This study examines the development of postgraduate education programs in Vietnam with a focus on applying international collaborative training models to enhance quality and global competitiveness. Using a mixed-methods approach that combined policy and document analysis, curriculum benchmarking, and expert interviews, the research analyzed 32 policy documents, 15 domestic programs, and 8 international collaborative programs, and collected insights from 18 key stakeholders across three major institutions. The findings highlight significant progress in policy clarity, standardization, and international integration, alongside persistent challenges in research capacity, competency-based curriculum design, and infrastructure readiness. The study proposes strategic directions including curriculum innovation, faculty development, investment in research facilities, and the expansion of collaborative networks. These recommendations aim to position Vietnamese postgraduate education as an active contributor to global academic and research communities while meeting domestic socio-economic demands.
This study examined the recovery and preliminary biochemical characterization of extracellular lipase and catechol-cleaving dioxygenase activities from a bacterial isolate identified phenotypically as Pseudomonas luteola and obtained from petroleum-contaminated soil. Crude enzyme preparations were subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by gel filtration chromatography. For the dioxygenase preparation, specific activity increased from 15.3 U/mg in the crude extract to 588 U/mg after gel filtration, corresponding to a 38.4-fold enrichment with a final apparent yield of 15.9%. For lipase, specific activity increased from 0.00537 U/mg to 6.99 U/mg, corresponding to a 1302-fold enrichment, while the calculated apparent yield exceeded 100%, indicating increased measurable activity after purification and therefore requiring cautious interpretation. Chromatographic elu tion profiles showed discrete protein peaks associated with the pooled active fractions. The purified lipase displayed highest activity and stability at 30-35 degrees C and near-neutral pH, whereas the dioxygenase preparation showed maximum activity under mesophilic temperatures and around pH 7.0. Taken together, the results indicate that petroleum-associated bacterial isolates can provide enzyme preparations that remain active under mild conditions relevant to environmental biotechnology. The present work should be viewed as a preliminary purification and characterization study; it establishes a biochemical basis for future investigations of enzyme identity, catalytic performance, and direct hydrocarbon biodegradation.
The purpose of this research is to determine the level of computer teachers' information literacy and its reflection on the quality of the educational process in public secondary schools. They need to develop crucial skills in this Information Age, whereby they can effectively access and evaluate the information needed for technology in education and learning settings, which is actually information literacy. Despite the incremental integration of information and communication technologies in education systems worldwide, little empirical evidence exists on how teachers' information literacy competencies translate into instructional quality - particularly in developing educational contexts. The objective of this research is to determine the extent of information literacy among computer teachers and its effect on the quality of the educational process. A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was utilized to determine the relationship between dimensions of information literacy and teaching quality indicators. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering information literacy dimensions, including information access, evaluation, usage, and ethical/legal awareness in the classroom, and educational quality indicators, including instructional planning, teaching effectiveness, and student engagement, from a target population of 211 computer teachers at public secondary schools in Baghdad, Iraq. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple regression analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) with SPSS and AMOS version 23. The findings reveal that the level of computer teachers' information literacy is high (M = 3.88), and the quality of the educational process is also high (M = 3.92), with a significant correlation between information literacy and teaching quality (r = 0.67, p < 0.001). Results of regression analysis showed that information literacy accounted for 48% of the variance in teaching quality, while results of structural equation modeling with maximum likelihood revealed an effect of 50% within the structural model. Information usage skills, among the dimensions of information literacy, were found to be the most significant predictor of instructional quality, while evaluation skills, access skills, and ethical awareness followed closely behind. It advances research on education by evidencing that information literacy operates as a key pedagogical capacity rather than a mere technical capacity. These findings underscore the need to further develop teachers in their use of digital information in the classroom in terms of assessing and effectively implementing it. It also includes evidence-based recommendations for curriculum, teacher training, and education policy, linking the need for some type of information literacy framework in the professional development curriculum.
