ABSTRACT Flooding in urban informal settlements (UIS) is often analysed through physical hazard exposure, yet risk extends beyond location. Social differentiation and political marginalisation also shape who is most affected, how impacts are experienced and ultimately how vulnerability is understood in UIS. Drawing on fieldwork conducted between May and August 2025 in Mukuru kwa Reuben, an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, this study examines how biophysical, socio‐economic, institutional and political factors interact to shape vulnerability to floods, situating the analysis within critical debates on urban informality and climate justice. Grounded in urban political ecology enhanced with gendered perspectives, the study uses a sequential mixed‐methods approach that integrates GIS‐based flood mapping, participatory mapping, focus group discussions, household surveys ( N = 220) and policy analysis to capture both spatial patterns and differentiated lived experiences of vulnerability. The findings reveal that whereas low‐lying topography and poor drainage drive exposure, vulnerability is intensified by insecure tenure, precarious livelihoods, gendered care burdens and overlapped and fragmented governance. Hybrid mapping uncovers localised ‘risk microenvironments’ often invisible to formal models, showing the benefit of plural methodology to capture complex and situated realities. The study advances flood vulnerability in UIS as a governance–exposure assemblage, showing how biophysical exposure becomes socially consequential through tenure insecurity, fragmented service provision, selective enforcement, unequal resource access, precarious livelihoods and uneven recognition of informal settlements in urban planning. Insights from Mukuru carry wider relevance for rapidly urbanising cities across Africa, showing that reducing flood vulnerability requires addressing not only hydrological exposure, but also infrastructural deficits, tenure insecurity, governance failures and entrenched inequalities.
ABSTRACT Livelihood vulnerability assessments in developing nations have traditionally focused on rural agrarian settings, analysing environmental shocks through a strictly hydro‐meteorological lens. However, peri‐urban areas are critical socio‐spatial interfaces where state‐led urban encroachment acts as a concurrent, compounding macro‐stressor alongside climate variability. Arguing against standard, climate‐only frameworks, this study demonstrates that peri‐urban vulnerability is a multi‐stressor outcome of both climatic and rapid land‐use transformations. Employing a mixed‐methods approach, the study utilised the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) framework with data from a survey of 345 households, complemented by qualitative insights from Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The LVI‐IPCC results (on a scale of −1 to +1) reveal a state of moderate vulnerability (mean = −0.029), representing a fragile equilibrium where limited adaptive capacity barely offsets rising exposure. High sensitivity (0.586) emerged as the most acute dimension, driven by the interaction of urban encroachment (eroding the natural asset base) and climate variability (undermining crop productivity). This dual pressure acts as a vulnerability multiplier, threatening long‐term sustainability by trapping households in high‐risk subsistence cycles. Although farmers possess strong human (0.628) and social capital (0.554), their adaptive capacity is severely constrained by deficits in physical and financial capital, particularly the lack of rural electrification and income diversification (0.428). The study concludes that traditional resilience is being systematically overwhelmed. Actionable recommendations include implementing participatory land‐use zoning to protect agricultural buffers, institutionalising micro‐insurance schemes for crop loss and providing vocational training to youth to reduce dependence on shrinking farmland and ensure long‐term peri‐urban resilience.
ABSTRACT Rest is increasingly presented as a key solution to the challenge of rising workplace temperatures under climate change. Yet, despite this growing importance, the scientific literature often treats the relationship between rest and core temperature simplistically, viewing rest as a passive recovery tool essential for cooling the body and maintaining productivity. We frame this dominant approach as the ‘recovery‐productivity calculus’ that underpins current debates on rest‐based heat interventions, such as the Threshold Limit Values that allocate rest schedules in response to heat risk. This paper presents a critical review of rest under heat stress, arguing that the recovery‐productivity calculus overlooks the dynamic, subjective and political nature of rest in the context of heat stress. This oversight (or lacuna) stems from the history of modern heat stress research, where the dominance of military‐based research and laboratory studies replaced field‐based studies with workers, influencing insights on occupational heat stress. Furthermore, heat research bears parallels to the historical study of industrial fatigue, highlighting how productivity concerns may become dominant. Drawing from critical heat studies and the anthropology of work, we incorporate an analysis of power and subjectivity into the study of rest, considering two forms: planned breaks and self‐pacing. Our focus is to develop the question of rest not as secondary or residual within the heat‐work relation—as productivity‐recovery centred framings construe—but as a nuanced practice that actively informs the success of heat governance. As rest becomes an ever more important tool in the climate‐changed workplace, this paper provides a basis to understand the practices that underpin its heat mitigation capacity and seeks to inform the effective uptake of rest‐based interventions.
