Background The changes that occur over time in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of transgender individuals receiving hormone therapy, and the factors that influence these changes, have not yet been fully evaluated. Methods This is a longitudinal study based on a retrospective cohort of transgender people treated at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio in Bogotá, Colombia. Changes in eGFR (calculated using the CKD-EPI 2021 formula for both sexes) were analyzed over 36 months. The impact of age, BMI, previous gender affirmation surgery and hormone therapy was analyzed using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) model. Results 166 transgender patients were included in the study (Median age 29 years, 94 women and 72 men). For transgender women, eGFR did not change over time; however, estrogen therapy was associated with a higher eGFR (+17.2 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , p<0.05). In transgender men, both CKD-EPI 2021 formulas showed a significant decrease in GFR over time. The GEE model showed a significant change in eGFR ranging from -0.63 to -0.79 per month (p < 0.05), depending on the formula used. A significant impact of age on eGFR was demonstrated in both groups. Conclusion This study suggests that transgender women did not experience significant changes in eGFR over time. Estrogen use showed a possible positive modyfing effect on eGFR. In transgender men, an overall decrease in eGFR was evident over time. Our findings emphasize the need for periodic renal assessment in transgender individuals using the same evaluation formula, and highlight the need to optimize the available diagnostic tools.
Background Metabolic disease is accelerating across Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), where calorie-focused dietary prescriptions frequently fail due to cost and complexity. Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) is a distinct approach. It restructures when food is eaten rather than what or how much, limiting daily intake to a 6 to 10 hour window as a cost-free chronomedicine strategy. Its mechanisms and long-term glycemic effects in diverse LMIC populations remain incompletely synthesised. Objectives To systematically review TRE’s clinical efficacy on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and anthropometric outcomes across LMIC cohorts, and to evaluate molecular evidence for AMPK/mTOR pathway activation. Data Sources and Methods A PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligible studies included randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs involving adults in LMICs with metabolic conditions. TRE windows of 6 to 10 hours were required. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0 and ROBINS-I. The review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD420261352841). Results Twenty-six unique cohorts (28 reports) across India, China, Indonesia, Iran, Tunisia, and Brazil were included. TRE was associated with reductions in insulin resistance, fasting blood sugar, and body weight across most included studies. A persistent HbA1c reduction of -0.78% at 18 months in one longitudinal cohort suggested that glycemic benefits may compound with sustained adherence. Contradictions emerged between centres regarding TRE’s superiority over caloric restriction. Conclusion TRE may represent a feasible, low-cost dietary strategy for metabolic health management in resource-limited settings, though further evidence from larger and longer trials is needed.
Background and Aims Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the leading global cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). Patients receiving hemodialysis often have a high cardiometabolic risk profile, including insulin resistance, glycemic variability, chronic inflammation, sarcopenia, and altered mineral metabolism. In this setting, standard glycemic markers are often unreliable, supporting the use of additional non-pharmacological strategies, particularly structured physical activity, alongside standard treatment. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on metabolic dysregulation in hemodialysis patients with T2DM and evaluates the potential role of intradialytic exercise as a multi-target intervention. Methods A focused narrative search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (2014–2025). Randomized trials, observational studies, clinical guidelines and narrative reviews addressing key metabolic and musculoskeletal complications, CKD-MBD, and intradialytic exercise in advanced kidney disease were considered. Conclusions Intradialytic exercise represents a feasible adjunct strategy targeting interconnected metabolic pathways in patients with T2DM and ESRD. Further large-scale prospective studies are warranted to define the optimal intensity, modality and timing of intradialytic exercise and to clarify its long-term cardiometabolic and clinical benefits.