Cesarean section (CS) is an essential obstetric intervention when clinically indicated, but sustained increases in its use raise concerns regarding avoidable maternal risk, future reproductive consequences, and pressure on health-system resources. Updated local evidence is needed to distinguish between emergency and elective procedures and to describe the indications driving hospital practice. A retrospective hospital-based record review was conducted at Duhok Maternity Hospital, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, and included all deliveries from January 2020 to December 2024. Data were extracted from hospital records on mode of delivery, type of CS (emergency or elective), maternal age, parity, previous cesarean scars, and the primary recorded indication for CS. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize trends, and associations between CS type and maternal characteristics were assessed using the chi-square test, with a pvalue <0.05 considered statistically significant. Among 79,174 total deliveries, 28,062 were cesarean sections, corresponding to an overall CS rate of 36.84%. The total CS rate remained consistently high throughout the study period. Within this overall rate, emergency CS declined over time, whereas elective CS increased significantly (p < 0.001). Maternal age, parity, and number of previous cesarean scars were significantly associated with CS type. Emergency CS was more common among younger and nulliparous women and among women without a previous scar, whereas elective CS predominated among multiparous women and those with one or more previous scars. Fetal distress and failure of progress were the leading recorded indications for emergency CS, while abnormal presentation, post-date pregnancy, bad obstetrical history, and previous cesarean scar were frequent indications for elective CS. Cesarean delivery accounted for more than one-third of all births in this tertiary hospital, substantially exceeding the population benchmark proposed by the World Health Organization. The findings suggest that repeat cesarean delivery is an important contributor to the growing proportion of elective procedures. Regular audit of indications, closer review of primary cesarean decisions, and wider implementation of evidence-based labor management and vaginal birth after cesarean policies may help optimize CS use in this setting.
The growing complexity of socioeconomic processes and the ongoing transformation of the public sector necessitate improvements in the quality and effectiveness of management decisions. However, the absence of well-established and methodologically consistent analytical tools for assessing such decisions complicates informed decision-making and limits the transparency and effectiveness of public policy implementation. Against this background, the development of a comprehensive framework for evaluating the effectiveness of management decisions is of significant theoretical and practical relevance. The aim of this study is to provide a theoretical foundation and develop analytical tools for assessing the effectiveness of management decisions in the public sector, thereby enhancing the quality and soundness of public administration processes. The research employs methods of analysis and synthesis, systemic and structural-functional approaches, comparative and content analysis, economic and statistical methods, as well as generalization and scientific abstraction. The study reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations for evaluating the effectiveness of public-sector management decisions and systematizes scientific approaches to defining effectiveness while accounting for sector-specific characteristics. International experience in applying analytical assessment tools is generalized. As a result, an integrated analytical model for evaluating the effectiveness of management decisions is developed, key influencing factors are identified, and their impact is assessed. The proposed tools may be applied to monitor and evaluate public programs and policies and to support evidence-based public governance.
Traditional descriptions of voice in Kurmanji and Zazaki often foreground an active-passive opposition, and some Zazaki-oriented descriptive traditions additionally claim that Zazaki has two passive types: a canonical passive formed with the auxiliary ameyene 'come' plus an infinitive, and a second "suffixal/added" passive. Building on a structural diagnostic- the optional licensing of an overt agent phrase-this article argues that the alleged second passive is not passive at all but an event-centered middle construction: it can be semantically passive-like yet systematically resists agent-phrase insertion. We show that true passives are parallel in Kurmanji and Zazaki (hatin/ameyene + infinitive) and that the "extra passive" arises when dialectally constrained datasets (especially Southern/Cermug Za zaki, where ameyene-passives are reported to be rare) conflate passives with middles. In contrast, Northern Var to Zazaki patterns closely with Kurmanji, favoring the auxiliary-passive strategy. Finally, we argue that middle alternations are constrained by verb class: only a subset of ambitransitives behaves as labile/ergative predicates that readily form middles, whereas highly general transitives such as kerdene 'do' resist the middle alternation but passivize straightforwardly. Using parallel Kurmanji-Zazaki paradigms, the paper provides a compact toolkit for separating passive from middle and offers a dialect-sensitive reanalysis of Todd [1] and Pamuk & ccedil;u [2].
