The right to education for undocumented children of Indonesian migrant workers (IMWs) in East Malaysia remains inadequately protected due to administrative exclusion, legal uncertainty, geographic remoteness, and fragmented cross-border governance. This study analyzes how Indonesia's multi-track diplomacy operates to protect the right to education for undocumented children of IMWs in East Malaysia. This research employs a qualitative explanatory design based on semi-structured interviews supported by document analysis. Data were analyzed through thematic coding using NVivo, with the application of triangulation and participant verification to enhance credibility. Findings indicate that educational protection functions through coordination across four main Tracks. Tracks One provides policy authority, diplomatic legitimacy, schools, documentation facilitation, and scholarships. Tracks Two translates formal commitments into operational support, particularly regarding student repatriation and placement. Tracks Four maintains access in remote plantation areas through mentor teachers who fill teaching vacancies. Tracks Five strengthens the system through temporary teaching, training, and the production of policy-relevant knowledge. This study makes a theoretical contribution by expanding multi-track diplomacy beyond conflict resolution and demonstrating its value as an analytical lens for cross-border social governance. It further demonstrates that effective coordination depends on functional complementarity, negotiated interdependence, and adaptive responses to structural constraints.
Development disparities in Indonesia, particularly in Gorontalo Province, continue to be influenced by weak coordination between the central and local governments. Although decentralization and participatory planning have been widely discussed, attention to how intergovernmental coordination functions in regional development planning and how community participation is effectively integrated into these processes remains limited. This study examines multi-level governance in regional development planning in Gorontalo Province. Using a qualitative case study design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with ten key informants, field observations, and document analysis conducted between January and March 2024. Data were analyzed thematically to identify patterns of vertical coordination, institutional capacity, community participation, and oversight mechanisms. Results show that overlapping jurisdictions, limited local institutional capacity, and unequal access to participatory forums such as Development Planning Consultation reduce policy responsiveness and implementation effectiveness. This study suggests that strengthening coordination mechanisms, enhancing local administrative capacity, and expanding access to participatory forums can support more inclusive local development planning. This article contributes empirical insights into how cross-level governance challenges are experienced within a decentralized regional context
Over the past few decades, the Middle East has been plagued by a series of conflicts linked to terrorism, which have disrupted the stability of several countries in the region. Since the war on terrorism was declared, terrorism has influenced politics and policy in the Middle East. Furthermore, terrorism has also hindered economic prosperity, development, and social welfare in countries caught up in conflict. This article aims to examine terrorism and its impact on the political and policy spheres in the Middle East, specifically in the selected countries: Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. This article uses a case study method to examine this topic in detail for each country. This article utilizes several global indices, including the Global Terrorism Index 2017- Index. The findings indicate that regime change, clashes over ethnic and religious differences, and regional power politics are the underlying causes of the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the context and conditions of Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan as post-conflict states remain fragile and are influenced by terrorism, the impact of the war on terror, and regional competition, which have serious longterm implications for each country. This article contributes to the development of the Regional Security Complex Theory by Buzan and Waver (2003) regarding the War on Terrorism, which relates to the Middle East security dilemma and the balance of power.
Persistent allegations of electoral fraud after Indonesia's 2019 and 2024 elections show that legitimacy is shaped not only by legal validation but also by competing public narratives. Although both elections were certified, post-election discourse remained marked by polarization, distrust, and manipulation claims. Existing studies have examined fraud perceptions, populism, misinformation, and digital politics separately, yet research on how fraud narratives evolved across consecutive Indonesian elections remains limited. This study addresses this gap by analyzing how populist fraud narratives were produced and circulated in both elections, and how survey institutions contributed to electoral legitimacy. Using qualitative descriptive content analysis based on library and document-based research, this study synthesizes academic literature, official documents, media reports, and survey publications. The findings reveal a transformation in fraud narratives. In 2019, they were explicit, personalized, and elite-centered, articulated by senior political and religious actors, and linked to offline mobilization. In 2024, they became decentralized, implicit, and digitally networked, circulating through short-form content, partisan online communities, and buzzerlike amplification. Across both elections, survey institutions functioned as epistemic actors by measuring public perceptions and countering claims of widespread illegitimacy, while exposing partisan asymmetries and winner's bias. This article contributes to debates on digital populism, electoral integrity, and democratic legitimacy by showing how election legitimacy is contested across legal-institutional, moral-populist, and empirical-survey arenas.
