The importance of mapping cryogenic landscapes is growing due to the rapid changes in the permafrost temperature regime brought on by global warming. The distribution of cryogenic landscapes in the zone of isolated and sporadic permafrost distribution was determined using high-resolution satellite images (10-30 m) (the area of the Nadym geocryological observation site). The method of geobotanical indication of the predominant plant communities was used, the data from which were obtained during field research. By using various classification algorithms, optimal methods for identifying and mapping peatlands that protect permafrost from thawing were defined. Supervised classification using machine learning methods is characterized by high accuracy (more than 80 %). When choosing the "random forest" algorithm, the accuracy rate was over 90 %. Adjusting the classification parameters of Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines methods have improved the accuracy of the results. The data from the Landsat-9 satellite images demonstrated the reliability of the determination and the best spectral separability of frozen peatlands from other natural complexes. The abundance of lichens on the ground is one of the main factors that affecting the accuracy of the classification. Based on the brightness characteristics, the similarity between the spectral signatures of frozen peatlands and birch-larch forests was established. The proportion of frozen peat-lands in the area is around 50 % and is therefore close to the actual value. Using Sentinel-2A satellite images provides less reliable results and the area values obtained are relatively lower (approximately 35 %). Burnt peatlands cover a smaller area and are best identified by their spectral characteristics. However, their rather small spectral separability with burnt forests was revealed (Jeffries-Matusita distance-1.21) Sentinel-2A satellite The author declares no conflicts of interests.
A study of spatio-temporal changes in the bottom relief of the central part of the Kama Reservoir, which were determined by the method of repeated depth measurements over different years, was carried out. The initial data for the research were topographic maps and plans constructed based on the results of surveys before the creation of the Kama Reservoir (1931), used to characterize the bottom relief at the time of its filling(1956), and the results of repeated depth measurements for 1995, 2009, 2012, 2020. A comparative analysis of changes in bottom elevations was carried out by comparing transverse profiles located at the 94th and 98th km from the Kamskaya HPP, constructed using digital elevation models, for measurement results at different times (1931, 1995, 2009, 2012, 2020). Measurements with an acoustic profiler Stratabox HD (TM) in 2020 and sampling of soil cores from the ice at points located on the dried part of the reservoir during the winter level decline period in 2021 were carried out to verify the results obtained. Soil sampling and measurements with an acoustic profiler were carried out by employees of the Mining Institute of the Ural Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Perm) along the same cross-sections. The extracted samples of bottom sediments were sent for granulometric analysis to the nanomineralogy sector of the Center for Collective Use of Unique Scientific Equipment of the Perm State University. An analysis of bottom relief changes of the central part of the Kama Reservoir showed that the largest amounts of sediment accumulation (up to 4 m) are confined to the area of the old Kama River bed. This is due to the transport of bank collapse materials under the influence of waves, currents and water level fluctuations. Also, the leveling of positive relief forms, the filling of hollows with sediment, as well as the narrowing and increasing of the absolute elevations of the old Kama River bed occurred as a result of the processes of reformation of the bottom relief. The thickness of the layer of secondary sediments for the entire period of the study averaged 2.0 m. A comparison of the study results showed that the value of the sediment layer on the cross-sections obtained by an acoustic profiler correlates well with the results of depth measurements at different times, which confirms the legitimacy of their use to identify spatio-temporal changes in the bottom relief of valley reservoirs. The thickness of the layer of bottom sediments, determined by different methods, also correlates with the results previously obtained by other researchers on the Kama Reservoir. Analysis of soil columns and their granulometric composition showed that bottom sediments are represented mainly by loams and sandy loams, since the main source of their supply in the study area of the Kama Reservoir is the products of bank reformation.