Background Non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) frequently occurs in critically ill patients and reflects alterations in thyroid hormone metabolism without intrinsic thyroid disease. It has been increasingly recognized as a potential marker of disease severity and poor outcomes in intensive care settings, yet data from Sub-Saharan Africa remain limited. To determine the prevalence of NTIS and identify determinants of mortality among patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU) in northern Tanzania. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study among 120 adult patients admitted to the medical ICU at a tertiary referral hospital between October 2024 and March 2025. Thyroid function tests (T3, T4, and TSH) were measured within 24 hours of admission. NTIS was defined based on characteristic biochemical patterns in the absence of known thyroid disease. Clinical, laboratory, and outcome data were collected prospectively. Associations were assessed using Chi-square tests and modified Poisson regression to estimate adjusted risk ratios (aRR) with 95% confidence intervals. Results The prevalence of NTIS was 23.3%. Overall mortality was 42.5%, with significantly higher mortality among patients with NTIS (67.9%) compared with those without NTIS (34.8%). NTIS remained independently associated with mortality after adjustment (aRR 8.05; 95% CI: 2.27–28.56; p=0.001). Patients with NTIS were also more likely to experience prolonged hospital stays. Although several clinical variables showed associations in bivariate analysis, most did not remain significant after adjustment. Illness severity, as reflected by clinical scoring systems, remained an important contributor to outcomes. Conclusion NTIS is common among critically ill patients and is strongly associated with increased mortality. It may serve as a practical prognostic marker in ICU settings, particularly in resource-limited environments. Further multicenter studies are needed to validate its prognostic utility and integration into routine clinical practice.
This case describes an uncommon presentation of a hypoglycemia-related stroke mimic in a patient with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, in whom acute neurological symptoms developed despite a blood glucose level above the conventional hypoglycemic threshold. A 72-year-old woman presented with acute fatigue, drowsiness, and dysarthria after initiation of an intensified glucose-lowering regimen. Her blood glucose level was 4.1 mmol/L at symptom onset and increased after glucose administration; however, her neurological symptoms persisted. Because acute ischemic stroke could not be confidently excluded during the emergency evaluation, intravenous alteplase was administered. Her symptoms subsequently improved approximately 9.5 hours after symptom onset. Comprehensive neurovascular and brain imaging, including computed tomography, computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, showed no evidence of acute ischemic lesions or significant vascular occlusion. After adjustment of her glucose-lowering therapy, her neurological condition remained stable, and no permanent neurological deficits were observed. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of distinguishing hypoglycemia-related stroke mimic from acute ischemic stroke, particularly in patients with poorly controlled diabetes and fluctuating glucose levels. It also suggests that relative or rapidly declining glucose levels may contribute to stroke-like neurological symptoms even when absolute glucose values do not meet the conventional definition of hypoglycemia. Careful clinical assessment, timely glucose measurement, and urgent stroke evaluation remain essential when acute ischemic stroke cannot be reliably excluded.
Objective Evidence on advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) systems in older adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains limited. This study compared the effectiveness and safety of the MiniMed 780G system between adults aged ≥60 years and younger adults. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in patients with T1D using the MiniMed 780G system. Eligible participants were aged ≥40 years and had used the device for at least four weeks before study entry. Clinical variables, body composition, grip strength, and glycemic outcomes were compared according to age group (<60 vs. ≥60 years). Results A total of 118 patients were included, 45% of whom were aged ≥60 years. In this group, 79% were independent for basic activities of daily living and 60% used SmartGuard at optimal settings. Glycemic management was similar in both age groups, including time in range (76.58±8.59 vs. 76.73±9.58; p=0.535), time in tight range (52.0±10.02 vs. 52.75±10.73; p=0.694), and time below range <70 mg/dL (1.39±1.33 vs. 1.81±1.39; p=0.100). In adjusted ANCOVA models, age group was not significantly associated with either TIR or TITR. Optimal SmartGuard settings, grip strength, fat mass, and phase angle were more strongly associated with glycemic profile than age. Conclusions MiniMed 780G use was safe and effective in older adults with T1D, achieving glycemic outcomes comparable to younger adults. Optimal SmartGuard settings are associated with a better metabolic profile and should be considered regardless of age. Additionally, grip strength and body composition should be included in the clinical assessment of patients with T1D using AHCL systems.