This study examines the policy implementation gap between the national design of KDMP program and its implementation at regional and village levels, particularly in Riau Province. Using an exploratory qualitative approach, data were collected through literature review, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. The analysis applies a gap analysis framework across five dimensions: policy content and context, institutional capacity, stakeholder participation, stakeholder roles and interests, and collaboration and digital governance. The findings reveal a significant discrepancy between rapid legal establishment and limited operational readiness. Although 1,866 KDMP units have been formally established in Riau, only a small proportion are operational in terms of business activation, financing access, and partnerships. This study contributes by developing a multilevel governance framework to explain how national policy design, local institutional capacity, and multi-actor collaboration shape policy outcomes. Strengthening institutional capacity, regulatory alignment, and collaborative networks is essential for ensuring the effectiveness of KDMP as a driver of inclusive rural development.
Global integration and the expansion of new-generation free trade agreements have intensified pressure on transitional economies to harmonize domestic legislation with international environmental law. This study examines how Vietnam's 2020-2025 legislative reforms internalize core obligations derived from the Paris Agreement, Montreal Protocol, Basel Convention, and UNCLOS. Using a functional comparative law approach, it evaluates substantive compatibility, understood as the alignment between domestic statutory provisions, treaty obligations, and operational enforcement mechanisms. The novelty of this research lies in integrating legal transplantation theory with empirical policy analysis to assess not only formal legal convergence but also the institutional capacity required for effective compliance. The findings show that Vietnam has shifted from passive treaty ratification toward proactive regulatory integration, particularly through carbon pricing and Extended Producer Responsibility. However, the study also identifies patterns of isomorphic mimicry, whereby global legal forms are adopted without sufficient implementation capacity, resulting in persistent de facto enforcement gaps. Inter-sectoral tensions, especially between development-oriented land governance and biodiversity protection, further weaken regulatory coherence. This research contributes a conceptual evaluation model for environmental governance and offers practical insights for Global South transitional economies facing similar harmonization challenges.
This study analyzes the institutional dynamics of Cimahi Techno Park (CTP), a local government-owned Science and Technology Park (STP) currently undergoing a transformation toward a hybrid organizational model. The study aims to identify these gaps by analyzing institutional dynamics, characteristics of hybridity, and barriers to CTP's transformation. The research method employed is based on a qualitative case study, in which data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis to examine competing public-private logics, collaborative governance practices, and institutional barriers. The findings showed that although the CTP has developed early forms of hybridity through collaborative networks involving the government, academics, industry, and the creative community, its operational autonomy remains constrained by structural rigidity, limited financial autonomy, and gaps in human resource capacity. This study demonstrates that transforming the CTP from a public agency into STP a hybrid organization requires more than just administrative reforms; it necessitates broader institutional changes in governance, capacity, and policy alignment. The research has formulated a transformation model toward a Regional Public Service Agency that emphasizes human resource development, financial autonomy, and the institutionalization of collaborative governance mechanisms. This study contributes to the development of the concept of hybrid organizations as a public sector innovation in developing countries.
This article examines how digital skills and virtual employment are reshaping labor migration patterns, with a focus on Uzbekistan's evolving experience within Central Asia. Drawing on comparative legal analysis and secondary statistical sources, the study traces the shift from predominantly physical mobility toward digitally mediated cross-border work facilitated by online labor platforms. Evidence from the Online Labour Index shows that demand for virtual labor is concentrated in high-income economies, while supply is generated largely by developing countries, reflecting an emerging digital division of labor. The article analyzes the implications of artificial intelligence, automation, and telework for migrant workers and assesses Uzbekistan's policy responses, including vocational upskilling, WorldSkills standards, and pre-migration preparation. The findings suggest that targeted digital skills development, streamlined recognition of qualifications, and alignment of training with global standards can enhance the competitiveness of Uzbek workers in remote labor markets. The article contribute for recognizing "virtual labor migration" within international legal frameworks and integrating remote-work preparation into national workforce strategies to promote inclusive growth and social resilience.