This article aims to elucidate the nature and functions of political discourse within the sphere of social communication through analytical and interpretive approaches. The central hypothesis guiding the study concerns the extent to which politicians consciously attend to discourse when articulating their viewpoints in public contexts. Specifically, it asks: To what degree do political actors strategically manage discourse, and through which linguistic or rhetorical dimensions is this attention manifested? To address this guiding question, the article examines several key issues: (i) the theoretical foundations relevant to political discourse; (ii) the relationship between political discourse and the public persona or constructed image of political figures in communicative interactions; (iii) the interplay between political discourse and the exercise or consolidation of political power; and (iv) a set of interpretive discussions illustrating how these relationships operate in practice. The study employs qualitative research methods, drawing on discourse analysis frameworks to provide an in-depth exploration of the communicative practices of political actors.
As President Ho Chi Minh taught, Vietnam's public administration must prioritize the interests of the nation and its people above all else. That is, it must serve the citizens and the Fatherland of Vietnam. Therefore, this interdisciplinary study has shown that Vietnam's ongoing public administration reforms all prioritize serving the people and the Fatherland as their highest priority. The philosophy of development based on integrity for Vietnamese civil servants today is not just an attitude, but also a concrete action and aspiration. That is to make Vietnam a developed, high-income country by 2045. This vision demands the establishment of a modern, transparent, and honest public administration. Civil servants must perform their duties with a spirit of public service, democracy, rule of law, professionalism, modernity, and transparency. This service is generally based on four fundamental pillars: First, transparent and accountable institutions create a clear legal framework, ensuring that public officials perform their duties correctly and are accountable to society. Second, public service ethics must guide the behavior of public officials towards the values of integrity, impartiality, and dedicated service to the people. Third, the competence and professionalism of public officials determine the quality of public service performance, thereby ensuring the efficiency and modernity of the administration. Fourth, social oversight must be implemented, including citizen participation to create control pressure, contributing to increased transparency and accountability of public officials. Research results show that if public officials maintain integrity in performing their duties, it will create a foundation for effective national governance. This means strengthening social trust, enhancing national dignity, and increasing competitiveness to realize Vietnam's development aspirations.
The full-scale Russian invasion in 2022 intensified scholarly and public debate over the historical foundations of Ukrainian identity and its relationship to Europe. Because Russian state discourse frequently denies the legitimacy of a distinct Ukrainian nation, a historically grounded analysis of identity formation has both academic and civic relevance. This study examines six interrelated dimensions of Ukrainian identity-linguistic, religious, political, artistic, intellectual, and national revival-through a structured review of peer-reviewed scholarship, public survey data, and institutional reports. The analysis combines comparative-historical, chronological, and structural-functional approaches to trace continuity and change from Kievan Rus to the present. Source selection prioritized works published in 2016-2025 that directly addressed one or more of the six dimensions, supplemented by foundational historical studies and public datasets. The findings indicate that Ukrainian identity has developed through sustained interaction with European cultural processes rather than outside them: language has become a stronger marker of civic solidarity; religious history shows mediation between Eastern and Western Christian traditions; political culture preserves traditions of self-organization and protest mobilization; artistic and intellectual life demonstrate durable participation in European cultural and educational networks; and the nineteenth-century national revival followed patterns comparable to those of other stateless European nations. The study does not claim an exhaustive history of every dimension, but it offers an integrated framework for understanding how historical experience, cultural production, and contemporary mobilization reinforce Ukrainian national consciousness in a European context.
The TasteAtlas platform, which actively incorporates gastronomic information from around the world, offers gastronomic guidance with over 17,000 global gastronomic products. Given the sheer volume of gastronomic data available on this platform, the position, scope, and future of Turkish culinary culture have become a subject of interest within the context of gastronomic diplomacy. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine the place and importance of Turkish culinary culture within the TasteAtlas platform from the perspective of gastrodiplomacy. The research was conducted using qualitative research methods, specifically archive research and content analysis, and was an alyzed by expert academics in the field. The data obtained are discussed in the findings section with graphs and visuals, concluding that Turkish culinary culture holds a significant and promising position from the perspective of gastrodiplomacy. In particular, its dishes, desserts, and products have shown a significant increase in world rankings in recent years. Turkish cuisine, having achieved great success in world rankings, can reach even better positions with new studies and new tourism policies. Future studies are recommended to ensure sustainability and implement new practices.