Background:A knowledge gap persists regarding whether virtual training differs from in-person training in terms of metabolic control and clinical safety among adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) initiating the MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) system. Methods:Observational study comparing two retrospective cohorts of adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) treated with the Medtronic MiniMed™780G hybrid closed-loop insulin automation system: one cohort trained in-person and a second cohort trained virtually at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá (Colombia). Metabolic control and safety parameters were evaluated 12 weeks after training initiation. A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with meeting glycemic target (Time in range 70-180 mg/dL ≥ 70%) at 12 weeks. Results:191 patients were analyzed; (49.7% virtual 50.3% in-person training). After 12 weeks, no statistically significant differences were observed in TIR between the cohorts (75% vs. 77.5%, p = 0.51). Severe hypoglycemia (<54 mg/dL) decreased significantly in both groups (p<0.02), without differences between cohorts. The type of training was not significantly associated with achieving the goals of TIR (adjusted OR 0.78; 95% CI:0.16-3.82; p=0.76). Younger age (<45 years) was independently associated with improved metabolic control (adjusted OR 0.08; 95% CI:0.01-0.75; p=0.02). Higher socioeconomic status showed a trend toward better outcomes (adjusted OR 35.04; 95% CI:0.94-1260.6; p=0.05). Conclusions:Both virtual and in-person training are effective and safe strategies for initiating the MiniMed™ 780G AHCL system in adults with T1D, with no significant differences between training modalities.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used in oncology and commonly cause thyroid dysfunction. Most patients who develop hypothyroidism after ICI-induced thyroiditis respond to standard weight-based levothyroxine replacement. However, causes of treatment-refractory hypothyroidism are less well recognized in this context. We describe an 81-year-old woman with uterine cancer treated with lenvatinib and pembrolizumab who developed ICI-related thyroiditis with subsequent hypothyroidism. Despite progressive levothyroxine dose escalation to nearly twice the expected weight-based dose, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) remained elevated after normalization of free thyroxine (FT4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Evaluation for malabsorption and nonadherence was unrevealing. Further investigation identified significant proteinuria associated with lenvatinib therapy. Given that thyroid hormone circulates primarily bound to plasma proteins, urinary loss of protein-bound thyroid hormone was suspected to contribute to the increased levothyroxine requirement. Following temporary discontinuation and subsequent dose reduction of lenvatinib, proteinuria improved and thyroid function tests (TFTs) normalized, allowing for a reduction in levothyroxine dose. This case highlights that excessive proteinuria can lead to urinary loss of protein-bound thyroid hormone, resulting in apparent levothyroxine resistance. Clinicians should consider renal losses along with gastrointestinal and medication-related causes when thyroid hormone requirements exceed expected dosing. This is particularly relevant in patients receiving combination cancer therapies that increasingly include ICIs.