The wave of street demonstrations in Indonesia in recent years has highlighted tensions between the state and civil society, particularly when representative institutions are perceived as no longer capable of engaging in deliberative communication with citizens. This study aims to analyze street demonstrations as a political practice of civil society in response to the weakening of trust in formal democratic channels. This study focuses on a series of protests demanding the dissolution of the House of Representatives on August 25-31, 2025. This study used a phenomenological approach to analyze the symbolic and moral meanings emerging from the demonstrations. Data were collected through an analysis of media reports, civil society organization reports, official state documents, and social media content. The analytical process followed the Miles and Huberman model through data reduction, presentation, and conclusions. The findings indicate that when communication between the state and citizens is disrupted and public trust weakens, street politics emerges as a space to articulate criticism and ethical demands. The escalation of violence, differing narratives regarding the victims, and high public dissatisfaction with the handling of protests highlight the tension between electoral legitimacy and moral legitimacy. This study suggests that democratic legitimacy is dynamic and continuously negotiated through interactions between the state and civil society, as well as non-electoral participation in the public sphere.
Riau Province has been identified as one of the regions most severely affected by forest and land fires since 2015. This study aims to (1) analyze the implementation of forest and land fire mitigation policies, (2) measure the level of village preparedness in facing forest and land fires, and (3) examine the impact of Disaster-Aware Digital Tourism Villages on local economic empowerment in Riau Province. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques. This research develops a Disaster Mitigation Policy Model for forest and land fires through a Disaster-Aware Digital Tourism Village framework based on economic empowerment. The analysis includes policy evaluation, assessment of village readiness levels, and measurement of the contribution of disaster-aware digital tourism villages to community economic activities. The results indicate that Riau Governor Regulation Number 9 of 2020 serves as the legal foundation for the Regional Disaster Management Agency in implementing forest and land fire mitigation. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that the disaster-aware digital tourism villages model contributes to increasing community preparedness levels and supports local economic empowerment through green economy-based activities grounded in local wisdom.
This study examines a key paradox in decentralization in Southeast Asia: the emergence of strong local figures who drive policy innovation while simultaneously consolidating executive power. Focusing on the city of Parepare, Indonesia, during the 2018-2023 period, this study addresses the urgent need to explain how decentralized governance can simultaneously enable reform while undermining democratic accountability. Based on qualitative case studies, this article introduces the concept of the mayor's entrepreneurial mechanism, understood as a form of sequential entrepreneurship in which a mayor moves from narrative framing toward policy institutionalization. Findings show that this mechanism operates through the expansion of executive power based on legislation, where the autonomy mandate is used to centralize administrative authority, as well as through political co-optation that neutralizes legislative oversight. This study contributes to the governance and decentralization literature by demonstrating that reformist executive dominance may accelerate local development, yet also erodes the system of checks and balances. This tension raises critical concerns regarding the democratic sustainability of decentralized governance in Indonesia and the broader region.
The Labuan Bajo tourism area, designated as a top national super-priority destination, is currently experiencing complex dynamics in tourism development, characterized by accelerated investment, an increase in tourist arrivals, and growing environmental and sociocultural pressures. This study aims to analyze integrated tourism policy governance practices in Labuan Bajo and to examine structural opportunities and institutional constraints in achieving sustainable and inclusive tourism development. A qualitative case study approach was employed, relying on in-depth interviews, policy document analysis, and field observations. Findings showed that national policy alignment and infrastructure-driven development have enhanced the destination's competitiveness and global branding. However, governance fragmentation persists due to imbalanced intergovernmental relations, sectoral centric, and weak institutional synchronization. This study identifies three key governance gaps: (1) vertical dissonance between central and local policy implementation, (2) horizontal fragmentation among sectoral agencies, and (3) limited participatory governance, which marginalizes local community involvement. These findings suggest that policy integration remains procedural rather than substantive. This study contributes by proposing an integrated tourism governance model that bridges multi-level governance perspectives and policy integration, emphasizing adaptive and collaborative mechanisms in managing priority destinations.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is increasingly recognized as a strategic instrument for strengthening public governance and advancing sustainable development, particularly in emerging economies such as Vietnam. In the construction sector, which is characterized by high environmental and social risks, the integration of CSR remains largely voluntary, with limited regulatory enforcement and weak monitoring systems. This institutional gap creates urgency to investigate how CSR contributes to local governance effectiveness, especially within the context of ongoing digital transformation. This study examines the impact of CSR dimensions on local governance effectiveness in Vietnam's construction sector using 110 survey based observations from firms, government officials, and experts collected between 2022 and 2024. A quantitative approach was applied, including Cronbach's Alpha, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression using SPSS 26.0. The results indicate that all CSR components significantly enhance governance effectiveness, with legal and ethical responsibilities exerting a stronger influence than economic and philanthropic dimensions. The novelty of this research lies in positioning CSR as a complementary governance mechanism rather than merely a corporate obligation. The study contributes empirical evidence to the limited literature on CSR and public governance in developing contexts and offers policy relevant insights to strengthen legal frameworks, improve multi stakeholder coordination, and promote ethical business practices for sustainable governance outcomes.