The conducted research confirmed a fairly high quality of short-term forecasts of surface air temperature in the city of Tomsk and the Tomsk region. For all stations, the values of the average monthly error values triangle T modulo practically do not differ from 1 degrees C. Forecasts for the whole month of surface air temperature, according to the criteria accepted in the Hydrometeorological Service, have a justifiability close to 100 %. At the same time, daily triangle T often went beyond 3 degrees C, there are differences in the intra-annual distribution of these values. Prognostic temperatures for the day tend to be overestimated relative to those actually observed, at night-to underestimate. The largest errors are noted in January and July, the smallest-in October and April. In addition, in October, unlike the other months considered, errors characterize the tendency to underestimate predictive temperatures, in April there is a maximum spread (both in the direction of overestimation and underestimation) of error values. The correlation analysis confirmed the legitimacy of dividing the territory of the region into separate districts when the weather forecaster formulated daily temperature forecasts. Based on the revealed accuracy of modern short-term forecasts of surface air temperature in the study area, we consider it possible to propose and discuss with the relevant services the clarification of the criteria of justifiability in the direction of reducing the permissible deviation of the actual temperature from the prognostic not by 2 degrees C from the boundaries of gradations, but by 1 degrees C or even 0 degrees C. The analysis of synoptic situations of unjustified forecasts indicates the need to improve the quality of the forecast of clouds and aAmore detailed construction of the trajectories of the transfer of air masses and synoptic objects within the territory under consideration. There were no obvious signs of the influence of the physical and geographical conditions of the stations on the synoptic factors of the formation of errors in the forecast of the temperature regime in the region. At the same time, the forest cover and swampiness of the territory may affect the humidity and wind conditions in the lower layer of the atmosphere. The results obtained can be used in the operational practice of short-term temperature forecasting in the Tomsk region, as well as to improve the applied methods of weather forecasting.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the greenhouse gas balance developed by the authors. On the one hand, the balance includes carbon dioxide emissions from the Energy sector, which occupies a leading position in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (up to 80 % of total emissions). Greenhouse gas emissions from the main sectors of the fuel and energy complex (energy generation) using fossil fuels have been assessed. On the other hand, the absorption of carbon dioxide by managed forests in the eastern regions of Russia participates in the balance. This is due to the fact that compensation of emissions produced by the absorption of greenhouse gases by terrestrial ecosystems, in particular forests, which are the main sink of carbon dioxide, is one of the measures in the fight against climate change. An assessment of the territorial distribution of greenhouse gas emissions and absorption in the eastern regions of the Russian Federation has been carried out. The objective of the study is to compile the net balance of carbon dioxide in the eastern regions of Russia in the context of the eastern regions of the Russian Federation. Estimates of greenhouse gas emissions have shown that the main emissions occur due to energy generation. The largest emissions are observed in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions, the smallest in the Altai Republic. The Irkutsk region, Trans-Baikal and Krasnoyarsk Territories, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) make the greatest contribution to the absorption of carbon dioxide. In two subjects of the Russian Federation with the most severe climatic conditions, a negative absorption capacity of forests is observed (in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and in the Magadan Region). Calculation of all indicators that makeup the balance of greenhouse gases (input and absorption) showed that the Republic of Khakassia, Altai Territory, Kemerovo Region, Novosibirsk Region, Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Magadan Region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are the eastern regions of the Russian Federation with a positive balance. The largest negative balance of greenhouse gases is observed in the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Irkutsk Region. An analysis of the balance of greenhouse gas emissions and absorption showed that in most subjects of both the Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts, the absorption of greenhouse gases by managed forests prevails over emissions from energy generation facilities.
The paper presents the climatic characteristics of the spatial and temporal variability of thunderstorm activity and its regional features over the Sea of Japan based on the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data for the period 2009-2023. It is found that the average long-term lightning density increases from the north, northwest to the southeast, reaching the highest value of 58 discharges/100 km2/year near the western coast of Honshu Island. The intra-annual and diurnal cycles of thunderstorm activity are characterized by a morning (similar to 10:30 am local time) minimum and maximum, respectively, in the first decade of March and in the third decade of August. The study demonstrates that different areas of the Sea of Japan differ in the duration of the thunderstorm period, the timing of peaks of the intra-annual course of the number of lightning, the seasonal course of their average long-term density, and the intra-annual and diurnal cycles of the lightning frequency. Statistics of the energy of discharges over the Sea of Japan for 2011-2023 showed that its values vary from 1 to 5,1 & times;107 J and average 4,9 & times;103 J. The energy of 0,03 % of lightning exceeded 106 J (superbolts). ATheir intra-annual course is characterized by a minimum in June and a maximum in November.
