Introduction. Thermal treatment is a technology that ensures guaranteed quality of milk and dairy products in terms of pathogenic microorganisms and enzyme systems, under specific combinations of temperature regimes and heating times. The most effective is the “thermosiphon pasteurizer using direct or indirect electrical heating” with a closed cycle of vaporization and condensation. But it is important to reduce energy costs for heating milk and develop a calculation method for a tankless milk heater parameters for pasteurizing taking into account the hydro-thermodynamic and design characteristics of the electrode heater. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at developing the theoretical and experimental justification of a method for calculating the parameters of a tankless electrode thermosiphon heater to increase the efficiency of the milk heater in pasteurizing at a given final milk temperature and capacity in a steady-state equilibrium mode. Materials and Methods. There were used the basic provisions of the theory of hydrodynamics and thermodynamics, heat exchange and heat transfer, the methods of similarity theory, electrothermics and electrode resistance heating. Results. There has been described the technique for calculating parameters on the example of an electrode thermosiphon heater with a coil heat exchanger made of food-grade stainless steel. This technique includes the sequential determination of: the components of heat flows in a thermosiphon electrode heater under an isochoric thermodynamic regime; the flow rate of condensate; the heating area of a coil heat exchanger at given milk production rate; the power of an electrode heating device; the geometric dimensions of an electrode system. After this, experimental verification and testing of permissible values of electric field strength and current density are implied. Discussion and Conclusion. The presented calculation method allows in the equilibrium heat exchange mode agreeing the geometric and energy characteristics of the electrode system of the electro-technological heater with the parameters of the coil heat exchanger of known milk productivity, the results of the experimental verification of the proposed technology, taking into account the hydro- and thermodynamic parameters. The results of the study not contradict the results of the previous research conducted by the authors. The practical significance lies in the justified possibility of reducing the energy consumption for heating milk in thermal processing by 15–16% compared to the known technologies with a coefficient of efficiency of 84–88%. A promising area of research aimed at reducing energy consumption for milk heating, depending on the initial data of the technological process, is the study of the effect of self-regulation of the heater power using a compensatory capacity and the level of the aqueous solution.
Introduction. At present, developing the design of a multicomponent drum dispenser of a small-sized unit for preparing high-quality loose compound feed from home-produced grain fodder and industrial additives on farms and private farm households is very relevant and aimed at solving the problem of ensuring economical consumption, compliance with proportions, accuracy of dosing, and preparation of nutritionally balanced full- ration loose compound feed. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at the development of a design and experimental determination of rational design and operational parameters for a multi-component drum dispenser of loose compound feed components in a small-sized compound feed unit. Materials and Methods. There have been used the methods of determining the weight by volume and weighted average particle diameter, evaluating functional indicators, calculating and estimating the productivity errors, conducting a single-factor experimental study, and processing the measurement results to determine the rational design and operational parameters of the drum dispenser of a small-sized compound unit. There has been used a moisture meter Wile-65, a grain tester ПХ-1МЦ, a scale CAS MWP-3000, a scale MASTER MS-10, a set K505, a stopwatch СОСпр-2б-2, and a tachometer ТЧ 10-Р. Results. There have been determined the rational design and operational parameters of a five-component drum dispenser with the dosing process energy intensity of 0.2 kWh/t, and an average productivity of 111.3 kg/h for wheat, 47.4 kg/h for soybeans, 36.7 kg/h for additives, 47.9 kg/h for sunflower cake, 74.4 kg/h for corn, and 317.7 kg/h in general for loose compound feed. Discussion and Conclusion. The evaluation of the drum dispenser main performance indicators has showed compliance with the requirements for the operational process of dosing loose compound feed components. In the future, it will be possible to install a mesh drum with design parameters that depend on the specific recipe and the amount of loose feed components for different types and age groups of animals and poultry that will increase the efficiency of the direct-flow continuous operational process of producing loose compound feed with the use of the small-sized feed unit under developing compared to other designs.
Introduction. An essential component of the program for the modernization of the agroindustrial complex is the development of a federal system of technologies and machines for crop production aimed at ensuring the technological sovereignty and economic development of the country. Taking into account the experience of applying modern trends of technological progress in the agro ndustrial complex, there should be proposed the requirements for agricultural machinery in a certain factor space. In the proposed factor space structure, a person is a developer of conditions and requirements for ensuring highly efficient technological and technical support of agricultural production. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at analyzing scientific and methodological approaches and proposing an algorithm for creating the factor space structure in substantiating the differentiation system of machines for the development of innovative technical facilities and production processes in the agro-industrial complex. Materials and Methods. The functionally dependent block-factors were substantiated using the structural and functional analyses. The solution of the tasks of planning the optimal machine and tractor fleet for agricultural enterprises is based on using the methods of optimization and systematic approaches. Results. There has been proposed the factor space structure to characterize the differentiation of machines. There have been introduced and substantiated additional blockfactors, which have their own purpose, content and output indicators: Development strategy; the equipment user requirements; agricultural environment and background; complex of machines; working bodies; power supply; intelligent control technologies; predictive technologies; qualified personnel; machine and tractor fleet of enterprises. The proposed algorithm is shown by the example of the development of a plot combine for harvesting breeding plots. Discussion and Conclusion. The block-factors are interrelated and differ in the degree of their significance, which is accepted as the initial information. Each component of the proposed algorithm for creating the factor space structure was considered in accordance with the requirements of the Strategy for achieving food security indicators in the Russian Federation. The presented study continues the discussion about the selection and assessment of prospective directions for improving the methods of substantiating the machine system including territorial features. The proposed structure is universal and allows solving general industrial scientific problems of complex multifactorial character taking into account modern technologies and designs and using achievements in the field of digitalization, robotics and artificial intelligence.