This article examines the democratic consequences of Indonesia's parliamentary threshold as an instrument of electoral institutional engineering. Its urgency lies in the growing tension between efforts to simplify parliamentary fragmentation and the constitutional imperative to protect meaningful political representation in a plural society. Using a descriptive qualitative design and a structured literature review informed by PRISMA reporting principles, the study analyzes regulatory developments, official election results, academic literature, and comparative experiences from Germany, Turkey, and Thailand. The article's novelty lies in evaluating the parliamentary threshold not only as a mechanism for party-system simplification, but also as a democratic filter that affects proportionality, inclusion, and legitimacy. The findings show that the threshold has reduced the number of parties entering the Indonesian House of Representatives, yet has not resolved weak party institutionalization, coalition fluidity, or elite-centered politics. The 2024 election illustrates this dilemma, as 17,304,303 votes, or approximately 11.40 percent of valid national legislative votes, were not converted into seats. Drawing on Dahl, Lijphart, Duverger, Pitkin, and Mainwaring and Scully, this article contributes a normative-institutional framework for reassessing Indonesia's threshold policy and recommends evidence-based recalibration following the Constitutional Court's conditional ruling.
Climate change is a critical issue that is constantly discussed in numerous international forums, particularly considering its wide-impact and cross-sectoral nature. Every aspect of real life, especially the environment, is impacted by this global phenomenon, hence the need for real solutions from various groups. Public administration scientists saw this as a problem that must be solved through several literature studies conducted. This research method will use a systematic mapping study using the Taylor and Francis Group database that has been determined. The results of this study with 3 actors combined with collaborative governance show that government actors focus on domestic and foreign policies adopted by emphasizing the collaboration between government agencies that can be done. Meanwhile, the private sector has a unique contribution where they implement a circular economy and mutual cooperation determined by the principle of humanism and remain humane by helping the community. Meanwhile, community actors emphasize the existence of local knowledge and community capacity as knowledge resources in climate change adaptation. This research shows the interplay among actors in climate change mitigation and encourages future researchers to provide a connection to decision-making. Current trends suggest that the public and private aspects of climate change mitigation currently lack synergy, with each of the key governance actors working separately to mitigate climate change.
This study aims to map the development and relationship between green marketing, public policy, and the Role of government in supporting sustainable marketing practices globally, while identifying gaps and variations in policy effectiveness across countries. Using a bibliometric approach based on Scopus data for 2014-2024, this study analyzes publication trends, researcher collaboration patterns, keyword networks, and policy comparisons across countries. The analysis shows a significant increase in academic interest in this topic since 2021, with publication peaks in 2022 and 2023. China and India dominate research contributions, driven by proactive subsidy policies and fiscal incentives. The keyword network visualization reveals four main clusters: business and sustainability research, consumer behavior, the Role of government, and industrial strategy. Findings highlight the critical Role of policies such as subsidies, ecological labeling, and educational campaigns in increasing the adoption of green marketing and encouraging environmentally friendly consumer behavior. However, challenges still arise in the form of low consumer awareness, technological limitations, and the risk of greenwashing. The overall interpretation concludes that the integration of supportive public policies, industry readiness, consumer acceptance, and the importance of customizing strategies to the local context primarily determines the success of green marketing. This research recommends strengthening subsidy policies, education campaigns, and transparent labeling, and supports cross-sector collaboration to accelerate the transition to sustainable business practices globally.