Currently, there is a huge interest in shale oil and related issues, Russia is in first place in the world in terms of its reserves. The Bazhenov formation of Western Siberia, represented mainly by Late Jurassic non-metamorphosed black bituminous mudstones and silicites, is a receptacle of the main reserves of Russian shale oil, resource estimates of which reach tensAor even hundreds of billions of tons for some authors. Our research has managed to cover all first-order structures with established oil capacity within the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous area. A comprehensive study of the composition and properties of the rocks of the Bazhenov formation was carried out using a number of modern methods: X-ray structural analysis of rocks; the calculation of mineral contents in rocks was carried out by the Rietveld method in the software product SIROQUANT v-4.0; diagnostics of clay minerals was carried out by means of a DRON-2.0 diffractometer, for geochemical studies of the rocks of the Bazhenov formation, the results of mass spectrometric analysis of the trace element composition of rocks were used, according to the NSAM method No. 499-X (VIMS) on an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer ELAN-9000; the reconstruction of sedimentation environments was based on the study of the distribution of lanthanides in rocks. The results of studies based on independent data confirmed the formation of Bazhenov deposits in relatively shallow conditions-Awithin the inner and outer shelf of the epicontinental sea of the Kara or East Siberian type and allowed us to identify the main lithological types of rocks: clay-siliceous rocks (silicites), Abituminous mudstones, carbonate rocks of calcite and/or dolomite composition. Clay-siliceous rocks (silicites) of the Bazhenov formation are rocks of dark brown color with the smell of bitumen, thinly layered texture. The quartz content in silicides varies from 50 to 85 % or more; the modal value corresponds to 65-70 %. Bituminous mudstones of the Bazhenov formation are rocks of dark brown, almost black, color, silt-pelitic structure, thinly layered texture, with the smell of bitumen. Quartz content is typical in the amount of 10 to 60 %, Awith two modal values of 25-30 and 40-45 %. Carbonate rocks of the Bazhenov formation. Most carbonate minerals are secondary, formed as a result of chemogenic substitution of biogenic silica. Depending on the intensity of the carbonation processes, the proportion of carbonate material in individual layers reaches 50-95 %. The carbonate rocks of the Bazhenov formation are divided into two groups: 1) products of geochemical deposition of calcite and/or dolomite and 2) metasomatic formations representing the replacement of earlier rock associations or forming veins of execution in solid sediment.
Fossil wolves of Canis lupus are found quite regularly within Western Siberia, but finds of wolves of the Middle Pleistocene are extremely rare, and their descriptions have not been carried out to date. The mandibles from three locations of the second half of the Middle Pleistocene were characterized. The jaw from Grigoryevka (Pavlodar region, Kazakhstan) is the oldest (MIS 11-9) and, according to morphometric data, is compared with the small form of a wolf from Europe-Canis lupus lunellensis. The Verkhniy Kamen' jaw (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia) is of a later age (MIS 8-6) and occupies an intermediate position in structure between C. l. lunellensis and typical C. lupus of the Late Pleistocene. It has been compared to C. l. santenaisiensis. The jaw from the Mokhovsky quarry (Kemerovo region, Russia), dating from the very end of the Middle Pleistocene (MIS 6), is indistinguishable in structure from the Late Pleistocene C. lupus. The described materials well confirm the trend established by European finds in increasing the total size of Canis lupus and predatory tooth (m1) from the earliest finds of the Middle Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene. However, the evolutionary transition from early forms to typical Canis lupus in Western Siberia occurred earlier than in Western Europe.
The paper presents the results of the complex geochemical and isotope-geochemical study of rocks of the Bilibinsky, Chaydakhsky and Seymdzhaksky massifs located in the poorly studied Lomamsky ore district (the Aldan Shield). The studied massifs are typical representatives of moderately alkaline and alkaline magmatism of Mesozoic age and the largest polyphase intrusions in terms of the scale of exposure within the territory under consideration. The geochemical features of the main varieties of igneous rocks (lamproites, monzogabbro, monzodiorites, monzonites, syenites, granosyenites, Aand alkaline granites) of the Lomamsky ore district indicate their genetic similarity. The formation of the massifs, according to the results of U-Pb isotope dating of zircon, occurred over a short period of time, not exceeding 4 Ma (121-117 Ma), Awhich corresponds to the final stage of magmatism of the Aldan Mesozoic igneous province (150-115 Ma). The time of formation of sulfide mineralization of the Bilibinsky massif during the postmagmatic stage, established by the Re-Os method for molybdenite from biotite-hornblende granosyenite, is 110 +/- 2 Ma. The obtained age of sulfide mineralization, represented by molybdenite in association with gold, is syngenetic with syenite-granite melts.