This study focuses on the motivations of white-collar workers toward garden and gardening culture. The aim of the study is to identify the fundamental reasons for interest in gardening among white-collar workers. Today, significant recent changes in the dynamics of white-collar workers' working lives indicate a need for their perspectives on gardening. The research is designed using a qualitative method to explore the experiences of white-collar professionals with gardening and gardening culture. In this study, which employed a phenomenological design, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 participants, including 8 women and 7 men, using purposive and snowball sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire was used as the data collection tool, and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis in Maxqda 2024. Based on the analysis of garden and gardening culture, three themes were identified: "the meaning of being white-collar and the garden," "motivation for turning to the garden," and "garden and gardening culture." According to research findings, the impact of the interaction of various factors, such as health motivation, investment potential, mutual aid networks, and the development of belonging, as well as the dynamics of working life, on the appearance of garden culture has been understood. It was concluded that the gardening activities, initiated to escape the density of the city center, were a unique experience with economic, social, spatial, and psychological dimensions.
This paper reconceptualizes corruption as a lived experience embedded in everyday governance, using province-level evidence from Vietnam. Drawing on data from the Vietnam Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) and the Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI), the study examines how informal payments manifest across administrative procedures, healthcare, education, and firm-state interactions. The descriptive analysis documents substantial cross-provincial variation in corruption, indicating that corruption is shaped by localized governance environments rather than being uniformly distributed. Sectoral patterns show that administrative procedures and public services constitute the primary arenas of everyday corruption. By integrating descriptive evidence with political philosophy, particularly theories of justice and capability, the paper interprets corruption as a territorially differentiated form of governance that conditions access to public authority. The findings suggest that corruption in Vietnam operates less as an isolated institutional failure and more as a routine feature of state-society interaction across provinces.
Our purpose is to determine the instrumental casealong with comparative semantics in adverbial function within the Ukrainian literary language. Noclassical grammarist has a strong theoretical account of structures like this. The cognitive character of the process of meaning-making is not properly taken into account. The oblique comparison into instrumental in which case is the one of lndirect nomination of a property. And it parallels the processes of conceptualization and associative interpretation. Samples of literary texts from different stages and the Ukrainian language were used as originals. The research was carried out with use of continuous sampling, contextual analysis and semantic modeling (both cognitive-onomasiological interpretation). The theoretical framework employed is the frame approach. It provides an overview of the meaning of case in terms of object, action, possessive, identification, and comparison. According to the research it has been argued that the construction with instrumental adjectives are motivated by associative and structural-metaphorical motivation. Comparison sources and targets are based miragent and mirreferent nodes that mainly relates to concrete nouns. Analogues abound in form, and quality. The formations are derived from breakdown of relief predicativity and the conversium of parts-of-speech. So in this transposition, the noun signs get. Representational themes are outlined, which create relative meaning. The musicological metaphor of the instrumental comparative prepositional phrase: categorization and mapping of cognitive domains. It works from culturally programed ways of knowing reality. It is a materialisation of a multileveled semantics of artistic text. The results contribute to our understanding of the semantic validity of the instrumental. They delineate their research frontiers in cognitive language.
This paper presents a philosophical analysis of the future challenges of education in globalization through a comparative approach to three paradigms: neoliberal, cosmopolitan, and critical. Through the use of a paradigm-analytical and critical hermeneutic approach, the study explores how each of these concepts represents education, knowledge, and the educational subject, and what globalization could mean for education in terms of meaning and practice. The neoliberal paradigm emphasizes education as an economic investment, knowledge as capital, and the educational subject as human capital, with a focus on the instrumentalization of learning. The cosmopolitan paradigm describes education as an ethical and civic project that encourages global citizenship, moral responsibility, and intercultural solidarity, whereas the critical paradigm contextualizes education within power relations and acknowledges both its contributions to new inequalities and its emancipatory possibilities. The research uncovers the conceptual pluralism and philosophical contradictions of these paradigms and shows that the future of education cannot be reduced to a one-dimensional model. The need to adopt a critical-reflexive perspective is indicated in this research by making clear the ontological, normative, and ethical assumptions of each perspective and by providing them with a theoretically informed basis for comprehending education under conditions of globalization.