ABSTRACT Regenerative viticulture has become increasingly prominent within the English wine industry as a flexible framework for ecological sustainability, promoting soil health, biodiversity and reduced chemical use; it is often presented as a pragmatic alternative to the perceived rigidity of organic and biodynamic certification. This paper examines why English wine producers have adopted regenerative viticulture and explores the forms of knowledge and legitimacy that shape what counts as regenerative practice. Building upon existing literature, it advances a three‐pronged conceptual framework synthesising corporate, individualistic and transformative orientations of regenerative agriculture. Drawing on participatory observation, a producer survey and semi‐structured interviews, the paper analyses how soil is understood and valued, the appeal of operating outside formal certification, and the role of empirical proof in constructing legitimacy in the absence of institutional standards. The analysis indicates that these dynamics intersect to produce unintended consequences. Primarily, the absence of certification has meant that laboratory testing and data tools, particularly for understanding soil microbiomes, have been appropriated as outward markers of credibility. The discussion explores the ways in which this emphasis on scientific measurement works to marginalise experiential and embodied ways of knowing, tracing both the pressures that lead producers to discount their situated observations in favour of externalised standards of proof, and the uneven and incomplete ways in which this process unfolds. The paper concludes that regenerative viticulture in England emphasises farm‐level autonomy and ecological practice, yet reproduces existing epistemic hierarchies and offers limited engagement with transformative interpretations of regeneration.
ABSTRACT Coastal towns with rich legacies of industry, technological innovation, and socio‐technical infrastructures are in some cases prime locations for offshore wind energy transitions. However, some of these towns have been labelled as ‘left‐behind’ due to the decline of coal mining and other high‐carbon energy industries. This results in deep‐seated impoverishment and socio‐economic devastation for affected areas. This paper reports on research from the coastal town of Blyth, Northumberland in the North East of England. Blyth has a proud industrial heritage that has recently focused on cutting edge research and development of offshore wind technologies, and supply chains, for the UK's net zero energy transition. However, the research finds that to build a just transition co‐produced with place‐based communities requires new forms of collaboration (capacities) and place making that resonates with their values and assets. Otherwise, place‐based interventions for net zero energy futures may be alienating for long‐term residents, especially when coupled to forms of economic regeneration that may overlook or exclude marginalised voices. The multi‐method approach of this study applies an assemblage theoretical framework that draws on in‐depth interviews with community and industrial actors, ethnographic walks, go‐alongs, asset mapping, and documentary analysis to highlight ‘possibility spaces’ for justice in a coastal town known for its community solidarity. The paper provides recommendations for how Blyth, and places like it, can enable marginalised community voices to co‐produce local just transitions for the town and region, with implications for global justice.
ABSTRACT Food system (FS) actors are challenged by multiple barriers and lock‐ins that prevent them from transitioning to productive, climate‐neutral, biodiversity‐friendly, resilient and sustainable food systems (SFS). One approach to addressing these challenges, and to stimulate a just and robust transition to SFS, is to find effective policies and business strategies that encourage actors to change their production systems. This paper aims to map, identify and categorise initiatives for food systems transformation in nine European countries with the question: what kind of pathways towards SFS have already been implemented, that is, what barriers the initiatives face, could they overcome them and how and what are enabling factors? We used the Light Touch Review (LTR) methodology to study initiatives that aim to promote sustainable farming practices. Initiatives were selected according to project partners' knowledge and expertise on their domestic food systems. Data were collected in three main stages: desk research, a key actor semi‐structured interview and an evaluation by the interviewer. 101 case studies were analysed, using qualitative content analysis, to identify and describe pathways, barriers and implemented interventions. Barriers were grouped into categories, of which the most represented are: technological, logistical or knowledge‐related constraints; organisational hurdles; problems related to stakeholder engagement; problems related to acquisition of funds and other resources; and market dynamics and rationale. Results show the developmental trajectories of the transformation initiatives, including policy and regulatory frameworks, collaboration and collective efforts and community support for farmers. Context specificity is important for the success of transformation initiatives, but we found some common challenges that they face, which enabled us to contribute to policy design and governance recommendations.