The carried out studies in the Altai-Sayan fold area and adjacent territories, as well as the analysis of the reference data on the north-eastern regions of Russia, have shown a fairly wide development of Au-Te mineralization there, which correlates with igneous formations of different composition and appears during the late stages of the other types of deposits. At the Bumbat Mining District of Mongolia in the Three Holms and Darby copper-porphyry deposits associated with Lower Paleozoic granitoids, Au-Te mineralization formed from hydrothermal solutions having salt concentrations ranging from 9.5 to 12 % eq. NaCl and of 214-265 degrees C temperatures. In the gold-porphyry deposits of the Eastern Sayan, timed to bodies of shallow-water granitoids, Au-Te mineralization develops at the low-temperature (160-260 degrees C) stages of the hydrothermal process and plays a significant role in the composition of the ores. In the copper-skarn Choi and Fedorovsky deposits associated with Paleozoic granites, the formation temperatures of Au-Te mineralization were 126-150 degrees C and 200-250 degrees C, respectively. In the west of the Republic of Tuva, the gold-telluride Haak-Sair and Ulug-Sair deposits associated with Devonian dyke magmatism were formed in the subsurface conditions, at temperatures from 260 to 135 degrees C. Inthe Allah-Young metallogenic zone of Yakutia on deposits Obsessed and Tennisty, Au-Te mineralization is superimposed on the early pyrite-arsenopyrite and galena-sphalerite associations and forms at 158-189 degrees C from 2.57-4.96 wt.%. eq. of NaCl solutions. A close situation is also established at the large Zaderzhninsky deposit of the Allah-Yun metallogenic zone. On the Kuranakh field of the Central Aldan ore district of Southern Yakutia, gold-telluride mineralization is established in connection with Mesozoic alkaline dike magmatism. It develops in the late quartz and carbonate veins at temperatures around 200 degrees C. InChukotka and Kamchatka, Au-Te mineralization is widespread in gold-ore deposits associated with Jurassic-Cretaceous volcanic-plutonic belts deposited by rocks of predominantly rhyolite-andesite composition. In the Televeem, September and Volunist deposits in Chukotka, the ores are presented by two main mineral paragenesis-gold-sulfosal and gold-telluride. The formation of Au-Te mineralization occurred at the late stages of ore-forming process from weakly acidic solutions against the background of decreasing temperature from 350 to 100 degrees C. On the Kamchatka peninsula, Au-Te mineralization is established in the Aginsky gold deposit, associated with volcanites of medium and basic compositions. As we can see, the formation of gold-telluride mineralization in various types of deposits of Southern Siberia (Altai, Tuva, Sayan), Mongolia and northeastern Russia (Yakutia, Chukotka, Kamchatka) takes place at the final stages of the mining process at low temperatures (< 250 degrees C) from 4-16 wt. % NaCl chloride-carbonate solutions.
Data on the level of contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) of plants of psammophytic, steppe, meadow and forest types of plant communities of Olkhon Island (Lake Baikal) are presented. 43 PCB congeners, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) and its metabolites and alpha- and gamma-isomers of HCH were identified in the samples. & sum;PCB43 in plants varied in the range of 1.67-4.65 ng/g, including the sum of six indicator PCBs: 0.5-1.43 ng/g. The sum of DDT and its metabolites and the sum of HCHs amount 0.02-0.95 ng/g and 0.11-3.50 ng/g dry weight respectively. The obtained concentrations of O & Scy;Ps and PCBs in the plant communities at Olkhon Island are lower than those found on the southern coast of Lake Baikal and corresponds to the levels found in the background areas of Russia and the world. The highest total content of all studied OCPs was found in the bark and needles of pine and larch as well as in lichens that due to prolonged exposure & shchcy;& acy; these plant organs from atmospheric air. The smallest ones are found in herbaceous plants, shrubbery leaves and moss. The ratios of the amount of DDT metabolites to the initial compound ((DDD+DDE)/DDT) in the crowns of trees in the forest are close to the same value in the air on Olkhon Island and decreases in plants of the lower vegetation layer, approaching that in soils, but remains above it. The organs of trees crown (needles) reflect the current concentrations in the atmospheric air formed as a result of local/regional/global atmospheric transport, whereas herbaceous and shrubbery plants reflect a combination of the effects of atmospheric transport and evaporation from the soil surface of organic compounds and wind transport with soil particles. The ratio of alpha-HCH/gamma-HCH in all plant and soil samples is above 1, Awhich suggests that a technical mixture of HCH is the source of HCHAon Olkhon Island. There was no obvious dependence of the content of total PCB concentrations on the plant species or the type of plant community in the territory of Olkhon Island under consideration. However, the relative PCB pattern varies depending on the type of plant community. In plants of open spaces, it is close to that in soils, and in forest plants it shifts towards an increase in the proportion of low-chlorinated PCB congeners and a decrease in the proportion of highly chlorinated PCB congeners, as well as in atmospheric air. The coefficients of PCB and OCP distributions in the plant-soil (K-PS) and plant-air (K-PA) systems have been determined. The K-PA of the studied compounds for representatives of all considered plant communities is significantly higher than the K-PS. A The dependence of K-PS and K-PA on the type of plant community, vegetation layer and plant organ was found. The value of the KPS is also influenced by the content of soil organic carbon. The translocation factor (TF) of all OCPs and most PCB congeners in Thymus baicalensis is below one, which indicates the absence of migration of OCPs and PCBs from the roots to the aboveground part of the plant. A negative relationship was obtained between lgK(PS) and the distribution coefficients of octanol-water (lgK(ow)) of PCBs and OCPs and a positive relationship between lgK(PA) and the distribution coefficients of octanol-air (lgK(oa)) of PCBs and OCPs. ACompounds with lower Kow and Koa values (for example, HCHs or lower chlorinated PCB congeners) are more easily transferred from the soil to plant organs or evaporate into atmospheric air. And vice versa, compounds with higher K-ow and K-oa remain longer in soils.