This study discusses the strategy of sustainable local tourism that integrates the digital government and community based tourism (CBT) approaches in Ciamis Regency. The diffusion of local culture and digitalization of the public sector are the main foundations in the formation and management of community-based pioneering tourism objects. Using a qualitative approach, this study reveals patterns of social interaction, the role of local actors, and the dynamics of collaboration between stakeholders in tourism development. The results of the study indicate that the practices of digital government through a tourism information system, integrated digital services, and participatory platforms can strengthen more inclusive, transparent, and adaptive tourism governance. Collaboration between local communities, local governments, academics, and industry players is an important prerequisite in realizing a sustainable smart tourism strategy. the digital integrated community based tourism (DICBT) model is offered as an innovation that can increase the competitiveness of destinations while strengthening the welfare of local communities in the digital era.
The inconsistency between Law No. 1 of 2011 on Housing and Settlement Areas and Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government has led to challenges in managing housing and settlement affairs, particularly with the introduction of the Workers' Housing Savings Scheme. This policy mandates workers to contribute to a housing savings program to facilitate home ownership. However, housing and settlement issues are considered mandatory public services, as the state is responsible for fulfilling the basic needs of its citizens. This article employs a qualitative research methodology, utilizing literature studies and policy document analysis to examine the role of local governments in implementing affordable housing provisions within the central government's national housing program. The findings indicate that existing housing policies, particularly, have not effectively addressed the housing needs of workers, as the financial burden of regular contributions or salary deductions is significant. Although government housing programs are designed to support homeownership, they have become an additional financial burden rather than a viable solution. On the other hand, various government subsidy programs, such as the One Million Houses Program, have shown positive results in providing affordable housing. This collaborative initiative between the government and housing developers aims to accelerate housing construction, demonstrating a growing trend in addressing the housing backlog. The article concludes that optimizing existing government housing programs and policies is crucial for enhancing housing accessibility and alleviating the financial burden on low-income workers.
This study aims to analyze the existence of bureaucratic network governance in optimizing the role of district institutions in Kumelembuai District, South MinahasaRegency. The change in the status of the sub-district as a regional apparatus, following Law Number 23 of 2014, has shifted the sub-district's functions toward greater coordination. However, the district remains an important node in the delivery of government services, public services, and community empowerment. This research uses a qualitative approach, employing case study methods that include observation, interviews, and documentation. The study's results show that limited authority, a lack of human resources, and weak coordination across sectors are the main obstacles to optimizing district institutions. However, there are local initiatives, such as the appointment of district staff as acting village heads, that demonstrate leadership potential and adaptability in the bureaucracy. This research emphasizes the importance of strengthening governance within the bureaucratic network through training, competency adjustments, and broader delegation of authority. These findings are expected to make a significant contribution to formulating policies that strengthen district institutional capacity in the era of regional autonomy.
Pakistan’s security concerns have expanded to include terrorism, cyber insecurity, and climate-induced risks. These interconnected concerns are straining governance, institutional coordination, and long-term stability, necessitating a comprehensive reevaluation of national security beyond military solutions. The study analyses Pakistan’s non-traditional security threats over time, evaluates institutions and governance’s responses to cyber threats, climate change, and terrorism, and identifies policy gaps that hinder integrated security management. Systematic document analysis underpins the study’s qualitative research design. Official papers, anti-terrorism initiatives, cybersecurity frameworks, climate change adaptation measures, and scientific studies from 2001–2024 provided information. The study uses thematic and comparative methodologies to track risks, institutional responses, and governance effectiveness across sectors. The Result show Three significant patterns emerge. First, even while counterterrorism efforts have considerably reduced militant violence, governance issues, including social and economic marginalization and ideological radicalization, have not been addressed. Second, as Pakistan’s digital dependence has outpaced institutional cybersecurity safeguards, regulatory monitoring and policy responses are lacking. Third, climate-related hazards, including water stress and extreme weather events, aggravate food insecurity and rural livelihoods, increasing social and security vulnerabilities. The lack of policy integration and interagency coordination limits long-term effectiveness across the board. The study’s results and policy implications suggest that integrated governance is needed to address Pakistan’s security issues, rather than sector-specific initiatives. Policy implications include improving institutional coordination, integrating climate resilience and cybersecurity into national security planning, and implementing inclusive governance reforms to promote community resilience. A flexible and comprehensive plan is needed to improve national stability and sustainable growth.