ABSTRACT Ecosystems are inherently dynamic and so is our understanding of them. The concept of ecosystems has evolved over time, shaped by the cumulative effect of shifts in scientific paradigms, methodological advancements, environmental concerns and socio‐political interests. This article examines how the Colombian páramos, a high‐elevation mountain ecosystem, have been redefined multiple times through different delimitations, each reflecting a different scientific and methodological approach and resulting in different páramos distributions. Using a mixed‐methods approach, we analysed how páramos have been conceptually and methodologically defined, exploring the actors and data that shape their boundaries. Then, we quantified the spatial transformations of the páramos between the different delimitations, identifying the areas where the páramo ecosystems expand and contract between delimitations as boundary shifts. Ultimately, this research enables us to examine how the concept of ecosystems is constructed through shifts in scientific paradigms and tensions between competing scientific and governance frameworks, revealing that ecosystem delimitation is not merely a conceptual exercise but an active process that reshapes and reconfigures landscapes.
ABSTRACT Ensuring greater fairness within energy systems requires that participation in energy be recognised, supported and expanded. The concept of ‘ecologies of participation’ emphasises the ongoing relational, dynamic, varied and co‐produced nature in which people participate in energy, in structured processes as well as everyday activities. In this article, we explore how the participatory futuring practice of community visioning can both reveal ecologies of participation in energy and energy transitions, as well as inform how we understand and shape fairer energy geographies. We compare three case studies of community visioning for energy transitions in Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom, which draw on 40 interviews with visioning workshop participants, facilitators and organisers and participant observation field notes from the visioning workshops. The article's unique contribution is to show how participatory practices like community visioning, through eliciting diverse views of and visions for energy, supporting participants' direct engagement with the tensions and politics surrounding energy and introducing new practices of participation, can help shape place, space and society in fairer ways.
ABSTRACT Recognition that environmental degradation is mostly driven by human activity is widely supported by interdisciplinary scholarship. However, the terminology and conceptual frameworks used to describe such socioenvironmental interconnectedness remain diverse, reflecting differing theoretical perspectives and disciplinary traditions. In this commentary, we engage with the concept of ‘geoviolence’—defined as human actions that generate, exacerbate or instrumentalise adverse geophysical conditions to increase suffering—from an interdisciplinary perspective. Drawing on insights from social and economic geography, geographies of disasters, glaciology and geomorphology, we nuance how geoviolence intersects with established understandings of natural hazards and disasters, and we explore its implications for both human and more‐than‐human bodies. Our commentary demonstrates how geoviolence can serve as a disciplinary bridging notion, illuminating the links between spatial and temporal dimensions of human‐driven environmental harm. In so doing, the concept provides an interdisciplinary framework that elaborates the centrality of relationality—spatially and temporally across multiple bodies and disciplines, to locate accountability and identify pathways towards more just and sustainable futures.
ABSTRACT While public debate has largely framed coal in terms of extraction and phase‐out, less attention has been paid to its material properties and its role in shaping international supply chains. The 2022 embargo on Russian coal disrupted cross‐border supplies, forcing importers and households to rely on new coal from overseas markets. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between June 2022 and September 2023 in the Warmia region of northern Poland, this article examines how the need for specific coal parameters rendered some alternative supply routes viable while excluding others, thereby reshaping the import market. The arrival of unfamiliar coal varieties differing in moisture content, calorific value, grain size and combustion properties required evaluation of the new material and comparison with the old. The article shows how this evaluation extended beyond sites of exchange or practices of storage and use. Through processes of testing and comparison, coal is qualified as a tradable good. This qualification is distributed along supply chains, unfolding across sites of circulation rather than being confined to the product itself. By foregrounding the material differences and the practical work required to accommodate them, the qualification of coal sets in motion the transformation of import supply chains. The paper contributes to research on the materiality of energy and to studies of market qualification by showing how heterogeneity enables circulation, shaping which resource flows and logistics routes are rendered viable under conditions of disruption.