Garnetites-Aoccur in collision zones of high and ultra-high pressures (HP-UHP) together with garnet peridotites. Their formation mayAbe associated with various processes occurring in the mantle. Elucidation of the genesis of these rocks provides greater understanding of the features of UHP metamorphism processes at convergent boundaries. Ti-clinohumite garnetites of the Kumdy-Kol terrane are the only garnet-and olivine-bearing ultramafic rocks in the Kokchetav massif associated with diamond-bearing ultra-high pressure crustal rocks. We studied the geochemical features of minerals from olivine-bearing Ti-clinohumite garnetites of the Kumdy-Kol terrane in the Kokchetav massif, northern Kazakhstan and clarified their origin (crustal or mantle) based on the geochemistry of the minerals. It was found that apatite and garnet are the main concentrators of rare earth elements. Apatite plays a major role in the rock's gross light REE balance. Garnets can be considered unique in their REE distribution. They are characterized by a subhorizontal REE spectra from Sm to Lu and have a negative Eu anomaly, which fundamentally distinguishes them from garnets from mantle peridotites and garnetites from UHP collision zones. The study of the distribution of rare elements in minerals from Kokchetav garnetites made it possible to obtain new data on their origin. The geochemical features of garnet, apatite, as well as olivine and Ti-clinohumite indicate that the UHP garnetites had a crustal protolith and cannot be a product of mantle metasomatism. The Eu minimum in the rare earth spectra of garnet and apatite reflects the specificity of the unusual genesis of the Kokchetav garnetites and is inherited from magmatic predecessors that were significantly metasomatized in the earth's crust even before subduction and ultra-high pressure metamorphism. Negative Eu anomaly in rocks and minerals also confirms the crustal origin of the precursors of the Kokchetav Ti-clinohumite garnetites. In the proposed genetic interpretationA- metasomatism expressed in chloritization [Reverdatto et al., 2004; Reverdatto and Selyatytsky, 2005] - Athe Eu anomaly may indicate the dissolution and removal of plagioclase during a chemical change in the crustal magmatic protolith of garnetites even before subduction. The information obtained can be applied when using the composition of garnet and apatite as geochemical indicators to distinguish between crustal and mantle garnet ultramafic rocks in collision zones.
The article provides general information about the Alakite-Markha kimberlite field (AMCP) The Yakut diamondbearing province (YAP). New results are presented concerning the features of the tectonic structure of the AMCP, which influences the choice of methods used to search for kimberlite bodies. The history of the discovery of the Morozov tube is shown, which was accomplished due to the timely positive implementation of the acquired methodological, mainly structural-tectonic and geologicalmineralogical techniques for searching for kimberlite bodies in geological sections saturated with traps. A characteristic is given and a description of this technique is presented, based on the developed search features and prerequisites, the use of which led to the discovery of a new kimberlite pipe. The main prerequisites (structural-tectonic, stratigraphic, mineralogical, and lithological) and search features (geophysical anomalies, kimberlite bodies, near-ore changes, and ore halos of indicator minerals) are shown. The geological structure and morphology of the new kimberlite body are characterized, its position relative to the enclosing and overlapping sediments is shown, the morphology and description of the internal structure of the kimberlite body are characterized. The first results of studying the material composition (mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry) of various rock complexes of the new kimberlite body and a detailed description of the indicator minerals contained therein are presented. Using the example of the AMCP, the correctness of the methodological approach used to search for kimberlite bodies in closed territories saturated with traps is shown. It is emphasized that the identification of a new kimberlite body of significant size in a well-studied area with a high density of the exploration drilling network indicates the high residual prospects of the Alakit-Markha kimberlite field for the identification of new diamond deposits.
The indicator features of zircon from the ore-bearing complexes of Eastern Transbaikalia were established relying on representative factual basis. These features were demonstrated to be highly efficient for determining the potential ore content of granitoids. The values of Ce and Eu anomalies, as well as Yb/Dy in zircons, may be used as indicators of magma oxidation level. Thus, the magmatic rocks of Eastern Transbaikalia with Ce/Ce*>100, Eu/Eu* > 0.4, Yb/Dy > similar to 4.0-5.0 and (Ce/Nd)/Y > 0.01 may be bearing the classical porphyry type of mineralization. The integrated consideration of the rare earth element composition of zircon and magnetic susceptibility of rocks also may be used as a criterion to search for porphyry type, as well as for some other types of mineralization. It is demonstrated that the high values of magnetic susceptibility (>1.0 x 10(-3)SI) of magmatic rocks point to the oxidative conditions of rock formation, favorable for the formation of Au-Cu- Fe skarn-porphyry, porphyry and Au-polymetallic types of mineralization.
