adolescent students in physical education (PE). Thirty-two high school students (16 girls, 16 boys; 16.73 ± 0.37 years) participated in 4v4 SSGs performed in single-gender and mixed-gender formats. Heart rate, perceived exertion, mood states, enjoyment, and technical performance were assessed.The results showed significant gender × condition × time effects on psychological, physiological and technical variables. Boys consistently reported lower negative mood states, anger (ES = 2.53), confusion (ES = 2.56), and depression (ES = 1.19) and higher vigor (ES = 1.61) compared with girls. They also experienced greater enjoyment (PACES, ES = 1.59) and lower perceived exertion (RPE, ES = 1.28), with higher peak heart rates during single-gender games (ES = 3.33). Girls demonstrated significant reduc-tions in negative mood across both session types (p < 0.0001), indicating mood improvement af-ter gameplay.Technically, boys performed better in successful passes (ES = 2.28), ball possessions (ES = 2.81), and interceptions (ES = 1.36). Nevertheless, both genders improved in mixed sessions, particularly in successful passes (boys: ES = 0.83; girls: ES = 1.42), duels (boys: ES = 0.99; girls: ES = 1.81), and overall ball involvement (p < 0.01), highlighting the benefits of mixed-gender formats for skill execution and engagement. These findings indicate that group composition meaningful-ly influences adolescents’ affective responses, perceived effort, and skill execution in PE. Inte-grating both mixed- and single-gender SSGs may enhance engagement, support skill develop-ment, and promote inclusive learning environments in school physical education.
Repetitive movements and sustained non-neutral upper limb postures during computer use may increase the risk of compressive neuropathies. This study evaluates median and ulnar nerves electrophysiological parameters in occupational computer users and examines their association with exposure duration and impairment severity. This prospective observational study included 40 patients with clinically suspected and electrophysiological confirmed carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Standard sensory and motor nerve conduction studies of the median and ulnar nerves were performed, including median–ulnar distal motor latency comparison using the second lumbrical–first interosseous muscles (L2–IO1) technique. A moderate, statistically significant positive correlation was found between years of occupational exposure and increased median nerve distal motor latency (DML) at the wrist. In this clinically referred cohort, exposure duration was significantly associated with moderate-to-severe CTS (OR = 2.42 per 5-year increase) and remained significant after adjustment for age and comorbidity status (adjusted OR = 2.08). In our cohort, occupational exposure duration remained an independent determinant of CTS electrophysiological se-verity after adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities. These exploratory findings suggest that cumulative occupational exposure may be linked to CTS severity beyond aging, but implications for occupational screening should be interpreted cautiously and require prospective external validation..