ABSTRACT This article draws attention to the neglected visual construction of climate as a service , which we claim is central to understanding processes of datafication and financialisation at the core of adaptive development interventions in the era that followed the 2007–2009 global financial crisis. To do so, it foregrounds the notion of climate services —data‐driven guidance produced by satellites, sensors and increasingly Artificial Intelligence (AI)—and shows their epistemological and infrastructural centrality in configurating the contemporary climate‐development‐finance nexus. We situate our intervention in the political ecologies of adaptive development and build on scholarship exposing how adaptation depoliticises climate change often generates dispossession and erases alternative knowledges and futures. We anchor our argument in Latour's concept of inscriptions to show how the power of climate services, the legibility that they dispense and deny, must be understood as a regime of climate visibility . Such a regime makes adaptation legible as a market, configures needs and makes subjects visible in ways that foreclose political struggle and alternative futures. At the root of the aggressive focus on financial inclusion through conjoined climate/financial services , we see a double act of configuration that holds together ‘seeing like a satellite’ (Rothe 2017) and ‘seeing like a bank’ (Aitken 2017), rendering visible the centre‐figure of adaptive development, the resilient‐to‐be smallholder farmer. We examine their visual construction in agrarian settings through paradigmatic examples that we group in three co‐evolving stages: preparation (the inculcation of ‘climate smart mentalities’), datafication (the rise of Farming as a Service and the construction of subjects visible to finance) and fragmentation (the proliferation of AI and its debasement of subjectivities).
ABSTRACT Coasts, deltas and estuaries have been reshaped for generations by land reclamation projects for the purposes of expanding settlements and agricultural lands as well as protecting coasts. Since the mid‐twentieth century, technical progress has allowed for land reclamation to occur at an unprecedented speed and scale. Regardless of the key role that land reclamation has had in the past as well as in more recent coastal urbanisation efforts, the issue has received insufficient attention from human geographers, urban political ecologists and marine social scientists. In this paper, I aim to advance the land reclamation research by suggesting a new conceptual framework that combines concepts and empirical insights from urban political ecology (UPE), anthropology, political geography and political economy. This approach considers the representational, legal and material dimensions of urban coastal mega‐projects and helps to identify those who benefit and those who lose due to land reclamation. I conclude that a focus on land reclamation can help to understand that ‘land’ is a fundamental requirement for urbanisation. Land in coastal cities is not ‘out there’; it has to be created. To investigate the making of land requires integrating the often‐neglected coastal geomorphologies, marine sites of sediment extraction and understanding how they are discursively shaped and transformed by human interventions on urban coasts into UPE.
ABSTRACT Accurate mapping of neglected and underutilised crop species (NUS) in complex smallholder fields is critical for enhancing food security, yet it remains a significant challenge due to landscape heterogeneity, spectral similarities between crops and the spatial complexity of strip intercropping systems. This study evaluates the efficacy of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery for mapping taro and sweet potato, addressing the limitations of traditional pixel‐based image analysis (PBIA), which often fails in fragmented agricultural landscapes. We quantitatively compare the performance of PBIA and object‐based image analysis (OBIA) frameworks using a Gradient Tree Boost (GTB) classifier and determine the optimal input dataset by testing raw spectral bands, vegetation indices (VIs) and their combination. The findings demonstrate the clear superiority of the OBIA–GTB approach: using the combined dataset, OBIA–GTB achieved a mean overall accuracy of 95% ± 3.66%, kappa = 0.9419. In contrast, PBIA‐GTB yielded 83% ± 7.10% overall accuracy, with kappa = 0.8016. This study validates a robust, scalable workflow for NUS mapping, concluding that the integration of high‐resolution UAV data, OBIA and GTB provides a precise solution for agricultural monitoring in heterogeneous, intercropped smallholder systems.
ABSTRACT Small island spatiality affects the range of possibilities for decarbonising the energy system. In the Caribbean region, many island states depend heavily on fossil fuel imports. Barbados is one such island. The political goal is to transition to 100% renewable energy by 2030. However, contextual factors of the past, present and future and the particular spatiality of an island influence the trajectory of the energy transition. In our study, we ask how place‐based conditions of islands shape regional energy transitions. We analyse the ongoing energy transition process in Barbados by applying the concept of regional foundations of energy transitions in, of and by the region viewed through the analytical lens of the island as a political interstice along the continuum of separation and connection. Based on qualitative interviews and policy analysis, the study demonstrates that the energy provisioning system of the region is predominantly structured by separation. Additionally, the small size of the energy market and the lack of interconnecting subsea power cables follow the separation narrative of the energy transition in the region. At the same time, dynamics of connection emerge through the agency of island states, financing options and cooperation by the region as well as the resource endowment in the region. By linking regional energy transition research to an understanding of the island as a political interstice, this paper highlights island‐specific particularities that must be accounted for in energy transition processes.