The assessment of impact of anthropogenic and natural pollution sources onto water objects is one of important ecological tasks. In this work, we developed a numeric method for calculation of water fractions from the sources illustrated by Lake Baikal littoral in the zone of influence of wastewaters from treatment facilities (WTF) in Baikalsk town. The method is based on use of a wide spectrum of chemical elements measured in the sources (waste, riverine and Baikalian waters) and mixing objects (littoral waters) and is a first stage of a developed earlier geochemical method for assessment of the influence of local pollution sources onto water objects. The calculation of water fraction from the sources is performed by several groups of contrast conservative and conventionally conservative chemical elements using iteration procedures minimizing a standard deviation of measured concentration of chemical elements in mixing objects from calculated ones. At the second stage, geochemical fractions from pollution sources are calculated taking into account a probable non-conservative behave of chemical elements at physico-chemical and biogeochemical barriers. Waste waters from Baikalsk town WTF are discharged into an Aerator Pond situated at Lake Baikal coast. The wastes income from the Aerator Pond via drainage stations along subaqual pipes into Lake Baikal and are discharged at the depths of 12-44 m in similar to 140 from water edge. It is found that water fraction from Baikalsk town WTF in coastal water of the lake in the zone of influence of BPPP Aerator Pond is 3.4 +/- 03 % suggesting ground leakages, which are probably due to disturbance of consistency of the collector construction. Main sources of coastal waters formation are Baikal water (56 +/- 4 %) and the Bol'shaya Osinovka R. (41 +/- 4 %), the mouth of which is situated in 180 m eastward from the Aerator Pond. In Lake Baikal littoral surface water in the zone of influence of subaqual pipes for wastewaters discharge in the sectors of similar to 145 and similar to 190 m from water edge, water fractions from wastewaters are 0.034-0.19 %, ones of riverine waters are - 1.7-2.1 %, ones of Baikalian waters are similar to 98 %. Among the studies objects, the most geochemically influenced by wastewaters from Baikalsk town WTF one is Lake Baikal coastal water opposite to the Aerator Pond - summary geochemical fractions of waste waters calculated as a sum of fractions by 31 informative chemical elements is here 561 %, this is more by one order of magnitude than in the surface water above the head walls of discharge subaqual pipes in the sector of similar to 145 m from the water edge (50-55 %) and in a more remote sector of similar to 190 m from water edge (14-71 %). Analogous characteristics calculated by 12 normative chemical elements are 261 %, 26-29 % and 8-37 %, respectively. In Lake Baikal coastal water, the most important are geochemical fractions of waste waters by Mn, Cl, Ga and Ge (69-51 %), a grade below belongs to B (45 %) and P (39 %), then Rb (24 %), Na (22 %) and K (24 %), then Cs, Fe, Li, Ni, Cr, V, Co and Sb (18-10 %). Fractions of other elements are < 10 %. In the lake surface water in the zone of influence of subaqual pipes for wastewaters discharge in the sectors of similar to 145 and similar to 190 m from water age, their geochemical fractions are the most important by Mn (5.3-23 %) and Ga (3-14%), less - by Ge (1.2-6.1 %), Cl (1.1-5.6 %), B (0.57-3.1 %), P (0.42-2.3 %), Rb (0.34-1.8), Cs (0.27-1.5 %), Cr (0.23-1.3 %), Si, K (0.23-1.2 %), Fe (0.2-1.1 %) and Na (0,19-1 %). Fractions of other elements are < 1 %. We found in waste waters from Baikalsk town WTF the normatives exceed by Fe (158 MAC), P (67 MAC), Cl (37 MAC), Al (13 MAC), Cr (7.4 MAC), K (6 MAC), Na (5.6 MAC), Ni (4.8 MAC), S (3,3 MAC), Pb (1.6 MAC), Mn (1.6 MAC) and Mo (1.3 MAC) established for wastewaters discharged directly into Lake Baikal. The proposed method may be recommended for the assessment of a degree of geochemical impact of local pollution sources onto aquatic objects and expanded to any other pollutants at their common determination.