Background The accuracy of the FreeStyle Libre 2 system in critically ill patients needing insulin therapy remains inadequately evaluated. Objective To evaluate the clinical and numerical accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring (FreeStyle Libre 2) and capillary glucometry (StatStrip) compared with central laboratory glucose in critically ill patients requiring insulin therapy. Methods We conducted a diagnostic accuracy study, evaluating simultaneously two index tests, the FreeStyle Libre 2 and capillary glucose, compared to the central laboratory glucose (venous or arterial) as reference standard. The study included critically ill adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with diabetes or stress hyperglycemia, requiring insulin therapy, and ventilatory or vasopressor support. Numerical accuracy was assessed using ISO 15197:2013 criteria and Mean Absolute Relative Difference (MARD). Clinical accuracy was evaluated using Clarke and Parkes error grid analysis. Results A total of 157 paired measurements were collected. FreeStyle Libre 2 showed a MARD comparable to capillary glucose (10.43% vs 7.58%; p=0.14). Neither method met ISO 15197:2013 numerical accuracy criteria. In the clinical accuracy analysis, FreeStyle Libre 2 classified 100% of measurements within zones A+B on both the Clarke and Parkes grids, whereas capillary glucose achieved 97.6% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions FreeStyle Libre 2 showed numerical accuracy comparable to capillary blood glucose and consistently reliable clinical performance in critically ill patients needing insulin therapy. These results support its potential as an alternative to capillary glucose monitoring in the ICU. More studies involving a greater number of hypoglycaemic events are required to confirm its effectiveness in this critical range.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) offer important clinical benefits in antitumor therapy. However, they may cause potential and unpredictable immune-related adverse events (irAEs) due to the non-specific immunity activation. Although adrenocortical insufficiency (AI) is a rare irAE, rapid identification and treatment can help patients avoid life-threatening cortisol crises. We describe the case of a 60-year-old Chinese male patient with liver cancer who developed intractable hyponatremia, fatigue, and loss of appetite three months after completing treatment with cadonilimab. Intravenous rehydration and symptomatic treatment were ineffective. The diagnosis of ICI-induced secondary AI was confirmed after refinement of cortisol levels and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Additionally, mild subclinical hypothyroidism was identified as a concurrent endocrine finding. Electrolyte disturbances and general malaise improved markedly after oral administration of exogenous cortisol hormone. This case supports existing evidence regarding ICI-related secondary AI and highlights the importance of timely endocrine evaluation in patients with persistent hyponatremia and non-specific systemic symptoms.
Background: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, affects multiple organ systems, including the thyroid gland. Non-Thyroidal Illness Syndrome (NTIS) is frequently observed in severe systemic disease. NTIS-like thyroid hormone alterations have previously been reported in COVID-19. However, the relationship between these changes and disease outcomes remains unclear. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate thyroid function and vitamin D concentrations in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and to analyze the association between hormonal measurements and patient characteristics with COVID-19 mortality. Methods: We conducted a retrospective database search of 846 adult patients hospitalized in a dedicated COVID-19 hospital at the peak of the pandemic. Based on the availability of serum levels of TSH, FT3, FT4, and vitamin D, 137 patients were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics, comparative analyses, and logistic regression were used to evaluate the associations of laboratory measurements, sex, and age with COVID-19 mortality. Results: Decreased thyroid hormone and vitamin D concentrations were more common than in the general population, although none differed between deceased and COVID-19 survivors. Among the cohort, 63.5% had decreased TSH, 21.2% had decreased FT3, 24.1% had decreased FT4, and 75.9% presented with vitamin D deficiency. Comparative analyses showed no significant differences in TSH ( P = .82), FT3 ( P = .40), FT4 ( P = .81), or vitamin D ( P = .78) levels between deceased and surviving patients. Deceased patients were older than survivors (median [IQR]: 75.5 [71.0-80.8] vs 71.0 [61.0-77.0] years; P = .002), with age emerging as the only predictor of mortality (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.02-1.11; P = .001; all other variables P > .33). Conclusions: NTIS-like thyroid hormone alterations and vitamin D deficiency are highly prevalent among hospitalized COVID-19 patients but do not predict in-hospital mortality. Age remains the major risk factor for death in this population. Our findings confirm that COVID-19 frequently affects the endocrine system and highlight the need for further research on long-term thyroid outcomes.