Digital literacy and the ability to withstand disinformation are among the key competencies of the twenty-first century. This article analyses the relationship between digital literacy and resilience to disinformation among students and the adult population in the Slovak Republic, in comparison with the Czech Republic, Poland, and the OECD/EU average, based on aggregated data from PISA, the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). The theoretical framework draws on concepts of digital literacy and models of critical thinking. The empirical part focuses on indicators of reading and digital literacy, inter-net use, and exposure to disinformation. In this section, we use aggregated data from international studies and the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), supplemented with indicators of digital technology use and exposure to disinformation. The results suggest that Slovakia records below-average scores in digital competences and that its inhabitants report a lower self-assessed ability to recognise disinformation than the EU average, with especially pronounced differences among socio-economically disadvantaged groups. The discussion identifies systemic gaps in education and society and recommends curriculum reform, teacher support, and the development of media literacy. We discuss the implications for educational policy and propose measures to strengthen critical and digital education. The study uses proxy indicators of resilience to disinformation, which constitutes a methodological limitation and requires caution in interpreting the findings. The use of proxy indicators constrains causal inference and calls for further empirical research.
Objective: To compare clinical pregnancy, live birth, pregnancy loss, and ovarian hyperstimulation outcomes among infertile couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using either a GnRH agonist long protocol or a GnRH antagonist protocol. Methods: This retrospective comparative study evaluated 194 ICSI cycles with complete outcome data (98 agonist, 96 antagonist). Categorical outcomes were compared using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate. To strengthen interpretation of the primary endpoints, crude relative risks (RRs) with 95c7 confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from the observed counts. Results: The GnRH antagonist protocol was associated with a higher clinical pregnancy rate than the GnRH agonist long protocol (65.6c7 vs. 21.4c7; RR 3.06, 95c7 CI 2.04-4.60; p <0.001). Aggregate live birth was also higher in the antagonist group (42.7c7 vs. 8.2c7; RR 5.23, 95c7 CI 2.59-10.57; p < 0.001). Pregnancy losses occurred in both groups; however, detailed category-specific comparisons were interpreted cautiously because of sparse cells. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome was infrequent in both groups and did not differ significantly between protocols. Conclusion: In this retrospective cohort, GnRH antagonist stimulation was associated with improved clinical pregnancy and live birth outcomes without an observed increase in OHSS. Because the study was non-randomized and unadjusted, these findings should be interpreted as associative rather than causal, but they support further prospective evaluation of antagonist-based stimulation in routine ICSI practice.
The commercialization of happiness is one of the paradigmatic philosophical problems of contemporary global consumer culture, as the market for wellness services, self-help, and online platforms offers wellness as a commodity for sale, while more and more people in developed countries experience depression, anxiety, or disappointment in their lives. This is a paradox that requires not empirical but philosophical research: the oversupply of wellness services and the deterioration of well-being. This work aims to unravel the philosophical premises of the commercialization of happiness in global consumer culture by analyzing its simulation logic, disciplinary practices of gender, and their traumatic consequences. The methodology includes philosophical discursive analysis, Derrida's deconstruction, and comparative philosophical analysis of the Frankfurt School and poststructuralist models based on 40 scientific articles published in 2018-2025. The analysis proves that consumer culture creates a simulacrum of happiness-a copy without an original-which structurally displaces real well-being instead of providing it. Gender discourses of success are disciplinary practices that have colonized subjectivity, transforming structural inequality into individual failure, a process of self-alienation. The impossibility of commercializing well-being creates a philosophically different version of trauma, rethinking the current mental health crisis as a structural rather than an individual problem. Alternatives based on the philosophical foundations of intrinsic values and non-market values can provide real conceptual material to counter this colonization of the inner world of the individual. Such results add to philosophy an interdisciplinary interpretation of the study of happiness that simultaneously advances critical theory, feminist philosophy, and well-being.