ABSTRACT This paper explores the emotional and relational dimensions of place‐based sustainability transitions using Nottingham as a key case study, grounded in its efforts to become the first carbon neutral city in the United Kingdom. Drawing on interviews, community workshops and participant observation, it examines how love—manifested through community care, place‐based identity and collaborative practice—acts as a powerful yet contradictory force. Love can be a powerful motivator for environmental and social action whilst simultaneously generating inequalities and exclusion that threaten to undermine its transformative potential. The paper argues that for the city's climate strategy (CN28) to succeed, it must move beyond technocratic framings of transition and engage more deeply with the emotional infrastructures that shape how people relate to climate action in place. Love, here, is central to fostering just, inclusive and effective climate futures.
ABSTRACT Climate change poses significant threats to smallholder farmers in rural Ghana, especially in the Ejura Sekyedumase Municipality. While many studies explore gender differences in climate change perceptions and adaptation strategies, few examine how gendered access to resources and institutional systems shape distinct adaptation pathways under observed climate change. Guided by the Feminist Political Ecology and the Gender Responsive Climate Action Framework, this study addresses this gap by combining long‐term climate trend analysis with gender‐disaggregated socio‐economic data. The study employeda mixed‐methods approach, including 200 household surveys, eight focus group discussions and four key informant interviews. The Mann–Kendall trend test, Relative Importance Index (RII), Binary Logistic Regression and Weighted Average Index (WAI) were employed, alongside thematic analysis. Results showed a decrease in mean annual rainfall (p > 0.05) and an increase in mean annual temperature (p < 0.05). Both men and women similarly perceived climate shifts through early rainfall onset (Men: 93%, Women: 96%) and rising temperatures (Men: 98%, Women: 97%), and their impacts, including crop failure and pest outbreaks. Key on‐farm solutions included pesticide use (RII = 0.433) and crop diversification (RII = 0.398), while off‐farm responses included food rationing (RII = 0.388) and livelihood diversification (RII = 0.325). Socio‐economic factors, such as gender, significantly influenced the adoption of indigenous knowledge and migration. Barriers included high seed costs (WAI = 1.970) and lack of irrigation (WAI = 1.965). The findings highlight that adaptation outcomes are shaped less by the practices themselves than by unequal institutional and resource access; therefore, the study recommends gender‐responsive adaptation policies.
ABSTRACT Wildland–urban interface (WUI) expansion is both an expression and a consequence of the global urbanisation process. It manifests spatially as residential expansion into wildlands at local scales, a process that has been documented on every permanently populated continent. Due to their wildland–urban duality, WUI areas are subject to multiple and frequently competing interests and uses, such as residential development, outdoor recreation, and biodiversity conservation, which makes their governance and management complex. Participatory methodologies are capable of addressing the complexity of WUI social‐ecological systems by assessing the values and demands of diverse stakeholders. In particular, participatory mapping offers the advantage of producing spatially explicit information about those values and demands, which can be incorporated into scenario planning efforts. This study explored the ability of participatory mapping to capture stakeholders' values, contribute to the co‐development of predictive and exploratory future residential expansion scenarios, and inform spatial planning in San Martín de los Andes, a touristic city experiencing WUI expansion in Argentina. This was done through the combination of semi‐structured interviews with participatory mapping activities and involving diverse stakeholders. The mixed‐methods approach enabled the emergence of three different exploratory residential expansion narratives, which were called ‘conservation‐oriented expansion,’ ‘tourism‐driven expansion,’ and ‘restrict further expansion’. In addition, we assessed the socio‐economic values underlying these narratives, as well as participants' consensus and disagreements regarding residential expansion issues in this WUI social‐ecological system. The participatory mapping outputs were digitised, combined, and merged into ‘expected’ and ‘desired’ future expansion scenarios, providing a spatial input that could be integrated into scenario planning processes. However, the values, agreements, and disagreements underlying these scenarios have environmental justice implications that require further analysis. Inclusive participatory mapping approaches can contribute to bridging the gap between community members, experts, and governmental authorities for better‐informed decision‐making in spatial planning.
