Traditional medicinal knowledge (TMK) links human health, biodiversity and cultural continuity, yet sustainability-indicator frameworks rarely assess it directly. Our contribution is methodological: we show how an existing ethnographic record can be turned into a transparent, traceable sustainability assessment framework. We worked only from a 2024 ethnographic technical report on the Gayo community of Lut Tawar, Central Aceh, Indonesia, with no new fieldwork and no informant-level data. Its 51-species inventory (158 use reports across 67 ailment labels) and 65-entry remedy inventory were restructured into a dataset, from which we computed reported-use breadth (RUB), documented corpus consensus (DCC, calculated with the Informant Consensus Factor formula) and formulation richness (FR). We coded the report's account of knowledge erosion into 16 explicitly stated mechanisms (structural 6, cultural 5, ecological 5) and organised both profiles in a Pressure–State–Response structure, the Traditional Medicinal Knowledge Sustainability Profile (TMK-SP), without collapsing them into one score. RUB was right-skewed (median 2; ten species held 73 of 158 use reports). DCC was low (pooled 0.15; at most 0.27 in categories with eight or more use reports) and rose with category size. Sixteen of 65 ailments (24.6%; bootstrap 95% CI 13.8–35.4%) had a single recorded remedy. The composite pressure score (0.89; 0.84–0.96 under random weights) shows that erosion is documented in all three dimensions, not how severe it is. TMK-SP is a preliminary diagnostic profile, not a validated measure of sustainability; informant-level surveys, voucher specimens, expert validation and repeat surveys are needed before it can support comparison across sites.
Loddigesia mirabilis (spatula-tailed hummingbird) is an endangered species endemic to northern Peru, whose distribution is mainly limited to the Utcubamba River valley and adjacent areas of the Amazonas and San Martín departments. We modeled its current and future environmental suitability in the department of Amazonas with MaxEnt, using 161 spatially thinned presence records and eight predictors (three bioclimatic variables, elevation, NDVI, vegetation cover, and distances to roads and population centers) selected through Pearson correlation and variance inflation factor analyses. Model complexity was tuned with ENMeval (28 candidate configurations), and performance was assessed with four-fold spatial block cross-validation. Future projections for 2050 and 2070 under SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 were obtained as ensemble means of four CMIP6 global climate models (ACCESS-ESM1-5, CNRM-ESM2-1, IPSL-CM6A-LR and MRI-ESM2-0). The selected model (LQH features, regularization multiplier 3) reached a spatially cross-validated AUC of 0.816 ± 0.039 and a 10th-percentile omission rate of 0.184. Currently, 5121.16 km 2 (13.21% of the department) are environmentally suitable, of which 1707.15 km 2 (4.41%) are highly suitable, concentrated in the provinces of Chachapoyas, Luya and Bongará. All future scenarios project a contraction of suitable area (−19.4% to −27.3% by 2050 and −29.0% to −36.4% by 2070) and a stronger loss of highly suitable area (−39.8% to −69.4%), with negligible gains, small eastward centroid displacements and an upslope shift of 80–168 m in the median elevation of highly suitable areas. Strict climate refugia supported by all four GCMs decrease from 256.56 to 548.80 km 2 in 2050 to 0.98–222.08 km 2 in 2070. These results indicate an in situ contraction rather than a range shift and highlight the need to protect the montane forests of southern Amazonas that remain suitable across climate models and scenarios.
Mountains constitute a distinctive socio-ecological landscape system of considerable ecological, aesthetic, and socio-economic importance, offering substantial opportunities to local communities. Examining local communities' perspectives can be crucial to understanding the role of ecosystems in enhancing human well-being. This study integrates ecosystem services (ES) valuation with community perceptions of, dependence on, and the importance of ecosystem services to livelihoods in the Satluj River Basin, Himachal Himalaya. Using a participatory approach with geospatial analysis, data were collected from respondents across the river basin. Results reveal that the contribution of provisioning services has decreased, while the contribution of cultural services has increased to their well-being. Water and forests are the most important ecosystem for providing the full range of ecosystem services. Local communities are also aware of environmental changes, including climate change. This awareness can support livelihood resilience by helping communities adapt to the decline in provisioning services and their increasing reliance on cultural services. The growing significance of climate regulation, water regulation, habitat, soil formation, tourism, and recreation justifies stronger protection of the forest and riparian environment. The study highlights the importance of distinct approaches to ecological governance and land use planning in the upper and lower Satluj basins.