The technological, economic, and social transformations of the 21st century have made it imperative for education systems to shift from a traditional knowledge transfer model to a skills-based approach. In this transition, textbooks remain the main resource for equipping students with the abilities outlined in the curricula. This study aims to analyze activities in Turkish textbooks for basic education grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 used during the 2023-2024 academic year through the lens of learning and innovation skills based on the P21 (Partnership for 21st Century Learning) skill framework. The research employed document analysis design-a qualitative research method-and utilized Ministry of National Education-approved textbooks as data sources. The collected data were interpreted descriptively under themes falling under "critical thinking and problem-solving", "communication", "collaboration", and "creativity & innovation" as defined in P21. Research findings re vealed a significant imbalance in the distribution of activities in the examined Turkish textbooks at all grade levels according to skill areas. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the vast majority of the activities focused on critical thinking and problem-solving skills, followed by communication, and creativity and innovation skills, respectively. The most striking result of the study is that activities aimed at collaboration skills, which are one of the basic requirements of modern business and social life, are negligible or non-existent at all grade levels. This study is original in that it presents concrete data on the extent to which current Turkish textbooks cover 21st-century skills and offers specific suggestions for curriculum and material development processes, particularly for the development of collaboration and creativity skills.
This paper presents an analysis of the issues of female enslavement and female resistance in A Dream of Red Mansions, taking into consideration the role of Confucian gender ideology in the lives of women within both elite and domestic circles of Qing Dynasty China. The review examines the interplay between gender and class oppression through a literary analysis of Lin Daiyu, an aristocratic woman, and Qingwen, a servant girl. Lin Daiyu fights against social pressure through poetry and emotional resistance, whereas Qingwen fights against enslavement through open defiance and personal suffering. The resistance of both characters costs them dearly, revealing the novel's criticism of patriarchal systems. The poetic rebelliousness of Lin Daiyu and the uncompromising integrity of Qingwen within the framework of Qing Dynasty China lead to critical reflections on issues concerning women of diverse social classes. Their opposition represents a moving criticism of Confucian gender relations and serves as a testament to the multifaceted relationship between power and identity in China. Through the use of thematic analysis, character examination, and a historical approach, this review demonstrates how literary texts can provide a tool for social critique. The research can benefit feminist literary studies in that it demonstrates the complexity of female agency within systems of oppression and humanizes the struggles of women in ancient Chinese society. This work is weakened by its limited scope, which captures only two characters, Lin Daiyu and Qingwen; thus, they may not represent the full scope of female experience in the novel. Moreover, the application of purely literary methods of analysis without the inclusion of historical or sociological methodologies limits the scope of contextual understanding. These shortcomings imply that more inclusive and interdisciplinary research will be required in the future.
This study aims to analyze the ecological landscape patterns of Guilin's ancient towns by integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Landscape Index. It examines how urban growth, tourism, and modernization affect the ecological and cultural sustainability of heritage areas. Additionally, the study provides insights into sustainable heritage management by assessing spatial metrics related to landscape fragmentation and ecological connectivity. A quantitative research design was applied, and the analysis of landscape patterns and fragmentation was conducted with the help of GIS mapping and the Landscape Index. Data on spatial change were gathered and analyzed to determine variations in land use, patch density, edge contrast, and ecological connectivity over time. The paper used spatial measures to identify areas at high risk of fragmentation and assess how urbanization affected the historic landscape. The findings reveal considerable landscape discontinuity caused by urbanization, which leads to a reduction in green areas and ecological deterioration. Areas with high fragmentation were also identified. The results indicate that cultural and ecological sustainability in the historic towns of Guilin is threatened and that landscape change and heritage degradation are largely caused by urbanization and development related to the tourism industry. This research integrates GIS-based spatial analysis to propose data-driven conservation strategies. It contributes to sustainable urban planning and offers a replicable framework for heritage preservation in historically significant towns facing urbanization challenges.