Introduction. The characteristics of diesel fuel, including its chemical composition andphysico-chemical properties, directly correlate with the engine operation environmental aspects. They determine the soot formation intensity in combusting and soot emissions into the atmosphere with exhaust gases. When an engine operates using alternative biofuels in different load and speed modes, the fuel combustion conditions in the diesel cylinder vary depending on the injection and spraying parameters and the droplet size of the biofuel used that leads to the modification of the soot emission characteristics. The relevance of studying the soot formation in diesel biofuel-powered engines is caused by its direct effect on combustion efficiency, the level of toxic emissions, and on the economic and environmental engine characteristics. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at investigating the effect of methanol and methyl ester of rapeseed oil on formatting soot and reducing smoke content of diesel engine exhaust gases. Materials and Methods. The adequacy and topicality of experimental data processing methods is confirmed by experimental studies and analytical dependencies. Experimental studies were conducted according to the GOST 18509-88 methodology, the samples to determine the smoke content of exhaust gases were taken according to the GOST 24028-2013, GOST 17.2.2.02-98, GOST R 41.24-2003 methods. The parameters of the combustion process were determined according to the methods of the Central Scientific Research Diesel Institute, the calculated characteristics of soot were determined according to the Central Research Diesel Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University methods and the Vyatka State Agrotechnological University programs. Results. There have been studied the morphology and microstructure of aggregate soot particles. There have been considered the physicochemical characteristics of the fuels used in a diesel engine. When operating in the main load and speed modes of a diesel engine running on methanol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil, there have been found exhaust smoke values, temperatures in the zones of soot formation and burnout, the number and diameter of soot particles, the mass content and concentration of soot. There have been also found their maximum values and has been determined the corresponding angle of crankshaft rotation. In the course of the study, the complete replacement of standard petroleum diesel fuel in diesel engines with methanol and methyl ester of rapeseed oil was successfully carried out. Discussion and Conclusion. The study confirms the possibility to replace completely the standard fuel for the diesel engine with methanol and methyl ester of rapeseed oil that reduces significantly exhaust smoke. The calculated values of the soot concentration in the cylinder correspond to current theoretical models describing the processes occurring inside the cylinder, and are confirmed by the experimental data of the exhaust smoke measurements. Further research areas may include adapting the alternative fuel used and optimizing the fuel supply system of a diesel engine to achieve the lowest possible level of exhaust smoke.
Introduction. To solve the problem of bringing together the results of different experimental designs into a single regression model it is necessary to develop the methods for designing experiments, assessing the influence of intervals and levels of variation of the studied factors on the possible behavior of changes in process indicators, and to have the ability to compile (combine) the results of several sequential series of studies into a single system. The use of numerical methods and calculation technologies, and computerized management of technological machines, will allow adjusting rapidly their operating parameters at complex interplay of factors. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at algorithmizing the methodology for developing interpolation models when used for automated processing of the results of experimental studies using the mathematical experiment design theory and compilation of the models. Materials and methods. In the study, there was used the methodology for the analytical substantiation of expressions of interpolation functions describing the nature of indicator changes within the boundaries under consideration based on the results of previously completed studies, the development of a procedure for carrying out activities related to planning an experiment and obtaining interpolation expressions and computer models. Results. There have been substantiated and implemented activities for developing a model combining a linear multifactor model and a particular function of one of the factors (the influence of the drum dispenser rotation frequency on its capacity). Discussion and Conclusion. The implemented activities allowed us to recommend the following sequence of actions: implementing a full-factorial design for several coded factors with developing the process linear model, determining the preferred zone of their use; implementing an additional series of single-factor experiments within the previously investigated coded interval of the factor under study and the subsequent finding of the functional dependence of the process indicator on this factor; developing a computer program for combining the functions of both series of studies for the substitution of partial functions of the natural indicators of the factors into a multifactorial linear model of coded factors; determining the nature and numerical values of the process indicator for all factor values in order to use the results for further calculations in the mathematical description of the studied device operation, for example, a continuous mixer. The combination of linear multifactorial design models and different versions of functions of specific variables (factors), implemented as a computer model, makes it possible to obtain a complicated multifactorial dependence, which looks linear in the coded coordinates of the factors, and the partial values of the process indicator within the section of the multifactorial experiment design (–1; +1) are described by partial functions with current natural coordinates.