Clitoromegaly in a newborn with otherwise typically appearing female genitalia indicates exposure to excess androgens in fetal life. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common cause of virilization at birth and empiric treatment is often pursued due to the risk of life-threatening adrenal crisis. Turner syndrome (TS) does not usually present with atypical genital appearance or other signs of hyperandrogenism, unless Y chromosome material is present. In this report, we describe a newborn who was noted to have clitoromegaly soon after birth with an otherwise normal exam and no syndromic features. Empiric treatment with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone was started while initial laboratory results were pending. However, prior to receiving CAH hormonal panel results, karyotype testing returned as [45,XO(3)/46,XX(17)], consistent with mosaic TS. Testing for Y chromosome material, pursued as a potential cause of clitoromegaly, was negative. To add to the diagnostic dilemma, newborn screening for CAH was also negative. Results from the CAH panel done soon after birth eventually returned and revealed an elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone level (17-OHP) of 1540 ng/dl, which is more congruent with non-classical CAH and does not typically result in clitoromegaly at birth. To clarify the diagnosis, a 250 mcg cosyntropin stimulation test was performed after holding steroids for a week. Post-stimulation 17-OHP of 82334 ng/dL confirmed classical CAH secondary to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and genetic analysis identified biallelic pathogenic deletions of CYP21A2 gene. Current TS guidelines recommend testing for Y chromosome material if masculinizing features develop. This case underlines the value of including CAH in the differential diagnosis as another potential cause of virilization in patients with TS. The concurrence of CAH and TS poses added complexity for clinical management due to their overlapping impacts on linear growth, puberty, reproductive function, bone density and metabolic health.
The XLH Matters 2024 GCC Edition meeting convened 51 physicians from 6 Gulf countries to discuss the diagnosis and management of patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). This was the first XLH Matters meeting held in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, reflecting the unique healthcare structure, cultural context, and patient needs. The key themes of the meeting included: challenges faced by GCC clinicians in diagnosing and treating XLH, the importance of multi-disciplinary care, the psychosocial impact, and the principles of effective transition of patients from pediatric to adult care. Participants emphasized the importance of raising awareness of XLH among primary care physicians, pediatricians, and dentists to facilitate early diagnosis in the region. Genetic testing was highlighted as the key tool supporting diagnosis, but wider access to this is needed across the GCC. A structural, progressive, and personalized model for pediatric-to-adult transition was proposed, based on the individual needs of the patient and including patient empowerment and continuity of care. The meeting underscored the need for regional collaboration, awareness initiatives, and implementation of recent clinical guidelines to improve outcomes for people with XLH in the GCC region.
Metformin-associated gastrointestinal (GI) intolerance is a frequent clinical problem that can limit treatment initiation, delay dose escalation, and reduce long-term adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and bloating, although symptom pattern and severity vary substantially between individuals. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the determinants, mechanisms, and clinical evaluation of metformin-associated GI intolerance. In routine practice, assessment should begin with potentially modifiable exposure-related factors, including dose, single-dose burden, titration pace, formulation, administration with meals, kidney function, and concomitant medications. If symptoms persist or appear disproportionate to treatment exposure, clinicians should then consider broader host susceptibility, including baseline GI vulnerability, microbiome-related influences, altered bile acid handling, mucosal and neuroregulatory responses, comorbidity burden, and polypharmacy. This exposure–susceptibility framework provides a practical way to interpret metformin-related GI symptoms in routine care. It supports a stepwise clinical approach in which modifiable contributors are addressed first, broader context is reviewed when needed, and premature discontinuation is avoided whenever possible. Despite limitations in the current evidence base, available data support a structured and clinically useful approach to metformin intolerance.
Variants in the Glucokinase Regulator ( GCKR ) gene are increasingly being detected with growing applications of genomic sequencing technologies. Despite the crucial roles of the GCKR gene in energy homeostasis, the clinical applications of GCKR variants are currently limited. We observed that a large proportion of GCKR variants that are available in gnomAD database ( https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/ ) lacked adequate evidence of pathogenicity or benign impact. We highlight the clinical need for an improved understanding of GCKR variants by presenting 2 compelling cases of unrelated families (3 individuals in total) who harbor rare GCKR variants in the context of cornea arcus and hyperlipidemia. Our observations underscore the burgeoning need for functional as well as family segregation studies to facilitate the clinical applications of GCKR variants.
Euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) is characterized by abnormal thyroid function tests, most notably a low triiodothyronine (T3) level, occurring in the absence of intrinsic thyroid disease. A 54-year-old woman presented to the endocrinology clinic with a 4-month history of progressive fatigue, lethargy, and new-onset cold intolerance after initiation of semaglutide for weight management. The dose was titrated monthly over 4 months, during which she experienced significant weight loss of 22 kg. Laboratory evaluation revealed a thyroid function profile classic for ESS, with low free T3, low-normal free T4, and a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level that was inappropriately low relative to the reduced T3. After exclusion of primary thyroid and pituitary disorders, a diagnosis of ESS secondary to the catabolic state induced by rapid weight loss was made. The patient was counseled that this represented a physiological adaptation rather than intrinsic thyroid disease. Semaglutide was continued given its metabolic benefits, and nutritional optimization with adequate caloric and protein intake was advised.
Background: Romosozumab is an anabolic agent approved for the treatment of severe osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and in men at high risk of fracture. However, real-world data on its effectiveness, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or prior exposure to antiresorptive therapy, remain limited. Methods: Adult patients (⩾18 years) who received romosozumab between January 2021 and May 2024 and had both baseline and post-treatment dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were included. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck was assessed before and after 12 months of therapy. Subgroup analyses were undertaken according to diabetes status and previous antiresorptive therapy exposure. Results: Eighty-seven patients were included (mean age 66.7 ± 13.0 years; 94.3% female). The median percentage increase in lumbar spine BMD was 6.7% (IQR 1.3-12.6), while increases at the total hip and femoral neck were 2.9% (IQR −1.1 to 9.1) and 2.3% (IQR −3.9 to 9.7), respectively. Patients without diabetes demonstrated significantly greater BMD gains than those with diabetes at the lumbar spine (9.9% vs 3.1%; P = .020), total hip (4.1% vs 0.3%; P = .027), and femoral neck (3.9% vs 0.1%; P = .028). Similarly, treatment-naïve patients had greater improvements in total hip BMD compared with those with prior antiresorptive exposure (8.3% vs 2.2%; P = .004). Conclusion: Romosozumab significantly increased BMD at the lumbar spine, total hip and femoral neck after 12 months of treatment. The response was more pronounced in patients without diabetes and those who were treatment-naïve, suggesting that metabolic status and previous antiresorptive therapy may influence treatment effectiveness. Prospective studies are warranted to evaluate long-term fracture outcomes and the durability of these effects.
Background: Dyslipidemia is a condition where lipid metabolism is altered, and its mechanism is closely related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The alteration of lipid metabolism during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease results in disrupted uptake, oxidation, and export. Assessing dyslipidemia among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using these lipid panel is affordable, widely available, and compatible with existing laboratory infrastructure which enables for identifying individuals at increased risk of its complications, guiding therapeutic interventions, and supporting metabolic risk management. Objective: The study aimed to assess Dyslipidemia and its associated factors among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Adama Hospital Medical College, 2024. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study design was used, and the study units were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Sociodemographic, Behavioral, and Clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were taken by experienced nurses. Fasting venous blood was collected to test the lipid profiles and fasting blood glucose of study participants using Siemens Healthineers dimension EXL 200 chemistry analyzer. Data were assessed using STATA version 17 for correlation analysis among lipid parameters and the predictors, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Binary logistic regression was performed to show the statistically significant association among dyslipidemia and associated factors, and P < .05 was also considered statistically significant. Results: The overall proportion of dyslipidemia was found to be 199 (85.04%). High TG 128 (54.7%) and low HDL-C 121 (51.71%) accounts for the major abnormal lipid parameters. BMI, blood pressure, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease showed a weak positive statistical correlation with increased LDL-C, TG, and TC and a weak negative statistical correlation with HDL-C. The odds of lack of regular exercise and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were higher for developing dyslipidemia. Conclusions: The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was found to be high among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Hypertriglyceridemia was found to be highly prevalent, followed by low HDL-C, and high LDL-C.