Western Siberia is a large region of Russia, including the territory of the West Siberian Plain and the Altai-Sayan mountain region. The surface of the territory is a geosystem-a geological environment that develops under the influence of natural and anthropogenic groups of factors. The structural elements of the geosystem are areas of distribution of hazardous processes of the lithospheric class. The main natural factors are geomorphological features (angles of surface inclination, density of erosional dissection), lithology, climatic conditions (humidity, temperature) Anthropogenic factors are the main type of impact of economic activity (industrial-urban, agricultural) and the nature of the territorial structure (point, linear, areal). Complex conditions determined a sharp differentiation in the development of complexes of natural processes both over the area of Western Siberia and at different taxonomic levels. The research aims to investigate the features of the spatial distribution of hazardous processes of the lithospheric class for the geosystem of Western Siberia at three taxonomic levels. The federal level is Western Siberia, the regional level is a subject of Russia (Altai Territory), the subregional level is the urban area of a large city (Barnaul). The authors use a geoecological approach to study the problem. To assess the hazard, indicators of the area affected by the territory (for cryogenic, slope and subsidence processes), density and distribution density (for erosion processes), intensity (for earthquakes) (at the federal and regional level), and an indicator of the stability of the geological environment (at the subregional level) were used. The authors introduces a concept about the individuality of development of complexes of processes of the lithospheric class for different taxonomic levels. The direction of manifestation of complexes of processes is changing: from meridional (at the federal level) to latitudinal (at the regional level). The properties of the geosystem are transformed: from "natural" (federal level) to "natural-economic" (regional) and "natural-technogenic" (subregional). The anthropogenic compo-nent of the geosystem is strengthening, and, as a result, processes are being transformed from "natural" to "natural and natural-technogenic". At different levels of the geosystem, the operational units of hazard analysis change-the elements of the structure: zonal physical-geographical region, geomorphological region, geomorphological subregion. Hazardous processes are represented by types (federal level), subtypes and species (regional), species and paragenetic series of species (subregional). The presented results, carried out using a geoecological approach, reflect the features of the manifestation of dangerous processes of the litho-spheric class at different taxonomic levels. The findings can be used in making management decisions.
Ophiolites from the northern slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau Ridge (SW Siberia) are the most typical fragments of suboceanic crust, which are part of the Vendian-Early Cambrian crust of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. This work presents the results of geochemical and isotope-geochronological studies of ultramafic and mafic rocks from ophiolite associations of the Severnaya, Zelenaya, Barkhatnaya mountains and Semenovsky massif. The contents of petrogenic oxides and trace elements were measured by X-ray fluorescence on instrument OXFORD ED-2000 and ICP-MS (high-resolution mass spectrometer Agilent 7500cx) respectively. The isotopic composition of Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr were obtained using Finnigan MAT-262 (RPQ) and MI-1201-T mass spectrometers. According to the features of their material composition, ultramafics and mafics are divided into two petrogenetic associations: dunite-harzburgite of restitic origin and magmatogenic, Aformed in the process of intra-chamber differentiation (ultramafics -> pyroxenites -> gabbroids). As with most ophiolites, Aincluding MOR-type fragments, the studied rocks are characterized by a general increase in the concentration of rare earth elements as one moves upward along the section of the oceanic crust. All rocks are selectively enriched in Cs, Ba, Sr, +/- Sm and do not have elevated concentrations of Rb, Ta, Nb, Hf, Zr, which is caused by a change in the composition of the substance of the mantle source of island-arc basaltic magma due to the introduction of a "subduction component". Mafic rocks exceed mid-ocean ridge basalts in the concentrations of most elements, indicating a likely back-arc formation regime. This is also confirmed by discriminatory diagrams used to determine geodynamic settings. The obtained Sm-Nd age (942 +/- 53 and 960 +/- 75 Ma) of ultramafic and mafic rocks suggests an older age of ophiolites from the north of the Kuznetsk Alatau. They represent fragments of oceanic crust of the MOR and SSZ type, corresponding to the early stages of the opening of the Paleoasian Ocean. The younger ages of similar to 700 and 370 Ma obtained for the metagabbroids probably correspond to the age of metamorphic and metosomatic transformations of mafic rocks. ATheAisotopic signatures of Sr and Nd, also behaviour of some elements, such as Th, Nb, La, Ce, demonstrate a contamination of the depleted source by crustal material, or indicate the participation of a subduction component in the formation of studied ophiolites.