ABSTRACT Fish are an important source of food, livelihood and culture for millions of people worldwide. Yet, policy, research and fisheries management paradigms have not often recognised fish as food. Instead, fish are commonly viewed as a commoditised natural resource for economic development and fishing as a livelihood of last resort. However, in academic research and in some policy and fisheries governance circles, understandings of the importance of fish as food are increasing. This paper explores how understandings of fish as food have evolved in research, policy and governance. It shows that fish are most commonly articulated as food through the framing of food security. Through highlighting research gaps and limitations to securitised approaches to aquatic food systems and fisheries, it argues that a critical power‐sensitive research agenda needs to be better engaged with in current ‘fish as food’ debates and discourse. Overall, this paper will review our understanding of the burgeoning push for conceptualising fish as food in policy, research and governance to identify gaps in our understanding and thus potential future areas for research.
ABSTRACT Conservation and food systems are at a crossroads. Although exclusionary conservation approaches have long been critiqued, community‐based natural resource management (CBNRM), the dominant conservation model in Madagascar for over three decades, has similarly failed to achieve genuine power transfer to local communities, functioning instead as new forms of enclosure under participatory rhetoric. These failures have disrupted agroecological practices and undermined place‐based stewardship, particularly in the buffer zones of protected areas such as Masoala National Park. This study examines how tany—the Malagasy term encompassing soil, land, territory and ancestral domain—mediates relational values within Betsimisaraka farming communities. Drawing on frameworks of anchoring and belonging and the IPBES relational values typology, we employ collaborative rapid ethnographic methods—walking interviews, semi‐structured conversations and video documentation—with 24 participants across four villages over nine weeks of fieldwork. Thematic and narrative analysis reveals how tany care is entangled with ancestral continuity, collective labour, intergenerational inheritance and agroecological stewardship. Findings show that Betsimisaraka communities actively construct belonging through tany, negotiating ritual obligations, maintaining sophisticated local classification systems and navigating the transformation of mutual aid institutions such as fandriaka. These relational values persist across diverse economic contexts and are dynamically reconfigured. However, CBNRM programmes that restrict land access systematically undermine the anchoring work through which communities establish themselves in landscapes. We argue that CBNRM's failures stem from a fundamental inability to recognise tany relationalities as foundations of environmental stewardship and propose a shift from participatory rhetoric to collaborative care—recognising care as labour and redistributing actual authority. Concrete reforms include recognising fandriaka as a conservation contribution, integrating local tany classification into park management and securing buffer‐zone cultivation rights as preconditions for legitimate governance.
ABSTRACT The Panchagangavali River Basin System (PRBS) is thriving with biological diversity and human communities that depend on the rich biocultural and biogeochemical processes of the tides and rain and are vital for absorbing inundations and other hydrological functions. In recent years, the PRBS has been facing dramatic transitions—climate change‐related events, intense infrastructural development and aggressive forms of tourism brought in through a new Master Plan 2031. With new development projects, situated sustainable practices are being marginalised and rich nature‐culture relations are threatened by new hard infrastructures that are destabilising functional intertidal/estuarine and riverine ecosystems vital for biodiversity and separating communities from their livelihoods. Coastal infrastructures are threatening the main shoreline and estuary, a critical nesting habitat for olive ridley turtles. Movement of soils from the mountains to the coast to make developable land from the wetlands is damaging these wetscapes, home to and their human and other‐than‐human inhabitants, while the Coastal Zone Management Plan seems inadequate for the environment. We attribute these dissonances to the practice of mapping that constructs information in a drawing formed by a distanced view from above, leaving out dynamics of a watery world. We position maps as inherited forms of colonial representations of places, instrumental in the planning practice to designate land uses and design policy for management of land and resources. As maps and plans are a mere snapshot in time of spatial utilisation, they omit spatial, temporal and material changes. This paper stresses the need to privilege environmental processes as underpinnings for development and conservation, so that the environment can be sustained. In this paper, we respond with different ways of representing complexities on the ground, through fieldwork and synthesis that offer new readings and documentation of relations to be considered for conservation and development.