For the Upper and Middle Kama catchment area, according to instrumental observations at reference meteorological stations, an increase in average annual air temperature and annual precipitation amounts of 0.04 degrees C/year and 1.03 mm/year, respectively, has been recorded over the last half century. The results of the earlier analysis of average annual runoff at gauge stations with the longest (more than 85 years) observation periods indicate an increase in annual runoff over the last 50 years. At the same time the interpretation of the revealed changes in annual runoff is possible only on the basis of analyzing its seasonal components. The long-term variability of seasonal runoff of rivers located inAdifferent parts of the Upper and Middle Kama catchment was analyzed. In the process of the study, a methodological approach was applied, which implies the following sequence of actions: testing the hypothesis that there is no linear trend in the observation series; determining the change points on the basis of difference-integral curves; testing the hypotheses of randomness, normality and homogeneity. In this case, it is proposed to use the model of consecutive repeated samples for analysis. All gauge stations in winter, four in spring and three in summer-autumn seasons are characterized by the presence of a statistically significant linear trend. The low coefficients of determination don't allow the regression model with a linear trend to be used for further analysis of changes. The analysis of difference-integral curves allowed us to determining the change points of runoff observation series for all gauge stations in winter, six in spring and three in summer-autumn seasons. For the winter season the change point is on average 1983, for the spring seasonA-1984, and for the summer-autumn seasonA-1980. For the gauge stations Vishera-Ryabinino and Sylva-Podkamennoye two change points were identified each, which indicates aAmore intensive change in runoff. The rejection of the hypothesis of randomness for the series of seasonal river runoff over the entire observation period for the majority of gauge stations and its acceptance for the selected parts is the basis for the subsequent statistical analysis of the data using homogeneity criteria. Testing of the homogeneity hypothesis for the selected parts of the original series confirms their belonging to different statistical populations. The increase in winter runoff for all seven of gauge stations considered averaged 31,1 %, spring runoff for six of gauge stations except for Velva-Oshib gauging stationA-12,8 %, summer-autumn runoff for four of gauge stationsA-32,9 %. Thus, significant changes in the annual runoff of the rivers in the Upper and Middle Kama catchment area are mainly due to a significant change in the runoff of low-water periods.
Within the framework of this paper, comprehensive studies of the electrical state of the ground layer were conducted, including an assessment of the background electric field potential gradient, concentration of air ions and determination of the degree of influence of natural factors (meteorological conditions, aerosol content, terrain, etc.) on the territory of the Altai Mountains in July 2022-2023. Field measurements were carried out at three observation sites located at different altitudes above sea level and inAdifferent terrain and landscapes. The first observation point was located on a terrace on the right bank of the Katun River in a canyon (the width is 1.5-3 km, escarpments height is about 1 km). The second observation point was located in the central part of the Chuya steppe, which is a flat intermountain basin (length 70 km, width 50 km, average height similar to 1800 m) with a semi-desert landscape. Site 3 was located on a highlands plateau (similar to 2500 m) with mountainous tundra and alpine meadows near the Mongun-Taiga Mountain Massif (3976 m). Using the field measuring data in the Altai Mountains in July 2022-2023 estimates of the general and daily variability of atmospheric electrical quantities that can be approximately considered representative for the given physical and geographical conditions were obtained. The main factors influencing the variability of atmospheric-electrical quantities in electrically undisturbed atmospheric conditions (fair-weather conditions) in mountain-steppe landscapes was determined. It is noted, that the increase in the absolute altitude above sea level of observation sites coincides with an increase in the average values of the electric field potential gradient and is due to the difference in the characteristics of the atmosphere and the curvature (convex or concave) of the surface at the observation points. The concentration of positive air ion also increases with increasing altitude, and vice versa, the negative air ions concentration decreases. This increase is presumably due to increased ionization of ground air by the flow of galactic cosmic rays and a decrease in the concentration of aerosols in the air. The decrease the concentration of negative air ion depends on the terrain, which affects the intensity of the removal and mixing of air ions, and the absence of additional local sources of ionization. The average daily variation of the electric field potential gradient at observation points located in the basin and on the plateau are in good agreement (correlation coefficient is 0.67), while at the canyon it differs greatly from other points due to the strong influence of local factors on it. The most difficult diurnal cycle of air ion concentrations, Aespecially negative ones, is characteristic of a canyon, and the simplest one is characteristic of an arid steppe.
The article presents the results of studying the geochemical features of accessory apatite from variously metamorphosed rocks of the Precambrian section of the Subpolar Urals: products of prograde metamorphism of the greenschist and amphibolite facies and low-temperature diaphthorites after amphibolite facies metamorphites. It was found that with an increase in the degree of metamorphism in apatite, the amount of F and REE increases, and a distinct negative Eu anomaly appears in the multi-element spectra normalized to chondrite. During diaphthorosis of rocks, the LREE content in apatite decreases and the Sr/Y ratio increases, and the sign of Sr anomalies in chondrite-normalized multielement spectra changes from negative to positive. At the same time, the composition of apatite during diaphthorosis may change insignificantly, since even in the case of complete replacement of primary metamorphic mineral parageneses by newly formed low-temperature minerals, this mineral undergoes only partial recrystallization and does not completely lose the geochemical properties acquired by it at earlier stages of crystallization. It is shown that the compositional features and some morphological features of accessory apatite (the constant presence of detrital cores in apatites from prograde metamorphosed low-temperature rocks, the presence of pearlescent luster and monazite inclusions in apatites from low-temperature diaphthorites, etc.) can be used as a reliable mineralogical criterion for separating rocks that have undergone low-temperature prograde metamorphism from retrograde metamorphic formations (diaphthorites), Awhich are often visually indistinguishable.
